Stephen Palumbi: Following the mercury trail

47,947 views ・ 2010-06-30

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Xun Zheng 校对人员: Zhu Jie
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
0
16260
2000
海洋是一个非常复杂的事物。
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
1
18260
3000
人类的健康也是一件非常复杂的事情。
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
2
21260
3000
将两者统一起来看起来是一件艰巨的任务。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
3
24260
2000
但我想要试图去说明的是
00:26
even in that complexity,
4
26260
2000
即使是如此复杂的情况,
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
5
28260
2000
也存在一些我认为简单的话题,
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
6
30260
3000
一些如果我们能理解,就很容易向前发展的话题。
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
7
33260
2000
这些简单的话题确实不是
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
8
35260
2000
有关那复杂的科学有了怎样的发展,
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
9
37260
2000
而是一些我们都恰好知道的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
10
39260
2000
接下来我就来说一个。
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
11
41260
3000
如果老妈不高兴了,大家都别想开心。
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
12
44260
3000
我们都知道,不是吗?我们都经历过。
00:47
And if we just take that
13
47260
2000
接下来如果我们能理解这一点
00:49
and we build from there,
14
49260
2000
从这里出发,
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
15
51260
2000
可以得出下一步的,
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
16
53260
3000
那就是如果海洋不高兴了
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
17
56260
2000
大家也都别想开心。
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
18
58260
2000
这就是我演讲的主题。
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
19
60260
3000
我们正在通过许多不同的方法惹怒海洋。
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
20
63260
3000
这是1932年在坎纳里鲁夫拍的一副照片
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
21
66260
2000
那时的坎纳里鲁夫,
01:08
had the biggest industrial
22
68260
2000
有着西海岸最大的
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
23
70260
2000
工业化罐头工厂。
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
24
72260
3000
我们堆积了大量的污染物
01:15
into the air and into the water.
25
75260
2000
在空气中和水中
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
26
77260
2000
我所工作的霍普金的海洋研究站的
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
27
79260
2000
罗尔夫·博林教授,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
28
81260
2000
在二十世纪40年代指出,
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
29
83260
3000
“海湾入口里浮沫所散发的臭气
01:26
were so bad they turned
30
86260
2000
特别难闻
01:28
lead-based paints black."
31
88260
2000
那里有含铅的黑涂料。
01:30
People working in these canneries
32
90260
2000
工作在罐头厂的人们
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
33
92260
3000
每天都只能待在这样的气味之中。
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
34
95260
2000
然而你知道他们说什么吗?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
35
97260
2000
他们说:“你知道你闻到的是什么吗?
01:39
You smell money."
36
99260
2000
你闻到的是钱的气味。”
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
37
101260
3000
污染来自于社区的金钱利益。
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
38
104260
2000
那些人们和污染生活在一起
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
39
106260
3000
并把污染吸入了它们的皮肤和身体
01:49
because they needed the money.
40
109260
2000
因为他们需要钱。
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
41
111260
3000
让海洋不高兴,人们也特别不高兴,
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
42
114260
3000
并且人类还不再健康。
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
43
117260
2000
海洋的健康和人类健康之间的联系
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
44
119260
3000
确实就像另一组谚语说的那样。
02:02
and I want to call that
45
122260
2000
我觉得这么说:
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
46
124260
2000
“抓了小鱼,害死鲸鱼”
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
47
126260
2000
海洋生物的食物链……
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
48
128260
3000
现在……当一位生态学者看待海洋的时候——我承认——
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
49
131260
2000
我们用一种十分不同的方式来看待海洋,
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
50
133260
3000
比起普通人,我们看待海洋时发现的不同之处更多。
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
51
136260
2000
因为当生态学家看待海洋的时候,
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
52
138260
2000
会看到其中的相互联系。
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
53
140260
2000
我们看食物链的下层,
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
54
142260
2000
浮游生物这种小东西,
02:24
and we see how those animals
55
144260
2000
还会看这些小动物们
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
56
146260
3000
是如何成为位于金字塔中部动物们的食物的,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
57
149260
3000
然后就这样一直向上走到这幅图的顶部。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
58
153260
2000
这种生命的流动
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
59
155260
2000
从最底部流向最顶部,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
60
157260
2000
是生态学家们关注的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
61
159260
2000
并且这就是我们努力去保护的
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
62
161260
3000
当我们说:“救救海洋,给海洋治治病吧。”
02:44
It's that pyramid.
63
164260
2000
说的就是这金字塔。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
64
166260
3000
那么为什么这与人类的健康有关系呢?
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
65
169260
2000
因为,当我们把一些本不该在食物链底部存在
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
66
171260
2000
的东西塞进了金字塔食物链之后,
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
67
173260
3000
就出现了很可怕的事情。
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
68
176260
3000
一些由我们制造的污染物,
02:59
molecules like PCBs
69
179260
2000
像是PCB分子(多氯联苯,一种致癌物质)
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
70
181260
2000
是不能被我们的身体吸收的。
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
71
183260
2000
它们进入到食物链金字塔的底部,
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
72
185260
3000
并不断向上,经过食物链,
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
73
188260
2000
到达肉食动物和顶端肉食动物这里。
03:10
and in so doing,
74
190260
2000
这样的话,
03:12
they accumulate.
75
192260
2000
就堆积起来了。
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
76
194260
2000
然后,为了能彻底了解这个问题,我想邀请大家做个小游戏
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
77
196260
2000
我们并不是真的要玩,只是在这里想一下就好。
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
78
198260
2000
这是个保丽龙发泡胶和巧克力的游戏。
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
79
200260
3000
想象一下当我们登上这艘船,
03:23
we were all given
80
203260
2000
我们都得到了
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
81
205260
2000
两个保丽龙的花生。
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
82
207260
2000
除了把它们放在兜里,你也做不了什么其他的。
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
83
209260
3000
因为规则是:每一次你请别人喝一杯的时候,
03:32
you give them the drink,
84
212260
2000
除了要给别人酒之外,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
85
214260
2000
也要把你的保丽龙花生给别人。
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
86
216260
2000
接下来发生的事情就是保丽龙花生
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
87
218260
2000
会开始在我们的团体里流通。
03:40
and they will accumulate in
88
220260
2000
并且它们会集中在
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
89
222260
2000
最吝啬的醉鬼身上
03:44
(Laughter)
90
224260
5000
(笑声)
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
91
229260
2000
这个游戏里面的机制
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
92
231260
2000
让人们什么也做不了
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
93
233260
2000
除了得到越来越大的一堆
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
94
235260
2000
无法消化的保丽龙花生。
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
95
237260
2000
这就是和PDB分子(对二氯苯,化学合成药剂,致癌)
03:59
in this food pyramid:
96
239260
2000
在食物链中的堆积一样。
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
97
241260
3000
它们富集在食物链的顶部。
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
98
244260
2000
然后假设不用保丽龙花生,
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
99
246260
2000
我们用这些可爱的巧克力
04:08
and we had those instead.
100
248260
2000
来替代它们。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
101
250260
2000
嗯,我们之中的一些人会把巧克力吃了
04:12
instead of passing them around,
102
252260
2000
而不给别人。
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
103
254260
2000
这样就不会产生堆积,
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
104
256260
3000
它们只会在人群中流通
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
105
259260
2000
但不会堆积在人群里。
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
106
261260
2000
因为巧克力可以被我们吸收。
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
107
263260
2000
这与PCB分子是不同的,
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
108
265260
2000
可以说,就像ω- 3脂肪酸一样天然,
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
109
267260
3000
我们希望海洋食物链里有这些东西。
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
110
271260
2000
PCB的富集。
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
111
273260
2000
很不幸,有许多这种例子
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
112
275260
2000
PCB堆积在海豚体内
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
113
277260
3000
就发生在萨拉索塔湾,得克萨斯州,北卡罗来纳州。
04:40
They get into the food chain.
114
280260
2000
PCB分子进入了食物链。
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
115
282260
2000
海豚吃了小鱼
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
116
284260
2000
小鱼从浮游生物那里得到了PCB分子,
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
117
286260
3000
这些脂溶性的PCB分子
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
118
289260
2000
就富集在了海豚体内。
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
119
291260
2000
现在,一只海豚,
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
120
293260
2000
海豚母亲,或者是任何的海豚
04:55
there's only one way
121
295260
2000
只有一种方法
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
122
297260
2000
排出PCB分子。
04:59
And what's that?
123
299260
2000
是什么呢?
05:01
In mother's milk.
124
301260
2000
通过母乳。
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
125
303260
2000
这是一张萨拉索塔湾海豚
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
126
305260
2000
体内PCB含量的图表。
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
127
307260
2000
成年雄性体内的含量巨大。
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
128
309260
2000
幼年海豚体内也有很大含量。
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
129
311260
2000
雌性在第一次哺乳期之后
05:13
a lower load.
130
313260
2000
含量稍低。
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
131
315260
2000
雌性海豚并不想这样。
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
132
317260
2000
它们将PCB分子
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
133
319260
3000
通过乳汁里面的脂肪
05:22
into their offspring,
134
322260
2000
传递给了它们的后代。
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
135
324260
3000
而后代没有活下来。
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
136
327260
2000
这些海豚的死亡率,
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
137
329260
2000
每只雌性海豚的第一胎,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
138
331260
2000
大约在60%到80%。
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
139
333260
3000
母亲们把污染物
05:36
full of this pollutant,
140
336260
2000
都输送给了第一胎后代。
05:38
and most of them die.
141
338260
2000
其中大部分都会死去。
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
142
340260
2000
现在,雌性海豚可以继续繁殖了,
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
143
342260
2000
但这代价太大了
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
144
344260
2000
污染物富集在
05:46
in these animals --
145
346260
2000
这些动物体内
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
146
348260
3000
——这要由第一胎后代的死来买单。
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
147
351260
3000
原来,在海洋食物链里还有另外一个顶端捕食者
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
148
354260
2000
显然,这个顶端捕食者就是我们。
05:56
And we also are eating meat
149
356260
2000
我们也吃肉
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
150
358260
2000
来自于同样一些地方的肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
151
360260
2000
这是鲸鱼肉
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
152
362260
2000
我在东京一家食品店拍到的
06:04
or is it?
153
364260
2000
或者不是?
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
154
366260
2000
实际上,我们做了几年的研究
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
155
368260
2000
研究如何偷运
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
156
370260
2000
一所分子生物实验室进东京
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
157
372260
3000
用于遗传学的检验
06:15
out of whale meat samples
158
375260
2000
检验鲸鱼肉中去出的DNA样本
06:17
and identify what they really were.
159
377260
2000
并鉴定它们到底是什么。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
160
379260
2000
一部分鲸鱼肉样本确实是鲸鱼肉。
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
161
381260
2000
顺带一说,另一部分检验出不合规格。
06:23
That's another story.
162
383260
2000
这是另一个话题了。
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
163
385260
2000
但是有一些就根本不是鲸鱼肉。
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
164
387260
3000
即使有着鲸鱼肉的幌子,实际上这些是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
165
390260
3000
有一些是海豚肝脏。有一些是海豚的鳍。
06:33
And those dolphin parts
166
393260
2000
那些海豚肉
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
167
395260
2000
都含巨量的PCB分子,
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
168
397260
3000
二恶英(剧毒)和重金属。
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
169
400260
2000
这些有害物质都流入到
06:42
that ate this meat.
170
402260
2000
食用这些肉的人身体内。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
171
404260
2000
这证明许多海豚
06:46
are being sold as meat
172
406260
2000
在世界上的鲸肉市场里
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
173
408260
2000
都被当作肉食出售。
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
174
410260
2000
对海豚来说这是一场悲剧。
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
175
412260
2000
但对食用它们的人类来说
06:54
for the people eating them
176
414260
2000
同样是一场悲剧
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
177
416260
3000
因为他们并不知道这是有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
178
419260
3000
几年前的一天我们得出的这些数据。
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
179
422260
2000
我记得我坐在办公桌旁
07:04
being about the only person in the world
180
424260
2000
作为世界上唯一的人
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
181
426260
3000
唯一知道在鲸鱼肉市场上卖的那些鲸鱼肉
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
182
429260
3000
实际上是海豚肉,并且含毒的人。
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
183
432260
3000
含有的毒素是有史以来环保局允许的
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
184
435260
2000
2-3倍到400倍。
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
185
437260
3000
并且我记得我坐在办公桌之前想:
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
186
440260
3000
“嗯,我发现了这个,这是个伟大的科学发现。”
07:23
but it was so awful.
187
443260
2000
但它如此可怕。
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
188
445260
2000
在我科学生涯中,我第一次
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
189
447260
2000
打破了科学的协议,
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
190
449260
3000
就是做出数据并发布在科学杂志上,
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
191
452260
2000
然后再谈论它们。
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
192
454260
2000
我们写了一封很客气的信
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
193
456260
3000
给日本卫生部长
07:39
and simply pointed out that
194
459260
3000
并简单的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
195
462260
2000
并非对于我们是一个不可忍受的情况,
07:44
but for the people of Japan
196
464260
2000
而是对于日本人民。
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
197
466260
3000
因为需要哺乳的母亲们,
07:49
who may have young children,
198
469260
2000
有小孩的母亲们,
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
199
471260
3000
应该买她们认为健康的东西,
07:54
but it was really toxic.
200
474260
2000
但这些东西实际上有毒。
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
201
476260
3000
这导致了日本一系列的其他运动。
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
202
479260
3000
在这一点上,我真的非常骄傲的说,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
203
482260
3000
在日本买任何东西都很难
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
204
485260
2000
这是标签贴错了,
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
205
487260
2000
即使他们仍然在出售鲸肉,
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
206
489260
2000
而我认为他们不该这么做。
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
207
491260
2000
但是至少标签帖对了
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
208
493260
2000
你就不回再去买
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
209
495260
3000
有毒的海豚肉。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
210
498260
3000
并不是只有日本才这样,
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
211
501260
2000
而是在一些国家的自然食物链都这样
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
212
503260
2000
在加拿大北部,在美国
08:25
and in the European arctic,
213
505260
2000
还有欧洲北部,
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
214
507260
3000
海豹和鲸鱼的自然食物链
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
215
510260
2000
导致了PCB分子的富集
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
216
512260
3000
从世界上的各个地方
08:35
and ended up in these women.
217
515260
2000
聚集到妇女的身上。
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
218
517260
3000
这些妇女的乳汁含毒。
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
219
520260
3000
她们不能用她们的乳汁
08:43
their breast milk
220
523260
2000
来喂养她们的孩子们
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
221
525260
2000
因为富集的毒素
08:47
in their food chain,
222
527260
2000
在她们的食物链之中,
08:49
in their part of the world's
223
529260
2000
在她们世界中的一部分
08:51
ocean pyramid.
224
531260
2000
在海洋金字塔食物链里。
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
225
533260
3000
这说明她们的免疫系统已经受到危害。
08:56
It means that their children's development
226
536260
2000
这说明她们后代的生长发育
08:58
can be compromised.
227
538260
2000
也会受到危害。
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
228
540260
3000
近十年世界上对这一问题的关注
09:03
has reduced the problem
229
543260
2000
已经帮助这些妇女
09:05
for these women,
230
545260
2000
解决了这个问题,
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
231
547260
2000
不是通过改变食物链结构,
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
232
549260
2000
而是改变她们特有的饮食。
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
233
551260
2000
我们已经让这些妇女脱离自然的食物链
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
234
553260
3000
目的就是解决这个问题。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
235
556260
2000
对于这个特别尖锐的问题,这是个好办法,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
236
558260
2000
但它对解决金字塔食物链问题没什么帮助。
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
237
560260
3000
还有另一种方法打破金字塔食物链。
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
238
563260
3000
如果我们在金字塔食物链底部塞入一些东西,
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
239
566260
3000
食物链可以像下水道那样回堵上来。
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
240
569260
3000
如果我们在食物链底部加入
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
241
572260
2000
营养物质、污水和化肥,
09:34
it can back up all through it.
242
574260
2000
那将影响整个食物链。
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
243
576260
2000
下面用我们之前听过的例子结束这件事:
09:38
red tides, for example,
244
578260
2000
赤潮,
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
245
580260
2000
赤潮里有大量有毒藻类,
09:42
floating through the oceans
246
582260
2000
漂浮在海洋之上的赤潮
09:44
causing neurological damage.
247
584260
2000
能造成精神受损。
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
248
586260
2000
我们也可能会让海洋里的细菌,
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
249
588260
2000
和病毒大量繁殖。
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
250
590260
3000
这里的两张照片都是红潮的
09:53
and a bacteria
251
593260
2000
这里面有
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
252
595260
2000
一种弧菌,
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
253
597260
3000
带有霍乱细菌。
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
254
600260
3000
有多少人见过“海岸禁入”的标志呢?
10:05
Why does that happen?
255
605260
2000
为什么会这样呢?
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
256
607260
2000
因为我们把太多垃圾
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
257
609260
2000
扔到了海洋食物链的底部
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
258
611260
2000
这些细菌大量繁殖,
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
259
613260
2000
并回溢到我们的海滩上。
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
260
615260
3000
一般困扰我们的都是污水。
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
261
618260
3000
那么有多少人曾经去过州立公园或是国家公园呢?
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
262
621260
2000
在那的门口曾经看到一块大标志上这样写着吗?
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
263
623260
2000
“因垃圾太多
10:25
is so far over this park
264
625260
2000
充斥公园
10:27
that you can't use it"?
265
627260
2000
而关闭”
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
266
629260
3000
不常见吧?我们不能容忍这种事情。
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
267
632260
2000
我们不能容忍公园
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
268
634260
3000
被垃圾堆满。
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
269
637260
2000
但是在我们国家海岸却关闭了很多。
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
270
639260
3000
世界各地越来越多,越来越多的海岸关闭都是因为同样的原因。
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
271
642260
3000
我相信这些我们也不应该容忍。
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
272
645260
2000
这不只是清洁的问题。
10:47
it's also a question of
273
647260
2000
同时也是
10:49
how those organisms
274
649260
2000
海洋有机物如何
10:51
then turn into human disease.
275
651260
2000
进入到人类疾病中的问题。
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
276
653260
3000
那些弧菌和细菌确实可以感染人类。
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
277
656260
3000
它们可以进入皮肤并造成皮肤感染。
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
278
659260
3000
这张图是来自美国国家气象局提议的海与人类健康法案,
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
279
662260
3000
说明过去几年中,
11:05
by vibrio in people
280
665260
3000
越来越多的人
11:08
over the last few years.
281
668260
2000
受到弧菌感染。
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
282
670260
3000
举例来说,冲浪的人十分了解这一情况。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
283
673260
3000
如果你登录一些冲浪网站,
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
284
676260
2000
实际上不光能看到
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
285
678260
2000
海浪和天气如何,
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
286
680260
2000
有一些冲浪者网站,
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
287
682260
3000
还会有一些闪烁的警示。
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
288
685260
3000
这表示海边可能有大浪,
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
289
688260
2000
但这对冲浪者来说是危险的
11:30
because they can carry with them,
290
690260
2000
因为他们会一直携带海洋中的细菌,
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
291
692260
2000
即使是在冲浪之后的很多天,
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
292
694260
3000
这些遗留物造成的感染也许要花很长时间去治疗。
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
293
697260
2000
现在其中的一些细菌确实携带了
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
294
699260
2000
抗生素抗体遗传因子。
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
295
701260
2000
这就使得治疗更加困难。
11:43
These same infections
296
703260
2000
这些传染源
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
297
705260
2000
使得有害藻类大量繁殖。
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
298
707260
3000
繁殖会产生其他的化学物质。
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
299
710260
3000
这是几种有毒物质的清单
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
300
713260
2000
说明了这些有毒海藻的危害:
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
301
715260
3000
贝毒、甲藻鱼毒、
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
302
718260
3000
痢疾性贝毒——你不会想了解这种毒的——
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
303
721260
3000
神经性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒。
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
304
724260
2000
这些有害物质因为海藻大量繁殖
12:06
because of these blooms.
305
726260
2000
而进入到我们的食物链中。
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
306
728260
2000
丽塔·卡威尔成功的
12:10
traced a very interesting story
307
730260
2000
追寻到一个有趣的故事
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
308
732260
3000
是关于人类感染霍乱的,
12:15
brought there, not by
309
735260
2000
他们不是被
12:17
a normal human vector,
310
737260
2000
正常人传染
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
311
739260
3000
而是被海上的一种桡足动物传染的。
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
312
742260
2000
桡足动物是小甲壳动物。
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
313
744260
2000
只有几分之一英寸长。
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
314
746260
2000
弧菌会依附在
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
315
748260
2000
它们细小的腿上
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
316
750260
3000
然后使人类得病。
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
317
753260
2000
这引发了霍乱病
12:35
in ports along the world
318
755260
2000
沿着港口传向整个世界
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
319
757260
3000
并迫使人们注意到
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
320
760260
2000
要努力不让船只
12:42
doesn't move these
321
762260
2000
成为向世界传播
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
322
764260
2000
霍乱病的传染源。
12:46
So what do you do?
323
766260
2000
我们该做点什么呢?
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
324
768260
3000
我们主要的问题是生态系统运转遭到破坏
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
325
771260
2000
金字塔食物链也运转不畅,
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
326
773260
2000
食物链从底部开始
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
327
775260
2000
就处于阻塞状态。
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
328
777260
3000
该怎么处理这种流通不畅的问题呢?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
329
780260
3000
其实有很多能做的事。
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
330
783260
2000
例如,可以叫水管工来修理。
13:05
And he could come in
331
785260
2000
他就会进来
13:07
and fix the flow.
332
787260
2000
并疏通管道。
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
333
789260
3000
但实际上,如果放眼世界
13:12
not only are there hope spots
334
792260
2000
就不光是希望解决
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
335
794260
2000
我们能解决的问题,
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
336
796260
2000
有些地方的问题已经解决了,
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
337
798260
2000
有些地方的人们已经了解了这些问题
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
338
800260
2000
并开始寻求解决办法。
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
339
802260
2000
蒙特雷就是其中之一。
13:24
I started out showing how much
340
804260
2000
在开始的时候我展示了
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
341
806260
3000
蒙特雷海岸生态系统已经被破坏的程度
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
342
809260
2000
这是因为污染和罐头工厂
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
343
811260
2000
还有随之而来的各种问题。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
344
813260
2000
这是1932年的照片。
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
345
815260
3000
2009年的照片中已经有明显不同。
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
346
819260
3000
罐头工厂迁走了,污染也减轻了。
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
347
822260
2000
但更有意义的是
13:44
that what the individual communities need
348
824260
2000
社区居民所需的
13:46
is working ecosystems.
349
826260
2000
是一个健全的生态系统。
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
350
828260
3000
他们需要从下到上功能良好的金字塔食物链。
13:51
And that pyramid
351
831260
2000
目前在蒙特雷
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
352
833260
2000
这条食物链,
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
353
835260
2000
在各方人士的努力之下,
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
354
837260
2000
功能前所未有的健全
13:59
for the last 150 years.
355
839260
3000
150年来从未如此。
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
356
842260
2000
这不是突然发生的。
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
357
844260
3000
这是因为许多人付出了时间和精力
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
358
847260
2000
并投入了先驱者的精神。
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
359
849260
2000
左边这位,朱丽娅·普拉特
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
360
851260
2000
是我家乡小镇葛洛芙洋的镇长
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
361
853260
2000
她在74岁的时候当选镇长
14:15
because something had to be done
362
855260
2000
因为她做了一些
14:17
to protect the ocean.
363
857260
2000
保护海洋的事情。
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
364
859260
2000
1931年,她设计了加州第一个
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
365
861260
3000
基于社区的海洋保护区,
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
366
864260
3000
紧挨着污染最重的罐头厂
14:27
because Julia knew
367
867260
2000
因为朱丽娅知道
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
368
869260
2000
当罐头厂最终迁走之后,
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
369
871260
3000
海洋需要一块地方来复原,
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
370
874260
3000
换句话说海洋需要一块地方抛砖引玉。
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
371
877260
2000
她想要成为这先驱者。
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
372
879260
3000
其他人像大卫·帕卡德和朱莉·帕卡德,
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
373
882260
3000
他们帮助筹建了蒙特雷湾水族馆
14:45
to lock into people's notion
374
885260
2000
以此让人们了解
14:47
that the ocean
375
887260
2000
这片海洋
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
376
889260
3000
和海洋生态系统的健康
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
377
892260
3000
和当地的经济发展一样重要
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
378
895260
2000
但经济发展却侵害了海洋生态。
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
379
897260
3000
这种思想上的转变已经导致了巨大的变化,
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
380
900260
3000
不仅改变了蒙特雷湾的命运
15:03
but other places around the world.
381
903260
2000
还影响了世界上的其他地方。
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
382
905260
2000
接下来,我希望让你们知道,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
383
907260
2000
我们正在尝试去做的事情
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
384
909260
2000
是保护海洋金字塔食物链。
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
385
911260
2000
而海洋食物链
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
386
913260
2000
和我们的食物链紧密相连。
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
387
915260
2000
这是个海洋星球,
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
388
917260
3000
虽然我们认为自己是陆地生物。
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
389
921260
3000
但是海洋生物的食物链
15:24
and our own lives on land
390
924260
2000
和我们陆地生物
15:26
are intricately connected.
391
926260
2000
有着紧密的联系。
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
392
928260
2000
只有让海洋健康
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
393
930260
2000
我们才能确保自身的健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
394
932260
2000
十分感谢。
15:34
(Applause)
395
934260
2000
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7