George Ayittey: Cheetahs vs. Hippos for Africa's future

翻译人员: yuanyuan liang 校对人员: Yvonne Fu

Well, first of all, let me thank Emeka -- as a matter of fact,

首先,我要感谢依米卡——也就是

TED Global -- for putting this conference together.

TED环球——召开了这个会议。

This conference is going to rank as the most important

此次会议将成为

in the beginning of the 21st century.

21世纪初的头等大事。

Think African governments will put together a conference like this?

你能想象非洲政府会召开这样一个会议吗？

You think the A.U. will put together a conference like this?

你能想象非洲联盟（A.U.）会召开这样一个会议吗？

Even before they do that they will ask for foreign aid.

甚至就算要召开，他们也会先要求外国援助。

I would also like to pay homage and honor to the TED Fellows

我还想向TED的同仁们致敬——

June Arunga, James Shikwati, Andrew, and the other TED Fellows.

珠恩•阿荣咖，詹姆斯•史克瓦提，安德鲁，以及其他TED同仁们。

I call them the Cheetah Generation.

我称他们是“猎豹族”。

The Cheetah Generation is a new breed of Africans

猎豹族是一种新的非洲人。

who brook no nonsense about corruption.

他们绝不容忍腐败。

They understand what accountability and democracy is.

他们懂得什么是责任和民主。

They're not going to wait for government to do things for them.

他们不会坐等政府为他们做事。

That's the Cheetah Generation,

这就是猎豹族。

and Africa's salvation rests on the backs of these Cheetahs.

而拯救非洲的任务就担负在这些猎豹族的身上。

In contrast, of course, we have the Hippo Generation.

当然了，我们还有河马族。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The Hippo Generation are the ruling elites.

河马族就是当权的精英们。

They are stuck in their intellectual patch.

他们固守自己的思想领地。

Complaining about colonialism and imperialism,

抱怨殖民主义和帝国主义——

they wouldn't move one foot.

他们不肯挪动半步。

If you ask them to reform the economies,

如果你要求他们改革经济，

they're not going to reform it

他们是不会去做的。

because they benefit from the rotten status quo.

因为他们正从这腐朽的现状中获益。

Now, there are a lot of Africans who are very angry,

现在，有很多非洲人都非常愤怒，

angry at the condition of Africa.

对非洲的现状感到愤怒。

Now, we're talking about a continent that is not poor.

我们所谈论的这个大陆并不贫瘠。

It is rich in mineral resources, natural mineral resources.

它拥有丰富的矿产资源，天然的矿产资源。

But the mineral wealth of Africa is not being utilized

但是非洲的矿产没有被用来

to lift its people out of poverty.

使她的人民摆脱贫穷。

That's what makes a lot of Africans very angry.

就是这令很多非洲人非常愤怒。

And in a way, Africa is more than a tragedy, in more ways than one.

而且从某方面看，非洲不仅是一个悲剧，她是更多。

There's another enduring tragedy, and that tragedy is that

还有另外一个悲剧正在上演，那就是

there are so many people, so many governments,

很多的人们，很多政府，

so many organizations who want to help the people in Africa.

很多组织，他们想帮助非洲人民——

They don't understand.

却不了解非洲人民。

Now, we're not saying don't help Africa.

在这里我们并不是说，不要援助非洲。

Helping Africa is noble.

援助非洲是高尚的行为。

But helping Africa has been turned into a theater of the absurd.

但是援助非洲已经演变为一个荒唐的闹剧。

It's like the blind leading the clueless.

就好像盲人领着笨蛋。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

There are certain things that we need to recognize.

有些事我们必须承认。

Africa's begging-bowl leaks.

非洲的讨饭碗是漏的。

Did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in Africa

你知道吗，非洲创造的40%的财富，

is not invested here in Africa?

并没有投入在非洲。

It's taken out of Africa.

而是被拿出非洲。

That's what the World Bank says.

这是世界银行说的。

Look at Africa's begging-bowl.

看看非洲的讨饭碗吧。

It leaks horribly.

它漏得厉害。

There are people who think that we should pour more money,

有些人认为我们应该将更多的钱，

more aid into this bowl which leaks.

更多的援助倾倒在这个碗里，这个漏碗里。

What are the leakages?

它漏到哪里去了？

Corruption alone costs Africa 148 billion dollars a year.

腐败问题消耗非洲每年1480亿美元。

Yes, put that aside.

好，除此以外，

Capital flight out of Africa, 80 billion a year.

非洲的资本外逃每年800亿美元。

Put that aside.

除此以外，

Let's take food imports.

让我们看看食品进口。

Every year Africa spends 20 billion dollars to import food.

每年，非洲花费200亿美元进口食品。

Just add that up, all these leakages.

加在起来，所有漏出来的

That's far more than the 50 billion Tony Blair wants to raise for Africa.

已经远远超过了托尼•布莱尔想为非洲筹集的500亿美元。

Now, back in the 1960s Africa not only fed itself,

现在回到20世纪60年代，非洲不仅养活了自己，

it also exported food.

还出口食品。

Not anymore.

此景不再。

We know that something has gone fundamentally wrong.

我们知道有些事情从根本上就错了。

You know it, I know it, but let's not waste our time

你知我也知，但是就别浪费时间，别浪费我们的时间

talking about these mistakes because we'll spend all day here.

去谈论这些错误了，因为那会花上我们一整天。

Let's move on, and flip over to the next chapter,

让我们继续，跳到下一章，

and that's what this conference is all about -- the next chapter.

而这才是此次会议的内容——下一章。

The next chapter begins with first of all, asking ourselves

下一章首先从问我们自己开始，

this fundamental question,

问一个最根本的问题，

"Whom do we want to help in Africa?"

“我们想帮助非洲的哪些人？”

There is the people, and then there is the government or leaders.

这里有普通民众，然后也有政府或领导者们。

Now, the previous speaker before me,

现在，在我之前的那位演讲者，

Idris Mohammed, indicated that

伊迪利斯•默罕默德指出，

we've had abysmal leadership in Africa.

我们非洲的领导阶层非常糟糕。

That characterization, in my view, is even more charitable.

这种说法在我看来实在太和善了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I belong to an Internet discussion forum,

我加入了一个网上的论坛，

an African Internet discussion forum,

一个非洲的网上论坛。

and I asked them, I said, "Since 1960, we've had exactly

我问他们，我说，“1960年以来，我们一共有

204 African heads of state, since 1960."

204位非洲政府领导人，自1960年以来。”

And I asked them to name me just 20 good leaders,

然后我让他们举出20位好的领导人，

just 20 good leaders --

只是20位好领导人——也许

you may want to take this leadership challenge yourself.

你可能自己也想试试回答这个问题。

I asked them to name me just 20.

我让他们告诉我20个名字。

Everybody mentioned Nelson Mandela, of course.

每个人都提到了纳尔逊•曼德拉，这是当然的了。

Kwame Nkrumah, Nyerere, Kenyatta -- somebody mentioned Idi Amin.

恩克鲁玛，尼雷尔，肯亚塔——还有人提到了阿敏。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I let that pass.

我算他是一个好了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

My point is, they couldn't go beyond 15.

我想说的是，他们超不过15个。

Even if they had been able to name me 20,

就算他们能告诉我20个名字，

what does that tell you?

那说明什么？

20 out of 204 means that the vast majority

204位中的20位，说明多数，绝大多数的

of the African leaders failed their people.

非洲领导人令他们的人民失望。

And if you look at them, the slate of the post-colonial leaders --

如果你看看他们，看看后殖民时代的领导人名单——

an assortment of military fufu heads,

一些军队背景的福福兔子们（美国儿歌里欺负田鼠的兔子，屡教不改）

Swiss-bank socialists, crocodile liberators, vampire elites,

瑞士银行的社会主义者，鳄鱼一样的解救者，吸血鬼精英们，

quack revolutionaries.

江湖骗子改革家们。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now, this leadership is a far cry from the traditional leaders

现在这些领导人非常不同于那些

that Africans have known for centuries.

非洲人已了解了几个世纪的传统领导人。

The second false premise that we make

我们所做的第二个错误的假设就是

when we're trying to help Africa

当我们努力援助非洲时，

is that sometimes we think that there is something called

有时我们以为在非洲存在着所谓的

a government in Africa that cares about its people,

政府，它会关心它的人民，

serves the interests of the people, and represents the people.

为人民的利益服务，作为人民的代表。

There is one particular quote -- a Lesotho chief once said

这里引用莱索托一位酋长的话，

that "Here in Lesotho, we've got two problems:

“在莱索托，我们有两大难题——

rats and the government."

老鼠和政府。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

What you and I understand as a government

很多非洲国家

doesn't exist in many African countries.

是不存在你我所理解的那种政府的。

In fact, what we call our governments are vampire states.

事实上，我们叫自己的政府是吸血鬼国家。

Vampires because they suck

称它为吸血鬼是因为他们

the economic vitality out of their people.

从自己人民身上吸取经济活力。

Government is the problem in Africa.

政府就是非洲的难题。

A vampire state is the government --

吸血鬼国家就是政府——

(Applause)

（掌声）

-- which has been hijacked by a phalanx of bandits and crooks

——被一大群土匪和窃贼劫持，

who use the instruments of state power to enrich themselves,

他们利用国家的权力工具为自己、

their cronies, and tribesmen and exclude everybody else.

为他们的亲友和部族牟利，而把其他人排除在外。

The richest people in Africa are heads-of-state and ministers,

非洲最富有的人是政府首脑和部长，

and quite often the chief bandit is the head-of-state himself.

而且最大的土匪往往就是国家元首自己。

Where do they get their money?

他们的钱是从哪来的？

By creating wealth?

是通过创造财富吗？

No.

不。

By raking it off the backs of their suffering people.

是从他们受苦受难的人民身上搜刮来的。

That's not wealth creation. It's wealth redistribution.

这不是财富的创造，而是财富的再分配。

The third fundamental issue that we have to recognize

我们必须要认识到的第三个问题是

is that if we want to help the African people,

如果我们想援助非洲人民

we must know where the African people are.

我们必须知道非洲人民在哪儿？

Take any African economy.

拿随便一个非洲经济体举例。

An African economy can be broken up into three sectors.

一个非洲经济体可以分成三个地区。

There is the modern sector, there is the informal sector

现代地区，非官方地区，

and the traditional sector.

以及传统地区。

The modern sector is the abode of the elites.

现代地区就是精英们的地盘。

It's the seat of government.

也就是政府所在地。

In many African countries the modern sector is lost.

在很多非洲国家，现代地区都沦陷了。

It's dysfunctional.

无法发挥作用。

It is a meretricious fandango of imported systems,

它只是外来体系华而不实、花里胡哨的闹剧，

which the elites themselves don't understand.

对此精英们自己并不了解。

That is the source of many of Africa's problems

这就是非洲困难的根源，

where the struggles for political power emanate

对政治权力的争夺就从这里开始，

and then spill over onto the informal and the traditional sector,

然后扩散到非官方地区和传统地区，

claiming innocent lives.

以至于草菅人命。

Now the modern sector, of course,

当然了，而现代地区

is where a lot of the development aid and resources went into.

获得了大量的发展援助和资源。

More than 80 percent of Ivory Coast's development

象牙海岸经济收益80%以上

went into the modern sector.

都进入了现代地区。

The other sectors, the informal and the traditional sectors,

而恰恰是在其他地区，非官方地区和传统地区，

are where you find the majority of the African people,

你才能找到大多数的非洲人民。

the real people in Africa. That's where you find them.

真正的非洲人民——是在这些地方。

Now, obviously it makes common sense

那么，显然我们达成一个共识，

that if you want to help the people, you go where the people are.

如果你想帮助这些人，你就要去到这些人所在的地方。

But that's not what we did.

但我们却不是这样做的。

As a matter of fact,

事实上，

we neglected the informal and the traditional sectors.

我们忽视了非官方地区和传统地区。

Now, traditional sector is where Africa produces its agriculture,

现在，传统地区生产着非洲的农产品，

which is one of the reasons why Africa can't feed itself,

这也是非洲不能养活自己的原因之一，

and that's why it must import food.

这就是为什么非洲必须进口食品。

All right, you cannot develop Africa by ignoring

好，你要发展非洲，就不能无视

the informal and the traditional sectors.

非官方地区和传统地区。

And you can't develop the informal and the traditional sectors

而你也无法发展非官方和传统地区，

without an operational understanding of how these two sectors work.

除非你切实地理解了这两个地区是如何运作的。

These two sectors, let me describe to you,

这两个地区，让我给你们讲讲，

have their own indigenous institutions.

有其土生土长的机构和惯例。

First one is the political system.

第一是政治体系。

Traditionally, Africans hate governments. They hate tyranny.

传统上，非洲人痛恨政府——他们痛恨暴政。

If you look into their traditional systems,

如果你观察他们的传统体系，

Africans organize their states in two types.

非洲人以两种方式组织他们的国家。

The first one belongs to those ethnic societies

第一种属于部落社会，

who believe that the state was necessarily tyrannous,

他们认为国家必然是暴虐的，

so they didn't want to have anything to do

所以他们完全不希望建立

with any centralized authority.

任何中央集权的政府。

These societies are the Ibo, the Somali, the Kikuyus,

这些部落，例如伊博人（尼日利亚东南部），索马里人，基库尤人（肯尼亚），

for example. They have no chiefs.

他们没有任何酋长。

The other ethnic groups, which did have chiefs,

而其他有酋长的部落，

made sure that they surrounded the chiefs

则确保围绕着这些酋长建立起

with councils upon councils upon councils

一层又一层的委员会，

to prevent them from abusing their power.

以防止酋长滥用职权。

In Ashanti tradition, for example,

例如，在阿善提人（非洲西部）的传统中，

the chief cannot make any decision

酋长不能做任何决定，

without the concurrence of the council of elders.

除非是长老议会一致同意。

Without the council the chief can't pass any law,

没有议会，酋长不能通过任何法律，

and if the chief doesn't govern according to the will of the people

而且如果酋长不按照人民的意愿统治，

he will be removed.

他就会被赶下台。

If not, the people will abandon the chief,

否则，人民就会离弃这个酋长。

go somewhere else and set up a new settlement.

到别的地方建立一个新的聚居地。

And even if you look in ancient African empires,

甚至你看古代的非洲帝国，

they were all organized around one particular principle --

他们都是围绕一个特别的原则建立的——

the confederacy principle,

那就是联盟的原则，

which is characterized by a great deal of devolution of authority,

其特征就是很大程度的授权，

decentralization of power.

分权制。

Now, this is what I have described to you.

这就是我向你们描述的，

This is part of Africa's indigenous political heritage.

一些非洲固有的政治传统。

Now, compare that to the modern systems

现在，把这个传统和现在当权的精英阶层

the ruling elites established on Africa.

在非洲建立的整体体系相比，

It is a total far cry.

它们相差太远了。

In the economic system in traditional Africa,

在传统非洲的经济体系中，

the means of production is privately owned.

生产工具是私有的。

It's owned by extended families.

由一个大家族所拥有。

You see, in the West, the basic economic and social unit

你看，在西方，最基本的经济和社会单位

is the individual.

是个人。

The American will say, "I am because I am,

美国人会说，“我就是我，

and I can damn well do anything I want, anytime."

任何时候，我他妈想干啥就干啥。”

The accent is on the "I."

重点在于“我”。

In Africa, the Africans say, "I am, because we are."

在非洲，非洲人则说，“我是我，因为我们。”

The "we" connotes community -- the extended family system.

这个“我们”所指的的是社群——就是大的家族体系。

The extended family system pools its resources together.

大的家族体系将他所有的资源放在一起。

They own farms. They decide what to do, what to produce.

他们拥有农场。他们决定干什么，生产什么。

They don't take any orders from their chiefs.

他们才不听酋长的命令——

They decide what to do.

他们自己决定自己干什么。

And when they produce their crops, they sell the surplus

当他们种植庄稼，

on marketplaces.

在市场上出售自己的剩余产品，

When they make a profit it is theirs to keep,

他们挣到的钱归他们所有，

not for the chief to sequester it from them.

而不是让酋长从他们身上压榨出来。

So, in a nutshell, what we had in traditional Africa

所以，总而言之，传统非洲所拥有的

was a free-market system.

是一个自由市场体系。

There were markets in Africa

非洲是有市场的，

before the colonialists stepped foot on the continent.

早在殖民者踏足这块大陆之前就有了。

Timbuktu was one great big market town.

廷巴克图（非洲历史名城）就是一个巨大的市镇。

Kano, Salaga -- they were all there.

卡诺（尼日利亚北部），萨拉加（非洲西部）都曾是大市场。

Even if you go to West Africa, you notice that market activity

甚至你到西非去，你会发现那里的市场活动

in West Africa has always been dominated by women.

一直是由妇女所主导的。

So, it's quite appropriate that this section is called

所以这个区域理所应当就是

a marketplace.

一个集市。

The market is not alien to Africa.

市场对非洲来说并不陌生。

What Africans practiced was a different form of capitalism,

非洲人所做的是不同于资本主义的另一种模式，

but then after independence, all of a sudden,

但是，在独立之后，突然之间，

markets, capitalism became a western institution,

市场、资本主义成为一种西方的制度，

and the leaders said Africans were ready for socialism.

然后那些领导人说，非洲人已经准备好接受社会主义了。

Nonsense.

全是废话。

And even then, what kind of socialism did they practice?

即使这样，他们实行的又是怎样一种社会主义？

The socialism that they practiced was a peculiar form of

他们所实行的是一种奇怪的，

Swiss-bank socialism,

瑞士银行式的社会主义，

which allowed the heads of states and the ministers

它允许政府首脑和部长们

to rape and plunder Africa's

强取豪夺非洲的资产，

treasuries for deposit in Switzerland.

然后存储到瑞士。

That is not the kind of system Africans had known for centuries.

这可不是非洲人几百年来所了解的体系。

What do we do now?

那么我们现在怎么办？

Go back to Africa's indigenous institutions,

回到非洲原有的传统，

and this is where we charge the Cheetahs to go into the informal sectors,

就是在这里，我们派那些猎豹族进入到非官方地区，

the traditional sectors.

进入到传统地区——

That's where you find the African people.

就是非洲人民所在的地方。

And I'd like to show you a quick little video

我想给你们看一段很短的录像，

about the informal sector, about the boat-building

关于非官方地区，关于船只制造，

that I, myself, tried to mobilize Africans in the Diaspora

我自己极力鼓励那些散居的非洲人

to invest in.

在这方面投资。

Could you please show that?

请帮我播放一下。

The men are going fishing in these small boats.

这些人打算划着这些小船去打渔。

Yes, it's an enterprise.

是的，这就算一个产业了。

This is by a local Ghanaian entrepreneur, using his own capital.

它属于一个加纳本地的企业家，所用的是他自己的资本。

He's getting no assistance from the government,

政府没有给他任何资助，

and he's building a second, bigger boat.

他正在建造另一条大些的船。

A bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and landed.

一条大些的船就意味着可以捕捞和运回更多的鱼。

It means that he will be able to employ more Ghanaians.

意味着他可以雇佣更多的加纳人。

It also means that he will be able to generate wealth.

还意味着他将可以产生财富。

And then it will have what economists call

然后就会出现经济学家所谓的

external effects on a local economy.

对本地经济的外部效应。

All that you need to do, all that the elites need to do,

你要做的，那些精英们需要做的就是

is to move this operation into something that is enclosed

让这种经营变成内部的经济活动，

so that the operation can be made more efficient.

从而使之更有效率。

Now, it is not just this informal sector.

现在不只是在非官方地区——

There is also traditional medicine.

还有传统的医学。

80 percent of Africans still rely on traditional medicine.

80%的非洲人还在依赖传统医学。

The modern healthcare sector has totally collapsed.

现代的健康卫生部门已经完全失败。

Now, this is an area -- I mean, there is a treasure trove of wealth

现在，这是一个领域，我的意思是，一个无人认领的宝藏，

in the traditional medicine area.

就埋藏在传统医药领域。

This is where we need to mobilize Africans,

我们要在这些地方调动非洲人的积极性，

in the Diaspora especially, to invest in this.

尤其是散居的非洲人，在这方面投资。

We also need to mobilize Africans in the Diaspora,

我们还需要鼓励散居的非洲人，

not only to go into the traditional sectors,

不仅要去到传统地区，

but to go into agriculture and also to instigate change from within.

还要进入到农业领域，并在内部变革。

We were able to mobilize Ghanaians in the Diaspora

我们已经鼓励散居的加纳人

to instigate change in Ghana and bring about democracy in Ghana.

改变加纳，并已经给加纳带来了民主。

And I know that with the Cheetahs, we can take Africa back

我相信，有了这些猎豹族人，我们可以一个村庄一个村庄地，

one village at a time.

让非洲恢复生机。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家！

(Applause)

（观众掌声）