Stephen Palumbi: Following the mercury trail

47,947 views ・ 2010-06-30

TED


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譯者: Marie Wu 審譯者: Sunshine Wang
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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海洋很複雜,
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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人類的健康也很複雜,
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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把這二者放在一起,就更複雜了。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我要說的是,
00:26
even in that complexity,
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即便這麼複雜,
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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我認為一定有簡單的方法,
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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可以讓我們深入瞭解。
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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這些簡單的方法並不是指
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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那些複雜難懂的科學方法,
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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而是我們已經熟知的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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我想先從這件事講起:
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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如果媽媽不高興,大家都別想高興。
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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我們都知道,對吧?小時候都有這種經驗。
00:47
And if we just take that
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如果我們以此為依據,
00:49
and we build from there,
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按照經驗法則,
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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我們可以推論,
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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也就是如果海洋不高興,
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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大家都別想高興。
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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這就是我要講的,
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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我們正在以許多不同的方式惹惱海洋。
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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這是1932年罐頭工廠市街的照片,
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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那時的罐頭工廠市街
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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是整個西岸
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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最繁榮的罐頭工業地區。
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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我們把大量的污染物
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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排放到空氣裡、排放到海裡。
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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羅夫.波林教授,
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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是我在霍布金斯海洋研究站的同事,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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他在1940年代時寫道:
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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「漂浮在海灣入口處的垃圾,發出的臭味,
01:26
were so bad they turned
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惡臭難當,
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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含鉛油漆都變成黑色的了。」
01:30
People working in these canneries
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在罐頭工廠工作的人,
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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也因為惡臭而無法待上一整天。
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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但你知道他們後來說什麼嗎?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他們說:「你知道這是什麼味道嗎?
01:39
You smell money."
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這是錢的味道。」
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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污染對於當地人而言,代表著錢。
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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這些人和污染生活在一起,
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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把污染物吸收到皮膚裡、吸收到身體裡,
01:49
because they needed the money.
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因為他們要賺錢。
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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我們讓海洋不高興,也讓我們自己很不高興,
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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還讓人類變得不健康。
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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人類健康與海洋健康之間的關聯性,
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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其實可以用幾句簡單的諺語來解釋,
02:02
and I want to call that
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最貼切的是:
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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「抓了小魚,害死鯨魚。」
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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海洋生態的食物鏈...
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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當生態學家觀察海洋時,我必須說,
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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我們是以非常不同的角度來觀察海洋,
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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我們看到的東西和一般人不同。
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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當生態學家觀察海洋時,
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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我們看到的是生物之間的互動,
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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我們看的是食物鏈的最下層,
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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浮游生物和其他小生物,
02:24
and we see how those animals
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我們知道這些小生物
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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是食物鏈中層生物的食物,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然後就這樣一直堆疊上去。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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這種食物鏈,
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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從最底層到最高層,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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就是我們生態學家所重視的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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所以當我們說:「拯救海洋,復育海洋」時,
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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我們其實是要保育
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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這個食物鏈。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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那這個和人類的健康有什麼關係?
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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當我們把垃圾丟進海洋
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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干擾食物鏈最底層的生物時,
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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可怕的事情就會發生。
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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有些污染源是人類所創造出來的,
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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像是多氯聯苯,
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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人類的身體無法吸收,
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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於是多氯聯苯就進到了海洋食物鏈的最底層,
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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然後來到食物鏈的中層、
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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上層,最後到達頂端,
03:10
and in so doing,
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多氯聯苯
03:12
they accumulate.
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不斷地累積。
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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為了讓你們記住,我發明了一個小遊戲,
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我們不一定要玩,可以只用想的就好,
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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我叫它「保麗龍與巧克力」。
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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想像一下我們坐在船上,
03:23
we were all given
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我們手上有
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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二顆保麗龍花生,
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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沒什麼用,但還是放進口袋裡。
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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遊戲規則是:每次你請別人喝酒,
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了給他們酒之外,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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也要給他們保麗龍花生。
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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接下來,保麗龍花生
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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就會在人群裡流通,
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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最後,最小氣而且
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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喝醉酒的人拿到最多。
03:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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這個遊戲的設計,
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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會讓不能食用的
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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保麗龍花生,
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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愈堆愈高。
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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就像在海洋食物鏈裡的
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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多氯聯苯一樣,
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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全都堆在食物鏈的頂端。
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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現在想像一下,我們不用保麗龍花生了,
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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我們用巧克力來取代
04:08
and we had those instead.
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保麗龍花生。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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嗯,有些人會把巧克力吃掉,
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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而不會給別人,
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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也不會囤積在某人身上,
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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巧克力在人群裡流通後,
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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不會堆積在人群裡,
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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因為被我們吃掉了。
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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這和多氯聯苯不同,
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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有些天然的東西,像是omega-3(多元不飽和脂肪酸),
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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是我們想從海洋食物鏈裡攝取的,
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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但多氯聯苯卻會累積起來。
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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很不幸的,有太多這種例子,
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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多氯聯苯累積在薩拉索塔灣、
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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德州、北卡羅萊納州的海豚身上,
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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累積在食物鏈裡。
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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海豚吃魚,
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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魚吃含有多氯聯苯的浮游生物,
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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而這些脂溶性的多氯聯苯
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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就累積在海豚身體裡。
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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海豚,
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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不管是母海豚還是任何海豚,
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一種方法可以
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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讓多氯聯苯離開海豚的身體,
04:59
And what's that?
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是什麼方法?
05:01
In mother's milk.
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透過母海豚的乳汁。
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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這裡有一張薩拉索塔海灣
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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海豚體內的多氯聯苯含量圖,
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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成年公海豚,含量很高;
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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少年海豚,含量很高;
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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生過一胎且斷奶的母海豚,
05:13
a lower load.
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含量較低。
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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這些母海豚並非刻意這麼做,
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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他們透過自己乳汁裡所含的脂肪,
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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將多氯聯苯
05:22
into their offspring,
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傳給了下一代,
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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這些新生兒無法存活。
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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這些海豚的死亡率,
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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也就是母海豚第一胎的死亡率,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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高達百分之60到80。
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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母海豚將全部的污染物
05:36
full of this pollutant,
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傳給了第一個寶寶,
05:38
and most of them die.
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而大部分都死了。
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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當然,母海豚可以再生,
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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但是這代價何其高啊!
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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就因為污染物囤積在
05:46
in these animals --
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這些動物體內,
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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第一胎就都死了。
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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在海洋食物鏈裡,當然還有最頂端的掠食者,
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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也就是人類,
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我們當然也吃
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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來自剛才所提到的地點的魚肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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這是我在東京
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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雜貨店裡所拍攝到的鯨魚肉,
06:04
or is it?
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還是別的肉?
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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我們從幾年前開始,
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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就偷偷把分子生物實驗室
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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帶進東京,
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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然後對這些鯨魚肉
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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進行DNA測試,
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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以瞭解到底這是什麼肉。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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有些鯨魚肉的樣本確實是鯨魚肉,
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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只不過有些是非法捕撈的鯨魚肉,
06:23
That's another story.
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這是另一回事;
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但有些則完全不是鯨魚肉,
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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雖然貼上了鯨魚肉的標籤,但實際上卻是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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有些是海豚肝臟,有些是海豚脂肪,
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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這些海豚肉及內臟
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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都含有高量的多氯聯苯、
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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戴奧辛和重金屬,
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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只要吃了海豚肉,就會吸收到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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這些高量毒物。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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我們發現,很多海豚
06:46
are being sold as meat
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都被送到
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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世界各地的市場上當鯨魚肉販賣。
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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海豚已經夠可憐了,
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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但是吃下海豚肉的人
06:54
for the people eating them
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更可憐,
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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因為他們不知道自己吃了有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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我們從幾年前開始掌握了這些數據,
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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我記得我坐在書桌前,
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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覺得世界上只有我一個人知道,
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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在這些魚市裡所販賣的鯨魚肉,
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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其實是海豚肉,而且還有毒,
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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毒物的含量是環保署所允許的二倍、
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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三倍、甚至高達四百倍。
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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我還記得,我坐在書桌前想著:
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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「嗯,我知道這件事,這可是了不起的科學發現哪!」
07:23
but it was so awful.
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但這糟透了!
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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這是我從事科學生涯以來,
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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首次違反科學協議,
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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協議要求我們在把資料公布於科學期刊之前,
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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不得對外談論資料內容。
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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我們寄了一封措辭委婉的信
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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給日本的厚生省大臣,
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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信中開門見山的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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這種情況令人無法容忍,不是為了我們,
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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而是為了日本的國民。
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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因為母親會哺乳,
07:49
who may have young children,
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她們有小孩要養,
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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她們會買到自己以為是有益的食物,
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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事實上卻是有毒的。
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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這件事在日本引起了軒然大波,
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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我可以很驕傲地說,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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現在在日本已經很難買到
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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標示不正確的食物了,
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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雖然他們還在賣鯨魚肉,
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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我個人並不贊同,
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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但至少標示是正確的了,
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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你再也不會買到
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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有毒的海豚肉了。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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這種事不只發生在日本,
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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有些地方的天然食材也發生相同狀況,
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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像是在加拿大、美國
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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和歐洲的極地圈附近,
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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那裡的人們長期食用海豹和鯨魚,
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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導致體內囤積多氯聯苯,
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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這些多氯聯苯是海洋動物從世界各地吸收來的,
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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最後留在這些女性的體內。
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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她們的乳汁有毒,
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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所以不能為嬰兒
08:43
their breast milk
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或小孩哺乳,
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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因為這些毒物囤積在
08:47
in their food chain,
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食物鏈中,
08:49
in their part of the world's
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囤積在當地海洋的
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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食物鏈中。
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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這表示她們的免疫系統已經投降了,
08:56
It means that their children's development
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她們的小孩未來的成長發展
08:58
can be compromised.
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也將受影響,
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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而我們過去十年對這個問題的關注,
09:03
has reduced the problem
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減輕了這些女性
09:05
for these women,
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所受的折磨,
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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我們無法改變食物鏈,
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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但我們可以讓她們改變吃進身體的食物。
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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要她們不要再涉入這天然的食物鏈裡,
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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以改善這個問題。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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這個問題是改善了,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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但是整個食物鏈的問題並沒有改善,
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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還有其他方式在破壞這個食物鏈。
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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如果我們阻塞了食物鏈的底層,
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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就像下水道阻塞一樣,會一路回堵上來;
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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但如果我們把養份、肥料等,
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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澆入食物鏈的底層,
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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一樣也會滋養整個食物鏈。
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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最後,我們可能會看到歷史重演,
09:38
red tides, for example,
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像是紅潮這類的事情,
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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那時有毒的海藻大量繁殖,
09:42
floating through the oceans
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漂浮在海洋上,
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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導致人類神經系統受損。
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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我們也有可能讓海裡的
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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細菌或病毒大量繁殖,
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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這裡有二張照片,都是紅潮上岸的照片,
09:53
and a bacteria
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這裡面
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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有一種弧菌,
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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帶有霍亂弧菌。
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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有誰看過「海灘關閉」的牌子?
10:05
Why does that happen?
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為什麼要關閉?
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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因為我們丟了太多垃圾
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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到海洋食物鏈的底層,
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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這些細菌大量繁殖,
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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回堵到了我們的海灘上,
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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大部分都是污染物。
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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有誰曾去到州立公園或是國家公園,
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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看到門口豎了一個牌子:
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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「由於垃圾過量,
10:25
is so far over this park
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充斥園區,
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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目前關閉中」?
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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沒有吧?我們不可能容忍這種事情發生,
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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我們不可能容忍
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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垃圾堆滿整個公園,
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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但是我們國家裡的海灘卻經常關閉耶...
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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世界各地的海灘也因為同樣的原因,愈來愈常關閉,
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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我認為我們不應該再容忍,
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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這不只是清潔的問題,
10:47
it's also a question of
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這同時也是
10:49
how those organisms
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海洋生物
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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轉變為人類疾病的問題。
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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這些弧菌、細菌,都會讓人生病,
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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他們會鑽進你的皮膚裡,讓你得皮膚病。
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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這張圖是來自國家海洋暨大氣總署(NOAA)所提議的海洋與人類健康法案,
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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顯示人類過去幾年,
11:05
by vibrio in people
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受弧菌感染的案例
11:08
over the last few years.
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有上升的趨勢。
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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舉例來說,衝浪的人就很瞭解這個狀況。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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如果你上一些衝浪網站,
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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你不只會看到
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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海浪或天氣的訊息,
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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有些衝浪網站
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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還會出現一些閃亮的警示燈號,
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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表示海灘可能有大浪,
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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警告衝浪的人要小心,
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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病菌會吸附在人體上,
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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在享受一天很棒地的衝浪後,
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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所得到的細菌感染,可能得花上很長時間醫治。
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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有些病菌還對抗生素
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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產生抗體,
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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這些細菌就更難醫治了。
11:43
These same infections
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這些病菌
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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會讓有毒海藻大量繁殖,
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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同時會產生其他化學物質。
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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這裡有一張清單,說明這些有毒的海藻
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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所會產生的毒性:
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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貝毒、甲藻魚毒、
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性貝毒--你不會想知道這種毒的--
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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神經性貝毒、痲痺性貝毒,
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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這些毒物都因為海藻大量繁殖,
12:06
because of these blooms.
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而進到我們的食物鏈中。
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
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麗塔.卡維爾成功地
12:10
traced a very interesting story
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追蹤到一個關於人類
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
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感染到霍亂的有趣故事,
12:15
brought there, not by
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他們不是被
12:17
a normal human vector,
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人類互相傳染,
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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而是被海洋裡的橈腳類動物所傳染。
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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橈腳類動物是很小的甲殼類動物,
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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小到只有幾分之一英吋而已,
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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霍亂弧菌會附著在
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
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他們細小的足肢上,
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
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因此傳染給人類。
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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霍亂疫情會因此爆發開來,
12:35
in ports along the world
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沿著港口傳出去,
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
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這迫使世人注意,
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
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不要讓船運業
12:42
doesn't move these
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成為媒介,
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
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把霍亂病菌傳播到全世界。
12:46
So what do you do?
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那麼我們該怎麼做?
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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我們的整個生態體系已瀕臨瓦解,
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
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食物鏈的運作不像以往順暢,
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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從底層往上
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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都阻塞了,
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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我們該怎麼處理這種問題?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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嗯,可以做的事情有很多,
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
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舉例來說,你可以叫水管工來修,
13:05
And he could come in
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然後水管工人就會來
13:07
and fix the flow.
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幫你修理。
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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但是實際上,如果我們看看全世界,
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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有些地方是有機會可以修復的,
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
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我們也有能力修復,
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
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有些地方的問題已經成功的解決了,
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
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那些人已經集眾人之力,
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
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試圖扭轉這個劣勢。
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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蒙特利就是其中之一。
13:24
I started out showing how much
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我一開始有提到,
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
341
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蒙特利灣的生態系統已經被打亂,
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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因為罐頭工業產生大量污染,
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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出現許多問題。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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這是1932年當地的照片,
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
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2009年已經有劇烈改變。
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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罐頭工廠已經遷走,污染物也消失了,
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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但最重要的是,
13:44
that what the individual communities need
348
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當地居民已經瞭解,
13:46
is working ecosystems.
349
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健全生態體系的重要性。
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
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他們需要的是一個從下到上都運作良好的食物鏈,
13:51
And that pyramid
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而目前在蒙特利的
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
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食物鏈,
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
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在眾人的努力下,
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
354
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已達到過去150年來從未有過的
13:59
for the last 150 years.
355
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最佳狀態。
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
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這不是憑空發生的,
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
357
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這是眾人花費了時間與精力,
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
358
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憑著先驅的精神建立起來的。
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
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照片左邊的那位,
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
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是我家鄉小鎮葛洛芙洋的鎮長,茱莉亞.普拉特,
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
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她在74歲高齡當選鎮長,
14:15
because something had to be done
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因為她認為必須為保護海洋
14:17
to protect the ocean.
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盡一份心力。
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
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1931年,她創設了加州第一個
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
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社區型的海洋保護區,
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
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就設在污染最嚴重的罐頭工廠隔壁,
14:27
because Julia knew
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因為茱莉亞知道,
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
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在罐頭工廠遷走之後,
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
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海洋會需要一個地方來復育,
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
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海洋會需要一個地方來灑下第一顆種子,
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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而她要當那第一顆種子。
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
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其他人像大衛.派克及茱莉.派克,
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
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他們幫忙籌建了蒙特利灣海洋世界,
14:45
to lock into people's notion
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讓人們瞭解,
14:47
that the ocean
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海洋
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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及海洋生態的健康,
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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和當地的經濟發展一樣重要,
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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但經濟發展卻傷害了這個生態體系。
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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想法的改變促成了劇烈的轉變,
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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不只改變了蒙特利灣的命運,
15:03
but other places around the world.
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也改變了世界上其他地方的命運,
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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嗯,我希望讓你們知道,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我們正嘗試在做的事,
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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是保護海洋的食物鏈,
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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而海洋的食物鏈,
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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是與人類的食物鏈緊密相連的。
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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我們活在一個海洋星球,
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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我們自認為是陸生物種,
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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但是海洋食物鏈
15:24
and our own lives on land
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和我們這種陸生物種的生命,
15:26
are intricately connected.
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卻是盤根錯結地交織在一起,
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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只有海洋健康,
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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我們才能保有健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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謝謝!
15:34
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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