Stephen Palumbi: Following the mercury trail

47,753 views ・ 2010-06-30

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Xun Zheng 校对人员: Zhu Jie
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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海洋是一个非常复杂的事物。
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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人类的健康也是一件非常复杂的事情。
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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将两者统一起来看起来是一件艰巨的任务。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我想要试图去说明的是
00:26
even in that complexity,
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即使是如此复杂的情况,
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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也存在一些我认为简单的话题,
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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一些如果我们能理解,就很容易向前发展的话题。
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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这些简单的话题确实不是
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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有关那复杂的科学有了怎样的发展,
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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而是一些我们都恰好知道的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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接下来我就来说一个。
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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如果老妈不高兴了,大家都别想开心。
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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我们都知道,不是吗?我们都经历过。
00:47
And if we just take that
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接下来如果我们能理解这一点
00:49
and we build from there,
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从这里出发,
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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可以得出下一步的,
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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那就是如果海洋不高兴了
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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大家也都别想开心。
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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这就是我演讲的主题。
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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我们正在通过许多不同的方法惹怒海洋。
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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这是1932年在坎纳里鲁夫拍的一副照片
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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那时的坎纳里鲁夫,
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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有着西海岸最大的
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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工业化罐头工厂。
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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我们堆积了大量的污染物
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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在空气中和水中
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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我所工作的霍普金的海洋研究站的
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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罗尔夫·博林教授,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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在二十世纪40年代指出,
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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“海湾入口里浮沫所散发的臭气
01:26
were so bad they turned
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特别难闻
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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那里有含铅的黑涂料。
01:30
People working in these canneries
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工作在罐头厂的人们
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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每天都只能待在这样的气味之中。
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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然而你知道他们说什么吗?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他们说:“你知道你闻到的是什么吗?
01:39
You smell money."
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你闻到的是钱的气味。”
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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污染来自于社区的金钱利益。
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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那些人们和污染生活在一起
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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并把污染吸入了它们的皮肤和身体
01:49
because they needed the money.
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因为他们需要钱。
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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让海洋不高兴,人们也特别不高兴,
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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并且人类还不再健康。
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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海洋的健康和人类健康之间的联系
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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确实就像另一组谚语说的那样。
02:02
and I want to call that
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我觉得这么说:
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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“抓了小鱼,害死鲸鱼”
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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海洋生物的食物链……
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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现在……当一位生态学者看待海洋的时候——我承认——
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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我们用一种十分不同的方式来看待海洋,
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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比起普通人,我们看待海洋时发现的不同之处更多。
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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因为当生态学家看待海洋的时候,
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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会看到其中的相互联系。
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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我们看食物链的下层,
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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浮游生物这种小东西,
02:24
and we see how those animals
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还会看这些小动物们
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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是如何成为位于金字塔中部动物们的食物的,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然后就这样一直向上走到这幅图的顶部。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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这种生命的流动
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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从最底部流向最顶部,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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是生态学家们关注的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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并且这就是我们努力去保护的
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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当我们说:“救救海洋,给海洋治治病吧。”
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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说的就是这金字塔。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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那么为什么这与人类的健康有关系呢?
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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因为,当我们把一些本不该在食物链底部存在
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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的东西塞进了金字塔食物链之后,
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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就出现了很可怕的事情。
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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一些由我们制造的污染物,
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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像是PCB分子(多氯联苯,一种致癌物质)
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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是不能被我们的身体吸收的。
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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它们进入到食物链金字塔的底部,
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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并不断向上,经过食物链,
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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到达肉食动物和顶端肉食动物这里。
03:10
and in so doing,
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这样的话,
03:12
they accumulate.
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就堆积起来了。
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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然后,为了能彻底了解这个问题,我想邀请大家做个小游戏
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我们并不是真的要玩,只是在这里想一下就好。
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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这是个保丽龙发泡胶和巧克力的游戏。
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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想象一下当我们登上这艘船,
03:23
we were all given
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我们都得到了
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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两个保丽龙的花生。
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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除了把它们放在兜里,你也做不了什么其他的。
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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因为规则是:每一次你请别人喝一杯的时候,
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了要给别人酒之外,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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也要把你的保丽龙花生给别人。
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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接下来发生的事情就是保丽龙花生
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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会开始在我们的团体里流通。
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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并且它们会集中在
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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最吝啬的醉鬼身上
03:44
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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这个游戏里面的机制
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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让人们什么也做不了
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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除了得到越来越大的一堆
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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无法消化的保丽龙花生。
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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这就是和PDB分子(对二氯苯,化学合成药剂,致癌)
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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在食物链中的堆积一样。
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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它们富集在食物链的顶部。
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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然后假设不用保丽龙花生,
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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我们用这些可爱的巧克力
04:08
and we had those instead.
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来替代它们。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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嗯,我们之中的一些人会把巧克力吃了
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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而不给别人。
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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这样就不会产生堆积,
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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它们只会在人群中流通
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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但不会堆积在人群里。
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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因为巧克力可以被我们吸收。
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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这与PCB分子是不同的,
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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可以说,就像ω- 3脂肪酸一样天然,
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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我们希望海洋食物链里有这些东西。
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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PCB的富集。
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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很不幸,有许多这种例子
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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PCB堆积在海豚体内
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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就发生在萨拉索塔湾,得克萨斯州,北卡罗来纳州。
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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PCB分子进入了食物链。
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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海豚吃了小鱼
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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小鱼从浮游生物那里得到了PCB分子,
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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这些脂溶性的PCB分子
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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就富集在了海豚体内。
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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现在,一只海豚,
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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海豚母亲,或者是任何的海豚
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一种方法
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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排出PCB分子。
04:59
And what's that?
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是什么呢?
05:01
In mother's milk.
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通过母乳。
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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这是一张萨拉索塔湾海豚
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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体内PCB含量的图表。
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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成年雄性体内的含量巨大。
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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幼年海豚体内也有很大含量。
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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雌性在第一次哺乳期之后
05:13
a lower load.
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含量稍低。
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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雌性海豚并不想这样。
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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它们将PCB分子
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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通过乳汁里面的脂肪
05:22
into their offspring,
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传递给了它们的后代。
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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而后代没有活下来。
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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这些海豚的死亡率,
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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每只雌性海豚的第一胎,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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大约在60%到80%。
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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母亲们把污染物
05:36
full of this pollutant,
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都输送给了第一胎后代。
05:38
and most of them die.
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其中大部分都会死去。
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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现在,雌性海豚可以继续繁殖了,
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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但这代价太大了
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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污染物富集在
05:46
in these animals --
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这些动物体内
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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——这要由第一胎后代的死来买单。
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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原来,在海洋食物链里还有另外一个顶端捕食者
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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显然,这个顶端捕食者就是我们。
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我们也吃肉
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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来自于同样一些地方的肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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这是鲸鱼肉
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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我在东京一家食品店拍到的
06:04
or is it?
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或者不是?
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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实际上,我们做了几年的研究
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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研究如何偷运
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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一所分子生物实验室进东京
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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用于遗传学的检验
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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检验鲸鱼肉中去出的DNA样本
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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并鉴定它们到底是什么。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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一部分鲸鱼肉样本确实是鲸鱼肉。
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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顺带一说,另一部分检验出不合规格。
06:23
That's another story.
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这是另一个话题了。
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但是有一些就根本不是鲸鱼肉。
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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即使有着鲸鱼肉的幌子,实际上这些是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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有一些是海豚肝脏。有一些是海豚的鳍。
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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那些海豚肉
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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都含巨量的PCB分子,
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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二恶英(剧毒)和重金属。
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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这些有害物质都流入到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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食用这些肉的人身体内。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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这证明许多海豚
06:46
are being sold as meat
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在世界上的鲸肉市场里
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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都被当作肉食出售。
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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对海豚来说这是一场悲剧。
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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但对食用它们的人类来说
06:54
for the people eating them
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同样是一场悲剧
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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因为他们并不知道这是有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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几年前的一天我们得出的这些数据。
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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我记得我坐在办公桌旁
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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作为世界上唯一的人
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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唯一知道在鲸鱼肉市场上卖的那些鲸鱼肉
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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实际上是海豚肉,并且含毒的人。
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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含有的毒素是有史以来环保局允许的
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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2-3倍到400倍。
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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并且我记得我坐在办公桌之前想:
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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“嗯,我发现了这个,这是个伟大的科学发现。”
07:23
but it was so awful.
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但它如此可怕。
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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在我科学生涯中,我第一次
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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打破了科学的协议,
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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就是做出数据并发布在科学杂志上,
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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然后再谈论它们。
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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我们写了一封很客气的信
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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给日本卫生部长
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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并简单的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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并非对于我们是一个不可忍受的情况,
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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而是对于日本人民。
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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因为需要哺乳的母亲们,
07:49
who may have young children,
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有小孩的母亲们,
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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应该买她们认为健康的东西,
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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但这些东西实际上有毒。
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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这导致了日本一系列的其他运动。
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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在这一点上,我真的非常骄傲的说,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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在日本买任何东西都很难
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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这是标签贴错了,
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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即使他们仍然在出售鲸肉,
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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而我认为他们不该这么做。
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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但是至少标签帖对了
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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你就不回再去买
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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有毒的海豚肉。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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并不是只有日本才这样,
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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而是在一些国家的自然食物链都这样
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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在加拿大北部,在美国
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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还有欧洲北部,
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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海豹和鲸鱼的自然食物链
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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导致了PCB分子的富集
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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从世界上的各个地方
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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聚集到妇女的身上。
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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这些妇女的乳汁含毒。
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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她们不能用她们的乳汁
08:43
their breast milk
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来喂养她们的孩子们
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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因为富集的毒素
08:47
in their food chain,
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在她们的食物链之中,
08:49
in their part of the world's
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在她们世界中的一部分
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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在海洋金字塔食物链里。
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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这说明她们的免疫系统已经受到危害。
08:56
It means that their children's development
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这说明她们后代的生长发育
08:58
can be compromised.
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也会受到危害。
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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近十年世界上对这一问题的关注
09:03
has reduced the problem
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已经帮助这些妇女
09:05
for these women,
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解决了这个问题,
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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不是通过改变食物链结构,
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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而是改变她们特有的饮食。
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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我们已经让这些妇女脱离自然的食物链
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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目的就是解决这个问题。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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对于这个特别尖锐的问题,这是个好办法,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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但它对解决金字塔食物链问题没什么帮助。
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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还有另一种方法打破金字塔食物链。
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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如果我们在金字塔食物链底部塞入一些东西,
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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食物链可以像下水道那样回堵上来。
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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如果我们在食物链底部加入
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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营养物质、污水和化肥,
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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那将影响整个食物链。
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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下面用我们之前听过的例子结束这件事:
09:38
red tides, for example,
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赤潮,
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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赤潮里有大量有毒藻类,
09:42
floating through the oceans
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漂浮在海洋之上的赤潮
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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能造成精神受损。
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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我们也可能会让海洋里的细菌,
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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和病毒大量繁殖。
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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这里的两张照片都是红潮的
09:53
and a bacteria
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这里面有
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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一种弧菌,
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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带有霍乱细菌。
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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有多少人见过“海岸禁入”的标志呢?
10:05
Why does that happen?
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为什么会这样呢?
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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因为我们把太多垃圾
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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扔到了海洋食物链的底部
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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这些细菌大量繁殖,
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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并回溢到我们的海滩上。
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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一般困扰我们的都是污水。
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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那么有多少人曾经去过州立公园或是国家公园呢?
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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在那的门口曾经看到一块大标志上这样写着吗?
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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“因垃圾太多
10:25
is so far over this park
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充斥公园
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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而关闭”
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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不常见吧?我们不能容忍这种事情。
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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我们不能容忍公园
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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被垃圾堆满。
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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但是在我们国家海岸却关闭了很多。
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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世界各地越来越多,越来越多的海岸关闭都是因为同样的原因。
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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我相信这些我们也不应该容忍。
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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这不只是清洁的问题。
10:47
it's also a question of
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同时也是
10:49
how those organisms
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海洋有机物如何
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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进入到人类疾病中的问题。
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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那些弧菌和细菌确实可以感染人类。
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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它们可以进入皮肤并造成皮肤感染。
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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这张图是来自美国国家气象局提议的海与人类健康法案,
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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说明过去几年中,
11:05
by vibrio in people
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越来越多的人
11:08
over the last few years.
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受到弧菌感染。
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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举例来说,冲浪的人十分了解这一情况。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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如果你登录一些冲浪网站,
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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实际上不光能看到
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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海浪和天气如何,
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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有一些冲浪者网站,
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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还会有一些闪烁的警示。
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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这表示海边可能有大浪,
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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但这对冲浪者来说是危险的
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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因为他们会一直携带海洋中的细菌,
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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即使是在冲浪之后的很多天,
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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这些遗留物造成的感染也许要花很长时间去治疗。
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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现在其中的一些细菌确实携带了
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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抗生素抗体遗传因子。
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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这就使得治疗更加困难。
11:43
These same infections
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这些传染源
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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使得有害藻类大量繁殖。
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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繁殖会产生其他的化学物质。
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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这是几种有毒物质的清单
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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说明了这些有毒海藻的危害:
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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贝毒、甲藻鱼毒、
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性贝毒——你不会想了解这种毒的——
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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神经性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒。
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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这些有害物质因为海藻大量繁殖
12:06
because of these blooms.
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而进入到我们的食物链中。
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
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丽塔·卡威尔成功的
12:10
traced a very interesting story
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追寻到一个有趣的故事
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
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是关于人类感染霍乱的,
12:15
brought there, not by
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他们不是被
12:17
a normal human vector,
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正常人传染
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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而是被海上的一种桡足动物传染的。
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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桡足动物是小甲壳动物。
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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只有几分之一英寸长。
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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弧菌会依附在
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
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它们细小的腿上
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
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然后使人类得病。
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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这引发了霍乱病
12:35
in ports along the world
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沿着港口传向整个世界
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
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并迫使人们注意到
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
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要努力不让船只
12:42
doesn't move these
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成为向世界传播
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
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霍乱病的传染源。
12:46
So what do you do?
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我们该做点什么呢?
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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我们主要的问题是生态系统运转遭到破坏
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
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金字塔食物链也运转不畅,
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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食物链从底部开始
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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就处于阻塞状态。
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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该怎么处理这种流通不畅的问题呢?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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其实有很多能做的事。
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
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例如,可以叫水管工来修理。
13:05
And he could come in
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他就会进来
13:07
and fix the flow.
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并疏通管道。
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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但实际上,如果放眼世界
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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就不光是希望解决
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
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我们能解决的问题,
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
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有些地方的问题已经解决了,
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
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有些地方的人们已经了解了这些问题
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
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并开始寻求解决办法。
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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蒙特雷就是其中之一。
13:24
I started out showing how much
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在开始的时候我展示了
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
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蒙特雷海岸生态系统已经被破坏的程度
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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这是因为污染和罐头工厂
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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还有随之而来的各种问题。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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这是1932年的照片。
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
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2009年的照片中已经有明显不同。
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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罐头工厂迁走了,污染也减轻了。
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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但更有意义的是
13:44
that what the individual communities need
348
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社区居民所需的
13:46
is working ecosystems.
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是一个健全的生态系统。
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
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他们需要从下到上功能良好的金字塔食物链。
13:51
And that pyramid
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目前在蒙特雷
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
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这条食物链,
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
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在各方人士的努力之下,
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
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功能前所未有的健全
13:59
for the last 150 years.
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150年来从未如此。
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
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这不是突然发生的。
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
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这是因为许多人付出了时间和精力
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
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并投入了先驱者的精神。
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
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左边这位,朱丽娅·普拉特
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
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是我家乡小镇葛洛芙洋的镇长
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
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她在74岁的时候当选镇长
14:15
because something had to be done
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因为她做了一些
14:17
to protect the ocean.
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保护海洋的事情。
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
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1931年,她设计了加州第一个
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
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基于社区的海洋保护区,
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
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紧挨着污染最重的罐头厂
14:27
because Julia knew
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因为朱丽娅知道
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
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当罐头厂最终迁走之后,
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
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海洋需要一块地方来复原,
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
370
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换句话说海洋需要一块地方抛砖引玉。
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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她想要成为这先驱者。
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
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其他人像大卫·帕卡德和朱莉·帕卡德,
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
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他们帮助筹建了蒙特雷湾水族馆
14:45
to lock into people's notion
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以此让人们了解
14:47
that the ocean
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这片海洋
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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和海洋生态系统的健康
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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和当地的经济发展一样重要
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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但经济发展却侵害了海洋生态。
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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这种思想上的转变已经导致了巨大的变化,
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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不仅改变了蒙特雷湾的命运
15:03
but other places around the world.
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还影响了世界上的其他地方。
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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接下来,我希望让你们知道,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我们正在尝试去做的事情
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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是保护海洋金字塔食物链。
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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而海洋食物链
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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和我们的食物链紧密相连。
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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这是个海洋星球,
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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虽然我们认为自己是陆地生物。
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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但是海洋生物的食物链
15:24
and our own lives on land
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和我们陆地生物
15:26
are intricately connected.
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有着紧密的联系。
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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只有让海洋健康
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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我们才能确保自身的健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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十分感谢。
15:34
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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