Why teens confess to crimes they didn't commit | Lindsay Malloy

120,958 views

2018-07-24 ・ TED


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Why teens confess to crimes they didn't commit | Lindsay Malloy

120,958 views ・ 2018-07-24

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yoonkyung Walters κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
νƒ€μΌλŸ¬ μ—λ“œλ¨Όμ¦ˆ
00:14
Tyler Edmonds,
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00:16
Bobby Johnson,
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보비 쑴슨
닀본타에 μƒŒν¬λ“œ
00:18
Davontae Sanford,
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00:20
Marty Tankleff,
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λ§ˆν‹° νƒ±ν΄λ ˆν”„
00:22
Jeffrey Deskovic,
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μ œν”„λ¦¬ λ°μŠ€μ½”λΉ„μΉ˜
μ•€μ†Œλ‹ˆ 카라벨라
00:24
Anthony Caravella
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그리고 νŠΈλž˜λΉ„μŠ€ ν—€μ΄μŠ€.
00:27
and Travis Hayes.
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00:29
You probably don't recognize their faces.
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 아이듀일 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
그듀이 μ–΅μšΈν•˜κ²Œ 살인 λˆ„λͺ…을 μ“°κ³  감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ 보낸 μ‹œκ°„μ€ 총 89λ…„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
Together, they served 89 years for murders that they didn't commit;
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00:36
murders that they falsely confessed to committing when they were teenagers.
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μ‹­ λŒ€ μ‹œμ ˆ, 살인죄λ₯Ό 거짓 μžλ°±ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:41
I'm a forensic developmental psychologist,
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μ €λŠ” 범죄 개발 μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžμ΄λ©°
00:43
and I study these types of cases.
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이런 사둀듀을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 일을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
As a researcher,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžμ™€
00:48
a professor
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ꡐ수이자
00:49
and a new parent,
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ‘œμ„œ
00:50
my goal is to conduct scientific research that helps us understand
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제 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 과학적 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
μ„±μΈμš©μœΌλ‘œ μ„€κ³„λœ 법적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ μž‘λ™ 방식에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λ•λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
how kids function in a legal system that was designed for adults.
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00:59
In March of 2006,
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2006λ…„ 3μ›”
01:01
police interrogated Brendan Dassey,
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경찰은 λΈŒλžœλ“  λŒ€μ‹œλ₯Ό μ‹¬λ¬Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
a 16-year-old high school student with an IQ around 70,
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16μ‚΄ κ³ λ“±ν•™μƒμœΌλ‘œ
IQλŠ” 70 정도이며
01:07
putting him in the range of intellectual disability.
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지적 μž₯μ• μΈμ˜ 범주에 ν¬ν•¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
So here's just a brief snippet of his four-hour interrogation.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ ν–ˆλ˜ 4μ‹œκ°„μ§œλ¦¬ μ‹¬λ¬Έμ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
(Video) Police 1: Brendan, be honest.
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κ²½μ°° 1: λΈŒλžœλ“ , μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•˜λ ΄.
01:16
I told you before that's the only thing that's going to help you here.
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도움을 λ°›μœΌλ €λ©΄ 이 방법밖에 없단닀.
우린 이미 λ‹€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ–΄.
01:20
We already know what happened, OK?
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κ²½μ°° 2: λ§Œμ•½ λ„€κ°€ μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄...
01:22
Police 2: If we don't get honesty here --
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01:24
I'm your friend right now,
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λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ λ„€ νŽΈμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
01:27
but I've got to believe in you,
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λ‚΄κ°€ 널 믿을 수 있게 λ„μ™€μ€˜μ•Όν•΄.
01:29
and if I don't believe in you,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ‚΄κ°€ 널 믿지 λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄
널 μœ„ν•΄ μ‹Έμ›Œμ€„ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄.
01:31
I can't go to bat for you.
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01:33
OK? You're nodding.
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μ•Œκ² λ‹ˆ? λ„λ•μ΄λŠ”κ΅¬λ‚˜.
이제 말해보렴.
01:35
Tell us what happened.
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01:36
P1: Your mom said you'd be honest with us.
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κ²½μ°° 1: λ„ˆν¬ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ„ λ„€κ°€ μ†”μ§νžˆ 말할 거라고 ν–ˆμ–΄.
01:38
P2: And she's behind you 100 percent no matter what happens here.
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κ²½μ°° 2: 무슨 일이 생기든 항상 λ„€ 편일 거라고도 ν–ˆμ§€.
κ²½μ°° 1: κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμ–΄.
01:41
P1: That's what she said, because she thinks you know more, too.
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κ²½μ°° 1: μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ„ λ„€κ°€ λ­”κ°€ 숨기고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ κ±°μ•Ό
01:44
P2: We're in your corner.
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κ²½μ°°2: 우린 λ„€ νŽΈμ΄λž€λ‹€.
01:46
P1: We already know what happened, now tell us exactly. Don't lie.
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κ²½μ°°1: 우린 이미 λ‹€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ–΄. μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•˜λ ΄.
거짓말 ν•  생각 말고.
01:51
Lindsay Malloy: They told Brendan that honesty would "set him free,"
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경찰은 λΈŒλžœλ“ μ—κ²Œ μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ 'μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ§ˆ κ±°λ‹€'라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
01:55
but they were completely convinced of his guilt at that point.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 경찰은 이미 μœ μ£„λ₯Ό ν™•μ‹ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
진싀을 λ§ν•˜λž€ 건 λ‹€μ‹œ 말해 자수λ₯Ό ν•˜λž€ κ±°μ˜€μ£ .
01:58
So by honesty, they meant a confession,
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02:00
and his confession would definitely not end up setting him free.
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자수λ₯Ό ν•΄μ„œ ν’€λ €λ‚ λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ—†μ£ .
02:04
They eventually got a confession from Brendan
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그듀은 κ²°κ΅­ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ˜ 자수λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
that didn't really make sense,
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μ•žλ’€κ°€ λ§žμ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œμš”.
물적 증거도 λΆ€μ‘±ν–ˆκ³ 
02:08
didn't match much of the physical evidence of the crime
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02:10
and is widely believed to be false.
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그의 자백이 거짓이라고 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:13
Still, it was enough to convict Brendan and sentence him to life in prison
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ 2007λ…„ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ€ κ·Έ 자백으둜 인해
02:17
for murder and sexual assault in 2007.
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살인과 성폭행 μ£„λ‘œ μ’…μ‹ ν˜•μ„ μ„ κ³ λ°›κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
There was no physical evidence against Brendan at all.
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λΈŒλžœλ“ μ˜ 사건엔 μ‹€μ œ 증거가 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
It was nothing more than his own words
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λΈŒλžœλ“ μ΄ κ·Ό 10λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ λ³΄λ‚΄κ²Œν•œ 건
말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ˜ μžλ°±λΏμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:26
that sent him to prison for nearly a decade,
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02:28
until a judge overturned his conviction just a few months ago.
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λ°”λ‘œ λͺ‡ 달 μ „ νŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ‚΄λ¦° 무죄 판결 μ „κΉŒμ§„ 말이죠.
λŒ€μ‹œμ˜ 사건은 νŠΉλ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
The Dassey case is unique because it made its way into a Netflix series,
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"μ‚΄μΈμž λ§Œλ“€κΈ°"λΌλŠ” λ„·ν”Œλ¦­μŠ€ μ‹œλ¦¬μ¦ˆλ‘œ
λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:38
called "Making a Murderer,"
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02:39
which I'm sure many of you saw,
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이미 λ§Žμ΄λ“€ 보셨을 거라고 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
and if you haven't, you should definitely watch it.
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아직 μ•ˆ 보셨닀면 κΌ­ λ³΄μ‹œκΈΈ λ°”λž„κ²Œμš”.
02:44
The Dassey case is also unique
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λŒ€μ‹œμ˜ 사건은 λ˜ν•œ
02:46
because it led to such intense public outrage.
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λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ λΆ„λ…Έλ₯Ό μƒ€λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ νŠΉλ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
People were very angry about how Brendan was questioned,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ΄ μ‹¬λ¬Έλ°›λŠ” 방식에 λΆ„λ…Έν–ˆκ³ 
02:52
and many assumed that his interrogation had to have been illegal.
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이런 방식이 합법적 일리가 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
02:57
It wasn't illegal.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆˆλ²•μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
As someone who's a researcher in this area
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이 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ‘œμ„œ
03:00
and is familiar with police interrogation training manuals,
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그리고 κ²½μ°° 심문 메뉴얼에 μ΅μˆ™ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ
03:03
I wasn't really surprised by what I saw.
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ λ³Έ 것이 λ³„λ‘œ λ†€λžμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
The fact is, Dassey's interrogation itself is actually not all that unique,
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사싀 λŒ€μ‹œκ°€ κ²ͺ은 심문 μžμ²΄λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•  것이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
03:10
and to be honest with you, I've seen worse.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ λ”ν•œ 것도 λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:13
So I understand the public outcry about injustice
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μ™œ λŒ€μ€‘μ΄ λŒ€μ‹œμ˜ μΌ€μ΄μŠ€μ— 이토둝 λΆ„λ…Έν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
in Brendan Dassey's individual case.
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03:20
But let's not forget that approximately one million or so of his peers
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ•½ 백만 λͺ…μ˜ λŒ€μ‹œμ™€ 같은 아이듀이
03:24
are arrested every year in the United States
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맀일같이 체포되고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀 λ˜ν•œ μžŠμ§€ 말아 μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
03:26
and may be subjected to similar interrogation techniques,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 심문 λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ˜μ–΄
03:30
techniques that we know increase the risk for false confession.
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거짓 μžλ°±μ„ μœ λ„ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ— 희생될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
03:35
And I know many people are going to struggle with that term,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ "거짓 자백"μ΄λΌλŠ” 말에
03:38
"false confession,"
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거뢀감을 λŠλ‚„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
and with believing that false confessions actually occur.
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"거짓 자백"이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀 μžμ²΄μ—λ„μš”.
03:43
And I get that.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
It's very shocking and counterintuitive:
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ 좩격적이고 직관에 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:47
Why would someone confess and even give gruesome details
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λ§Œμ•½ 본인이 저지λ₯Έ 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄
μ™œ κ°•κ°„μ΄λ‚˜ 살인 같은 λ”μ°ν•œ 범죄λ₯Ό 거짓 μžλ°±ν•˜λŠ” 것도 λͺ¨μžλΌ
03:52
about a horrifying crime like rape or murder
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범죄에 λŒ€ν•œ λ”μ°ν•œ μ„€λͺ…κΉŒμ§€ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹¨ 말인가
03:56
if they hadn't actually done it?
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03:58
It makes no sense.
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μ „ν˜€ 말이 μ•ˆ λœλ‹€.
04:00
And the fact is, we can never know precisely
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사싀 거짓 자백이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 자주 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 지
04:02
how often false confessions occur.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
But what we do know is that false confessions or admissions were present
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 건
잘λͺ»λœ μœ μ£„ νŒκ²°μ„ 받은 사건 쀑
04:08
in approximately 25 percent of wrongful convictions
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λŒ€λž΅ 25%κ°€ 거짓 μžλ°±μ— μ˜ν•΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ²°κ³Όλ©°
λ’€λŠ¦κ²Œ DNA 증거에 μ˜ν•΄ 진싀이 λ°ν˜€μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 사싀이죠.
04:12
of people later exonerated by DNA evidence.
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04:15
Turns out, they were innocent.
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μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° λ¬΄μ£„μ˜€λ˜ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
04:17
These cases are crystal clear because we have the DNA.
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이런 사건듀은 DNA 덕뢄에 λ…Όλž€μ˜ 여지가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
So they didn't do the crime,
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죄λ₯Ό 저지λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
04:22
and yet one-quarter of them confessed to it anyway.
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ΄λ“€μ˜ 1/4은 μžλ°±μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
And at this point, from countless research studies,
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이쯀 되면 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό 톡해
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 이유λ₯Ό
04:30
we have a pretty good sense of why people falsely confess,
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λŒ€λž΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΈ‘ν•  수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
and why some people,
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μ™œ λΈŒλžœλ“  λŒ€μ‹œκ°™μ€ νŠΉμ • μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 경우
04:34
like Brendan Dassey,
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거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν•  ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 더 높은지 말이죠.
04:36
are at greater risk for doing so.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ―Έμ„±λ…„μ˜ 경우
04:40
We know that youth are especially vulnerable to providing false confessions.
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이런 거짓 μžλ°±μ— νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ μ·¨μ•½ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
In one study of exonerations, for example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν•œ 자백 μΌ€μ΄μŠ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
04:48
only eight percent of adults had falsely confessed,
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였직 8%의 μ„±μΈλ§Œ 거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν•œ 데에 λΉ„ν•΄
04:50
but 42 percent of juveniles had done so.
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미성년은 42%λ‚˜ 거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
Of course, if we're just looking at wrongful convictions and exonerations,
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λ¬Όλ‘  잘λͺ»λœ μœ μ£„νŒκ²°μ΄λ‚˜ 면죄 μΌ€μ΄μŠ€ μ—°κ΅¬λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
04:58
we're only getting part of the story.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ„ μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ 이해할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Left out, for instance, are the many cases that are resolved by guilty pleas,
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μž¬νŒκΉŒμ§€ 가지 μ•Šκ³  탄원을 톡해 ν•΄κ²°λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ”
여기에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
05:05
not trials.
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05:06
From TV and news headlines,
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TVλ‚˜ μ‹ λ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ”
05:08
you may think that trials are the norm in our legal system,
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재판이 κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ 법적 절차인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
05:11
but the reality is that 97 percent of legal cases in the US
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사싀상 λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄ 97%의 법적 λΆ„μŸμ΄
05:15
are resolved by pleas, not trials.
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재판이 μ•„λ‹Œ 탄원을 톡해 해결이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
Ninety-seven percent.
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97%μš”
05:20
Also left out will be confessions to more minor types of crimes
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λ˜ν•œ DNA 증거가 μš”κ΅¬λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 비ꡐ적 μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 범죄 λ˜ν•œ
05:24
that don't typically involve DNA evidence
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μ—¬κΈ° ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
05:26
and aren't usually reviewed or appealed following a conviction.
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이런 범죄듀은 μœ μ£„ ν™•μ • ν›„ μž¬κ²€ν†  λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ ν•­μ†Œλ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
So for this reason,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이유둜
05:32
many refer to the false confessions we actually do know about
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³ μžˆλŠ” 거짓 자백 사건듀은
05:35
as the tip of a much larger iceberg.
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λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ 일각이라고듀 ν•˜μ£ .
05:39
In our research, we found alarming rates of false confession among teenagers.
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연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό λ°ν˜€μ§„ μ‹­ λŒ€μ˜ 거짓 μžλ°±μœ¨μ€ μΆ©κ²©μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
We interviewed almost 200 incarcerated 14-to-17-year-olds,
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총 2λ°± λͺ…μ˜ 14μ—μ„œ 17μ„Έ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 수감된 아이듀 인터뷰 κ²°κ³Ό
05:48
and 17 percent of them reported
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무렀 그쀑 17%κ°€
05:49
that they'd made at least one false confession to police.
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μ΅œμ†Œ ν•œ 번 이상 거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν•œ 적이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ°ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
What's also shocking to most is that,
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그보닀 더 좩격적인 건
05:57
in interrogations in the US,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 심문을 ν•  λ•Œ
05:59
police are allowed to interrogate juveniles just like adults.
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경찰은 λ―Έμ„±λ…„ λ²”μ£„μžλ“€μ„ 성인과 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
So they can lie to them --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 거짓말을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
blatant lies like, "We have your fingerprints,
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'λ„ˆμ˜ 지문과 DNAλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€.'
06:08
we have your DNA;
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'볡도에 μžˆλŠ” λ„€ μΉœκ΅¬κ°€'
06:09
your friend is down the hall saying that this was all your idea."
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'λ‹€ λ„€κ°€ μ£Όλ„ν•œ 것이라고 ν–ˆλ‹€.'λŠ” μ‹μ˜ λ»”λ»”ν•œ κ±°μ§“λ§μ„μš”.
06:14
Lying to suspects is banned in the UK, for example,
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μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” μš©μ˜μžμ—κ²Œ 거짓말을 ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λΆˆλ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
but legal here in the US,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ”
06:19
even with intellectually impaired teens like Brendan Dassey.
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λΈŒλžœλ“  λŒ€μ‹œμ²˜λŸΌ 지적 μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ 거짓말이 ν—ˆμš©λ˜μ£ .
06:24
In our research, most of the incarcerated teens that we interviewed
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연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈν„°λ·°ν–ˆλ˜ 감금된 μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄
06:27
reported experiencing high-pressure police interrogations
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ‚˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜ 없이 μ§„ν–‰λœ 높은 κ°•λ„μ˜ 심문을
06:30
without lawyers or parents present.
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κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 적 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ‹€ν† ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
More than 80 percent described having been threatened by the police,
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80% 이상이 경찰에 μ˜ν•΄ 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ κ°•κ°„μ΄λ‚˜ μ£½μž„μ„ λ‹Ήν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
06:36
including with the possibility of being raped or killed in jail
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μ„±μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μž¬νŒμ„ 받을 κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄
06:40
or being tried as an adult.
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ν˜‘λ°•μ„ λ‹Ήν•œ 적이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
06:42
These maximization strategies are designed
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 극단적인 μ „λž΅μ€
06:45
to make suspects feel like denials are pointless
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μš©μ˜μžκ°€ 죄λ₯Ό λΆ€μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것을 ν¬κΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
06:48
and confession is the only option.
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자백이 μœ μΌν•œ 방법이라고 느끼게 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ³ μ•ˆλœ λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
So you may have heard of playing the role of "good cop/bad cop," right?
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'쒋은 κ²½μ°° λ‚˜μœ κ²½μ°°'μ΄λΌλŠ” 역할극에 λŒ€ν•΄ 듀어보셨죠?
06:54
Well, this is bad cop.
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이건 'λ‚˜μœ κ²½μ°°'에 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
Juveniles are more suggestible and susceptible to social influence,
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λ―Έμ„±λ…„μžλ“€μ€
심문 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κΆŒμœ„λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ”
κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ μ••λ°•μ΄λ‚˜ μ œμ•ˆκ³Ό 같은
07:02
like the intense pressure accusations and suggestions
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  영ν–₯λ ₯에 μ‰½κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ°›κ³  λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
coming from authority figures in interrogations.
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07:09
More than 70 percent of the teens in our study said
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연ꡬ에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ 70%μ΄μƒμ˜ μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀이
07:12
that the police had tried to "befriend" them
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심문 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 경찰이 'μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 되렀고'ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
07:14
or indicate a desire to help them out during the interrogation.
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그듀을 돕고 μ‹Άλ‹€λŠ” μ‹μ˜ ν‘œν˜„μ„ ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λ°ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
These are referred to as "minimization strategies,"
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μ΄λŠ” μ†Œμœ„ 'μ΅œμ†Œν™” μ „λž΅'이라고 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
and they're designed to convey sympathy and understanding to the suspect,
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μš©μ˜μžμ—κ²Œ 동정과 이해심을 보여
07:25
and they imply that a confession will result in more lenient treatment.
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μžλ°±μ„ ν•˜λ©΄ κ΄€λŒ€ν•œ μ‘°μΉ˜κ°€ μ·¨ν•΄μ§ˆ 거라고 믿게 ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:30
So in the classic good-cop-bad-cop oversimplification
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전톡적인 '쒋은 κ²½μ°° λ‚˜μœ κ²½μ°°'의 λ‹¨μˆœν™”λœ 심문 ꡬ쑰둜 보자면
07:33
of police interrogations,
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이건 '쒋은 κ²½μ°°'에 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
this is "good cop."
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07:36
(Video) P1: Honesty here, Brendan, is the thing that's going to help you, OK?
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κ²½μ°° 1: λΈŒλžœλ“ , 우리 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄λ³΄μž.
λ„€κ°€ 무슨 짓을 ν–ˆλ“ 
07:40
No matter what you did,
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07:41
we can work through that, OK?
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ν•¨κ»˜ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ•Ό, μ•Œκ² μ§€?
07:43
We can't make any promises,
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ꡬ체적인 약속은 ν•  수 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
07:45
but we'll stand behind you no matter what you did, OK?
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λ„€κ°€ 무슨 짓을 ν–ˆλ“  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 도와쀄 κ±°μ•Ό, μ•Œκ² λ‹ˆ?
07:50
LM: "No matter what you did, we can work through that."
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'λ„€κ°€ 무슨 짓을 ν–ˆλ“  ν•¨κ»˜ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.'
07:53
Hints of leniency like you just saw with Brendan
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λΈŒλžœλ“ μ˜ μ‚¬κ±΄μ—μ„œ 보신 바와 같이
07:55
are especially powerful among adolescents,
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κ΄€μš©μ€ μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 영ν–₯을 끼칠 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
in part because they evaluate reward and risk differently than adults do.
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ€ μ„±μΈλ“€κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό 보상을 κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:03
Confessing brings an immediate reward to the suspect, right?
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μžλ°±μ€ μš©μ˜μžμ—κ²Œ 즉각적인 보상을 μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
Now the stressful, unpleasant interrogation is over.
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κΈ΄μž₯되고 λΆˆμΎŒν•˜λ˜ 심문은 이제 λμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
08:09
So confessing may seem like the best option to most teens,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀이 자백이 μ΅œμ„ μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
who are less focused on that long-term risk of conviction and punishment
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자백으둜 인해 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ κ²ͺ게 될
μœ μ£„ 판결과 처벌의 μž₯기적 μœ„ν—˜μ€ 생각지 λͺ»ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
08:17
down the road
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08:18
as a result of that confession.
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08:20
I think we can all agree that thoughtful, long-term planning
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μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μž₯기적인 κ³„νšμ΄ μ‹­ λŒ€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλž€ 것에
08:23
is not a strength of most teenagers that we know.
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λ‹€λ“€ λ™μ˜ν•˜μ‹€ 거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
And by and large, the legal system seems to get
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우리 법적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ¦° ν¬μƒμžλ‚˜ λͺ©κ²©μžλ“€μ΄
08:29
that young victims and witnesses should be treated differently than adults.
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μ„±μΈλ“€κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 닀뀄져야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
But when it comes to young suspects, it's like the kid gloves come off.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš©μ˜μžκ°€ μ–΄λ¦° κ²½μš°μ—” 같은 κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μ μš©λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
08:38
And treating juveniles as though they're adults in interrogations
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심문 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ²­μ†Œλ…„ λ²”μ£„μžλ“€μ„
마치 성인을 λŒ€ν•˜λ“― ν˜‘λ°•ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ˜³μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
is a problem,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ§κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 수백 λͺ…μ˜
08:42
because literally hundreds
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08:44
of psychological and neuroscientific studies
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심리학적 신경학적 연ꡬ결과가
08:46
tell us that juveniles do not think like adults,
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ€ 성인과 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 보여주기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
they do not behave like adults,
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μ„±μΈμ²˜λŸΌ ν–‰λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
08:50
and they're not built like adults.
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μ„±μΈμ²˜λŸΌ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
08:53
Adolescent brains are different from adult brains --
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„μ˜ λ‡ŒλŠ” μ„±μΈμ˜ λ‡Œμ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
even anatomically.
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ν•΄λΆ€ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œλ„ 말이죠.
08:58
So there are important changes happening
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰와 κΈ°λŠ₯에
09:00
in the structure and function of the brain during adolescence,
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μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
especially in the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system,
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νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ 전두엽 λŒ€μ§ˆκ³Ό 변연계 μͺ½μ— 말이죠.
09:07
and these are areas that are crucial for things like self-control,
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μ—¬κΈ΄ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯ λ°œλ‹¬μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄인데
자기 μ œμ–΄, μ˜μ‚¬ κ²°μ •
09:11
decision-making,
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감정 처리 및 절제
09:13
emotion processing and regulation
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09:15
and sensitivity to reward and risk,
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μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό 보상에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜ˆλ―Όν•¨ λ“±κ³Ό 같이
κ²½μ°° 심문과 같이 κΈ΄μž₯λ˜λŠ” 상황에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 영ν–₯을 미치게 되죠.
09:18
all of which can affect how you function in a stressful circumstance,
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09:21
like a police interrogation.
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09:23
We need to educate law enforcement,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ²­μ†Œλ…„ μ„±μž₯의 ν•œκ³„μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄
법 집행기관과 λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬, νŒμ‚¬μ™€ λ°°μ‹¬μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ¦΄ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
attorneys, judges and jurors
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09:28
on juveniles' developmental limitations
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09:30
and how they can play out in a high-stakes interrogation.
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그리고 이런 사싀이
μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ μ‹¬λ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ§€λ„μš”.
09:34
In one national survey of police officers,
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ν•œ μ „κ΅­μ˜ κ²½μ°° 섀문쑰사에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
09:36
75 percent of them actually requested specialized training
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75%κ°€ 아이듀과 μ²­μ†Œλ…„μ„ λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 방식에 λŒ€ν•œ
09:39
in how to talk to children and adolescents --
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μ „λ¬Έ κ΅μœ‘μ„ μš”μ²­ν•œ 적 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
most of them had had none.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 받지 λͺ»ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
09:44
We also need to consider having special protections in place for juveniles.
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ νŠΉλ³„ 보호 λ˜ν•œ μ œκ³΅λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
09:48
In his 91-page decision to overturn Dassey's conviction earlier this year,
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μ˜¬ν•΄ 초 μž‘μ„±λœ λŒ€μ‹œμ˜ 91μͺ½μ§œλ¦¬ 무죄 νŒκ²°λ¬Έμ„ 보면
νŒμ‚¬κ°€ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄λ‚˜ μ μ ˆν•œ μ„±μΈμ˜ λ™λ°˜ 없이
09:53
the judge made a big deal about the fact that Dassey had no parent
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09:56
or other allied adult
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λŒ€μ‹œ ν˜Όμžμ„œ 심문을 λ°›μ•˜λ‹¨ 사싀을 λ¬Έμ œμ‚Όμ€ 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:57
in the interrogation room with him.
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10:00
So here's a clip of Brendan talking to his mom after he confessed,
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λΈŒλžœλ“ μ΄ 자백 ν›„ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” μž₯λ©΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
when it was obviously far too late for him.
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이미 λ˜λŒλ¦¬κΈ°μ—” λŠ¦μ€ μ‹œμ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
10:08
(Video) Mom: What do you mean?
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μ—„λ§ˆ: 무슨 λ§μ΄λ‹ˆ?
10:09
Brendan: Like, if his story is, like, different,
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λΈŒλžœλ“ : λ‚˜λž‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦΄ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:12
like I never did nothing or something.
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λ‚΄κ°€ μ•ˆ ν•œκ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ±°λ‚˜ 그런
10:15
M: Did you?
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μ—„λ§ˆ: λ„€κ°€ κ·Έλž¬λ‹ˆ?
10:19
Huh?
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κ·Έλž¬μ–΄?
10:20
B: Not really.
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λΈŒλžœλ“ : 그건 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
10:22
M: What do you mean, "Not really"?
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μ—„λ§ˆ: '그건 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 'λŠ” 무슨 말이야?
10:25
B: They got into my head.
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λΈŒλžœλ“ : κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‚  μ‘°μ’…ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
μ•„μ£Ό λͺ…λ£Œν•œ μ„€λͺ…이죠.
10:27
LM: So he sums it up pretty beautifully there:
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10:29
"They got into my head."
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'κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‚  μ‘°μ’…ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.'
10:30
We don't know if the outcome would have been different for Brendan
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μ—„λ§ˆκ°€ 쑰사싀에 ν•¨κ»˜ μžˆμ—ˆλ”λΌλ©΄
λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ™”μ„ 거라고 μž₯λ‹΄ν•  순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
if his mom had been in the interrogation room with him.
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10:36
But it's certainly possible.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그럴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
10:38
In our research, only seven percent of incarcerated teens,
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우리 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ²½μ°°κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 λŒ€λ©΄ν•΄ λ³Έ
10:42
most of whom had had numerous encounters with police,
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ν˜„μž¬λŠ” μˆ˜κ°λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” μ‹­ λŒ€ 쀑 단 7%만이
용의자둜 쑰사λ₯Ό 받을 λ•Œ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄λ‚˜ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬κ°€
10:45
had ever had a parent or attorney in the room with them
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쑰사싀에 ν•¨κ»˜ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ°ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
when they were questioned as a suspect.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ†Œμˆ˜λ§Œμ΄ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄λ‚˜ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” 지 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ°›μ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
Few had ever asked for a parent or attorney to be present.
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10:55
And you see this in lower-stake situations, too.
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이건 μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ 사건도 μ•„λ‹Œλ° 말이죠.
10:57
We did a mock interrogation experiment in our lab here at FIU --
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이곳 FIUμ—μ„œ λͺ¨μ˜ 심문을 진행해 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¬Όλ‘ , λ―Έμ„±λ…„μžλ“€μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜κ»˜λŠ”
11:02
with parent permission for all minors, of course,
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11:04
and all the appropriate ethical approvals.
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μ μ ˆν•œ 윀리적 μŠΉμΈμ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 사전 λ™μ˜λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀과 μ„±μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ
11:07
We falsely accused teens and adults of cheating on a study task --
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과제 λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 혐의λ₯Ό μ”Œμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
an academic dishonesty offense --
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μ‹œν—˜μ—μ„œ λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 범죄라고 λ§ν•˜λ©΄μ„œμš”.
11:13
that we told them was as serious as cheating in a class.
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11:17
In reality, participants had witnessed a peer cheat,
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 우리 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ˜ 일원인 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€
11:19
someone who was actually part of our research team
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학사경고에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό 저지λ₯΄λŠ” κ±Έ 보게 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ 
11:22
and was allegedly on academic probation.
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11:25
And we gave everyone a tough choice:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 선택을 ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
you can lose your extra credit for participating in the study
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이 κ³Όμ œμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ 이유둜 μΆ”κ°€ 학점을 μžƒκ±°λ‚˜
11:30
or accuse your peer,
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ν•™μ‚¬κ²½κ³ λ‘œ 인해 퇴학을 λ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ 될 λ™λ£Œλ₯Ό κ³ λ°œν•˜λΌκ³ μš”.
11:31
who will probably be expelled because of his academic probation status.
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11:35
Of course, in reality, none of these consequences would have panned out,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 이쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 일도 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°
11:39
and we fully debriefed all of the participants afterward.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ λλ‚œ 직후 λͺ¨λ“  μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
11:41
But most teenagers -- 59 percent of them --
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜
μ •ν™•νžˆλŠ” 59%의 μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀이 μžλ°±μ„œμ— μ„œλͺ…을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
signed the confession statement,
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11:47
falsely taking responsibility for the cheating.
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λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 거짓 μžλ°±μ„ ν•œ 것이죠.
11:50
Only three teens out of 74,
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총 74λͺ…μ˜ 아이듀 쀑 단 μ„Έ λͺ…, μ „μ²΄μ˜ μ•½ 4% 만이
11:53
or about four percent of them,
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11:54
asked to talk to a parent when we accused them of cheating,
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λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 혐의λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜κ³Ό μ–˜κΈ°ν•  것을 μš”μ²­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
despite the fact that for most of them,
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심지어 μ‹€ν—˜ 쀑에
11:59
their parent was literally sitting in the next room during the study.
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜λ“€μ΄ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ°”λ‘œ μ˜† 방에 μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  말이죠.
12:04
Of course, cheating is far from murder,
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λ¬Όλ‘  λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„λŠ” μ‚΄μΈκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
12:07
and I know that.
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μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μ‹­ λŒ€λ“€μ΄
12:08
But it's interesting that so many teens, significantly more teens than adults,
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νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ 성인에 λΉ„ν•΄ 훨씬 λ§Žμ€ μ‹­ λŒ€λ“€μ΄
12:13
signed the confession saying that they cheated.
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λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό μ €μ§ˆλ €λ‹€κ³  μžλ°±ν•œ 것은 ν₯미둜운 일이죠.
12:17
They hadn't cheated,
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λΆ€μ •ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό 저지λ₯΄μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”λ°
12:18
but they signed this form anyway saying that they had,
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μžλ°±μ„œμ— μ„œλͺ…을 ν–ˆμ£ .
12:21
rarely attempting to involve a parent in the situation.
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ˜ 도움을 받을 μ‹œλ„λ„ 거의 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μš”.
12:25
Other studies tell the same story.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 연ꡬ듀도 λ™μΌν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
Over 90 percent of juveniles waive their Miranda rights
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90% μ΄μƒμ˜ μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ΄ λ―Έλž€λ‹€ ꢌ리λ₯Ό ν–‰μ‚¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
12:30
and submit to police questioning without lawyers or parents present.
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ‚˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜ 없이 경찰의 심문을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
In England and Wales, interrogations of juveniles must be conducted
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영ꡭ과 μ›¨μΌμ¦ˆμ—μ„ 
λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄λ‚˜, λŒ€λ¦¬μΈ ν˜Ήμ€ μ‚¬νšŒλ³΅μ§€μ‚¬ λ“±μ˜
12:38
in the presence of an "appropriate adult,"
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'μ ν•©ν•œ 보호자'λ₯Ό λŒ€λ™ν•˜κ³ 
12:40
like a parent, guardian or social worker.
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„ 심문이 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ Έμ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
And this isn't something youth have to ask for --
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λ”°λ‘œ μš”μ²­ν•  ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 점이 특히 ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜μ£ .
12:45
which is great, because research shows that they won't --
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연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 잘 μš”μ²­μ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:48
it's automatic.
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μžλ™μΈ κ±°μ£ .
12:51
Now, having an appropriate adult safeguard for juveniles here in the US
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ μ ˆν•œ 성인 보호자λ₯Ό λŒ€λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것이
λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν–‰ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μ‹¬λ¬Έμ˜
12:54
would not be a cure-all for improving police questioning of youth.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄ μžμ‹μ—κ²Œ μ μ ˆν•œ 쑰언을 쀄 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼의
12:59
Unfortunately, parents often lack the knowledge and legal sophistication
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법적 지식을 갖좔지 λͺ»ν•œ κ²½μš°κ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:03
to appropriately advise their children.
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13:05
You can just look at the case of the Central Park Five:
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μ„ΌνŠΈλŸ΄ 파크 파이브 μΌ€μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
five teenagers who falsely confessed to a brutal gang rape in 1989,
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1989λ…„, λ‹€μ„― λͺ…μ˜ μ‹­λŒ€ 아이듀이
λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ„ λŒ€λ™ν•œ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μž”μΈν•œ 집단 강간에 λŒ€ν•œ 죄λ₯Ό
13:13
with their parents by their sides.
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거짓 μžλ°±ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
13:16
And it took over a decade to clear their names.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 무죄 νŒκ²°μ„ λ°›κΈ°κΉŒμ§„ 10년이 λ„˜λŠ” 세월이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:19
So the appropriate adult really should be an attorney
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 정말 μ μ ˆν•œ λ³΄ν˜Έμžλž€
λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ‚˜ κ΅μœ‘μ„ 받은 아동 λŒ€λ³€μΈμ„ λœ»ν•˜λŠ” κ±°κ² μ£ .
13:22
or perhaps a trained child advocate.
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13:26
Overturning Dassey's conviction, the judge pointed out that there's no federal law
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λŒ€μ‹œμ˜ 무죄 판결 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ νŒμ‚¬λŠ” ν˜„ μ—°λ°© μ •λΆ€ λ²•μ—λŠ”
경찰이 μ²­μ†Œλ…„μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨μ—κ²Œ μžλ…€κ°€ 심문받고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜
13:30
requiring that the police even inform a juvenile's parent
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13:33
that the juvenile is being questioned
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ₯Ό λΆˆλŸ¬μ€„ 것을 μš”κ΅¬ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
13:35
or honor that juvenile's request to have a parent in the room.
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μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό μŠΉλ‚™ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 법이 μ—†μŒμ„ μ§€μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
So if you think about all of this together for a second:
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 λͺ¨λ“  사싀을 μž μ‹œλ§Œ 생각해본닀면
13:42
as a country, we've decided that juveniles cannot be trusted
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μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 우리 μ²­μ†Œλ…„λ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬ κ²°μ • λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°μ•ˆν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
13:46
with things like voting,
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νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
13:48
buying cigarettes,
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λ‹΄λ°°λ₯Ό μ‚¬κ±°λ‚˜
13:49
attending an R-rated movie
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혼자 성인 μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 보러 κ°€κ±°λ‚˜
13:51
or driving,
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μš΄μ „μ„ ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
13:52
but they can make the judgment call to waive their Miranda rights,
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슀슀둜 λ―Έλž€λ‹€ 법칙을 포기할 결정을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹­ λŒ€ 아이듀은
13:56
rights that we know from research, most teens don't understand or appreciate.
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이 ꢌ리λ₯Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€λ„ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œμ§€λ„ λͺ»ν•¨μ—λ„ 말이죠.
14:01
And parents in the room: depending on the state that you live in,
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그리고 λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜λ“€
μ΄λŠ” 당신이 μ–΄λ–€ 주에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” 가에 따라
14:04
your child can potentially waive these rights without your knowledge
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μžλ…€κ°€ 당신도 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 사이
μ–΄λ–€ μ„±μΈμ˜ 쑰언도 없이 본인의 ꢌ리λ₯Ό 포기할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
and without consulting any adult first.
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14:11
Now, no one -- and certainly not me -- wants to prevent police
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ €λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„
경찰듀이 맀일 ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 쑰사λ₯Ό λ°©ν•΄ν•  생각은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:14
from doing the very important investigative work
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14:17
that they do every day.
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14:19
But we need to make sure that they have appropriate training for talking to youth.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹­ λŒ€λ“€κ³Ό μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λŠ” μ ν•©ν•œ 방식을 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ¦¬κ³ 
14:23
As a parent and as a researcher,
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ‘œμ„œ 그리고 μ—°κ΅¬μ›μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
14:25
I think we can do better.
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더 λ…Έλ ₯ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ 범죄 해결에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ–»μœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„
14:28
I think we can take steps to prevent another Brendan Dassey,
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14:31
while still getting the crucial information that we need
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΈŒλžœλ“  λŒ€μ‹œκ°€ μƒκΈ°λŠ” 것을 막기 μœ„ν•΄
λ…Έλ ₯ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
from children and teens
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14:36
to solve crimes.
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14:37
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:39
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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