Stephen Palumbi: Following the mercury trail

48,176 views ใƒป 2010-06-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžืื“, ื”ื™ื.
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืžืื“.
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืจืชื™ืขื” ืžืื“.
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืื ืกื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
00:26
even in that complexity,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™,
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืฆื
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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ืื ืืžื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจืช, ืืฃ-ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
00:47
And if we just take that
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ืื– ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœื–ื”
00:49
and we build from there,
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ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื,
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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ืฉื”ื•ื: ืื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจ,
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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ืืฃ-ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™.
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืืžืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืื ืืจื™ ืจื• ื‘-1932.
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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ื‘ืงืื ืืจื™ ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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ืคืœื˜ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœืžื™ื.
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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ืจื•ืœืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช "ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก" ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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"ื”ืื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืช ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ
01:26
were so bad they turned
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื’ืจืžื•
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™-ืขื•ืคืจืช ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืจ."
01:30
People working in these canneries
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื™-ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ื—.
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื?
01:39
You smell money."
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ืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ."
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืกืฃ.
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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ื•ืืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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ื•ืกืคื’ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:49
because they needed the money.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืกืฃ.
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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ืื™ืžืœืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื; ืื™ืžืœืœื ื• ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:02
and I want to call that
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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"ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ื‘ื˜ ืกืจื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ"
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื...
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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ื›ืฉืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื... ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื-
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื,
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ.
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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ืืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:24
and we see how those animals
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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ื”ื ืžื–ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืกื’ื”,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื.
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื?
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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ืฉืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื,
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื“.
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืจืง.
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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ื•ื ืกื—ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืš
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™-ืขืœ.
03:10
and in so doing,
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš
03:12
they accumulate.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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ืื– ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืงืจ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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ืื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื•, ืืœื ืจืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงืœืงืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:23
we were all given
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ืงืœืงืจ.
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื, ืืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ื›ื™ืก.
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืฆื™ืขื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืงื”,
03:32
you give them the drink,
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ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื”,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ื”ืงืœืงืจ.
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ื”ืงืœืงืจ
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื.
03:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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ืืœื ืœืขืจืžื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ืงืœืงืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืขื›ืœื™ื.
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•.
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื”.
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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ื›ืขืช, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ืงืœืงืจ,
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
04:08
and we had those instead.
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ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ื”ืœืื”.
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•,
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืชืคื–ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืกืคื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื’ื” 3,
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืช.
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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ืœืžื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืจืกื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”.
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ,
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื”-ืื, ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ--
04:55
there's only one way
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
04:59
And what's that?
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ื•ืžื”ื™?
05:01
In mother's milk.
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ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื.
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืจืกื•ื˜ื”.
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืžืก ืขืฆื•ื.
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืžืก ืขืฆื•ื.
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืœ,
05:13
a lower load.
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ืขื•ืžืก ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื™ื
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
05:22
into their offspring,
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ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื.
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื”,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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ื”ื•ื 60-80 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ
05:36
full of this pollutant,
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ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:38
and most of them die.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื™ื.
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื•ืช,
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืขืœื™ื” ืœืฉืœื
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ื ื”ื–ื”
05:46
in these animals --
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ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื” --
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ.
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ-ืขืœ.
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืขืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื•.
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:00
This is whale meat
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•--
06:04
or is it?
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื?
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื—
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช.
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ.
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™, ืื’ื‘.
06:23
That's another story.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ.
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืชื•ื™ื™ื’ ื›ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ. ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื”
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™,
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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ื“ื™ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
06:42
that ate this meat.
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ืฉืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
06:46
are being sold as meat
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ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉืจ
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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ื–ื”ื• ืืกื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืืกื•ื ื
06:54
for the people eating them
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืขื™ืœ.
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืจ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ืœ.
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืคื™ 200-300-400 ื›ืžื•ืช ืจืขืœื ื™ื
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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"ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช. ื–ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”."
07:23
but it was so awful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื.
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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ื”ืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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ืœืคื™ื”ื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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ื•ืจืง ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื ื•ืžืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืœื•
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืกื‘ืœ, ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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ืืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืคื ื™.
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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ื›ื™ ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช,
07:49
who may have young children,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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ืงื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ืœ.
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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ืฉืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ,
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉื
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืจ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ืœ.
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™-ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœ ืจื‘-ื›ืœื•ืจื™
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื‘-ืื ืจืขื™ืœ.
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืง ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ืŸ, ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
08:43
their breast milk
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ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:47
in their food chain,
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ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
08:49
in their part of the world's
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™.
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช.
08:56
It means that their children's development
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ
08:58
can be compromised.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข.
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
09:03
has reduced the problem
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ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:05
for these women,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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ืœื ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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ืืœื ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืžืžื ื”.
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชื•ืจื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ืื ืžื’ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”,
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืกืชื•ื.
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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ื•ืื ื ื’ื‘ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ื“ืฉืŸ
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื:
09:38
red tides, for example,
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ื’ืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช
09:42
floating through the oceans
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ืฉืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื ื–ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
09:53
and a bacteria
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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ืžืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•ืŸ,
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืžืจ, "ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื’ื•ืจ"?
10:05
Why does that happen?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืกื•ืชืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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ื•ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืชื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจืช-ื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ื‘ืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™,
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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ืฉื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืžืจ,
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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"ืกื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื"
10:25
is so far over this park
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคืืจืง
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื•?
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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ืœื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืš.
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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ื™ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•.
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”.
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื ืกื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื›ืš.
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ.
10:47
it's also a question of
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ื–ื• ื’ื ืฉืืœื”
10:49
how those organisms
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ ืขื•ืจ.
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื,
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
11:05
by vibrio in people
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ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
11:08
over the last few years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื™ืคื” ืžืื“.
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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ื•ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื”,
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืืชืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื,
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื’ื ืื–ื”ืจืช "ืงืงื™" ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช.
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื’ืœื™ ืขื ืง,
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืขื™ืžื
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื”,
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื ืคืชื•ืจ.
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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ื’ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื.
11:43
These same infections
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช.
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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ื”ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ:
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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ื”ืจืขืœืช ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ื™ื,
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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ื”ืจืขืœื” ืžืฉืœืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช - ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื”-
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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ื”ืจืขืœืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืจืขืœืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช.
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
12:06
because of these blooms.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
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ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื“ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืืœื•ื•ืœ
12:10
traced a very interesting story
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ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
12:15
brought there, not by
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืฉื, ืœื ืข"ื™
12:17
a normal human vector,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืงื•ืคื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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ื”ืงื•ืคื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืื™ื ืฅ'.
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื›ื•ืœืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืจื”
12:35
in ports along the world
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ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
12:42
doesn't move these
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ืœื ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
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ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ืืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:46
So what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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ืฉื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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ื ืชืงืขืช ื•ื ื—ืกืžืช.
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžื”?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฉืจื‘ืจื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ.
13:05
And he could come in
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื
13:07
and fix the flow.
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ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”.
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืงื ื•,
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ.
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื.
13:24
I started out showing how much
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื”
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
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ืขืจืขืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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ื‘-1932 ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
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ื‘-2009 ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•. ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืช.
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช
13:44
that what the individual communities need
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช
13:46
is working ecosystems.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช.
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
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ื”ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื”.
13:51
And that pyramid
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™,
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
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ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื
13:59
for the last 150 years.
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ื‘-150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื›ืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
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ื•ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช.
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื–ืืช ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืคืœืื˜,
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
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ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื‘.
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 74 ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืจืืฉ-ืขื™ืจ
14:15
because something had to be done
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
14:17
to protect the ocean.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
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ื‘-1931 ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
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ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื”ื
14:27
because Julia knew
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ื›ื™ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ื™ื“ืขื”
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฆืžื™ื— ื–ืจืข.
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข.
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืคืงืจื“ ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืคืงืจื“,
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
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ืฉืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™
14:45
to lock into people's notion
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
14:47
that the ocean
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ืฉื”ื™ื
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืคื ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™,
15:03
but other places around the world.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช.
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื™ืžื™,
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™.
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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ืืš ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื
15:24
and our own lives on land
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”
15:26
are intricately connected.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื“ ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื”.
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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ื•ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ื
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•.
15:32
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:34
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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