George Ayittey: Cheetahs vs. Hippos for Africa's future

譯者: Chen Wenqin 審譯者: Paoli Lee

Well, first of all, let me thank Emeka -- as a matter of fact,

首先，我要感謝依梅卡。事實上，我是說

TED Global -- for putting this conference together.

TED(全球)，感謝他們召開了這個會議。

This conference is going to rank as the most important

這將會是被視為

in the beginning of the 21st century.

21世紀初最重要的會議。

Think African governments will put together a conference like this?

想像一下，非洲國家的政府會組織這樣的一個會議嗎？

You think the A.U. will put together a conference like this?

想像一下非洲聯盟會舉辦這樣一個會議嗎？

Even before they do that they will ask for foreign aid.

即使有可能，他們也會先尋求外援。

I would also like to pay homage and honor to the TED Fellows

其次，我還要向TED的全體同仁們致敬。

June Arunga, James Shikwati, Andrew, and the other TED Fellows.

瓊·阿倫加，詹姆斯·史可瓦蒂，安德魯以及其他TED同仁們。

I call them the Cheetah Generation.

我稱他們為“獵豹族”。

The Cheetah Generation is a new breed of Africans

“獵豹族”是非洲最近出現的一類人士。

who brook no nonsense about corruption.

他們絕不容忍任何腐敗行為。

They understand what accountability and democracy is.

他們深知何為責任與民主。

They're not going to wait for government to do things for them.

他們不會坐著等政府為他們辦事。

That's the Cheetah Generation,

這就是“獵豹族”

and Africa's salvation rests on the backs of these Cheetahs.

而拯救非洲的重任便落在這群“獵豹族”的肩上。

In contrast, of course, we have the Hippo Generation.

相形之下，當然，在非洲還存在著“河馬族”。

(Laughter)

（大笑）

The Hippo Generation are the ruling elites.

所謂“河馬族”，指的就是那些所謂“菁英”的當權者們。

They are stuck in their intellectual patch.

他們固執地堅持著自己的想法。

Complaining about colonialism and imperialism,

抱怨著殖民主義和帝國主義，

they wouldn't move one foot.

卻毫無半點行動。

If you ask them to reform the economies,

若要求他們對經濟進行改革，

they're not going to reform it

他們是不會去做的，

because they benefit from the rotten status quo.

因為，他們正是靠著這腐敗的現狀謀取私利。

Now, there are a lot of Africans who are very angry,

如今，許多非洲人感到十分憤怒。

angry at the condition of Africa.

為非洲的狀況感到憤怒。

Now, we're talking about a continent that is not poor.

我們現在所談論的這片陸地並不貧瘠，

It is rich in mineral resources, natural mineral resources.

它擁有豐富的天然礦產資源。

But the mineral wealth of Africa is not being utilized

然而，非洲豐富的礦產資源並未被

to lift its people out of poverty.

用於幫助它的人民擺脫貧困。

That's what makes a lot of Africans very angry.

這是令許多非洲人感到憤怒的原因。

And in a way, Africa is more than a tragedy, in more ways than one.

從某種程度上來說，非洲的悲劇不僅僅只在這一方面。

There's another enduring tragedy, and that tragedy is that

還有另一個遲遲無法改變的悲劇，

there are so many people, so many governments,

那就是有許多人，許多政府，

so many organizations who want to help the people in Africa.

許多組織想要幫助非洲人民，

They don't understand.

卻又不完全瞭解非洲的狀況。

Now, we're not saying don't help Africa.

我並不是要大家不要幫助非洲。

Helping Africa is noble.

幫助非洲是個高尚的行為。

But helping Africa has been turned into a theater of the absurd.

但是，現今幫助非洲的行為卻變得有些荒誕。

It's like the blind leading the clueless.

就好像一個瞎子為一個傻子引路。

(Laughter)

（大笑）

There are certain things that we need to recognize.

有些事是我們不得不承認。

Africa's begging-bowl leaks.

非洲的這個“飯碗”是會漏的。

Did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in Africa

在座各位是否瞭解非洲所創造的財富的40%

is not invested here in Africa?

並未被再投入在這片土地上？

It's taken out of Africa.

這部份財富被從非洲拿走。

That's what the World Bank says.

正如世界銀行所言，

Look at Africa's begging-bowl.

瞧瞧非洲的這個飯碗，

It leaks horribly.

它實在漏得很厲害。

There are people who think that we should pour more money,

有些人認為我們應該投入更多金錢，

more aid into this bowl which leaks.

更多援助到這個漏碗中。

What are the leakages?

可是，這個碗“漏”的原因在哪裡呢？

Corruption alone costs Africa 148 billion dollars a year.

僅僅腐敗這一項就使得非洲每年損失1480億美元。

Yes, put that aside.

我們撇開這個暫且不談。

Capital flight out of Africa, 80 billion a year.

非洲每年資本外流金額高達800億美元。

Put that aside.

這個也撇開不談。

Let's take food imports.

以食品進口為例。

Every year Africa spends 20 billion dollars to import food.

非洲每年花費200億美元在進口食品。

Just add that up, all these leakages.

所有這些加總起來，就是碗“漏”的原因了。

That's far more than the 50 billion Tony Blair wants to raise for Africa.

這遠遠超過托尼·布萊爾想為非洲籌措的500億美金。

Now, back in the 1960s Africa not only fed itself,

在60年代時期，非洲不僅能夠養活自己，

it also exported food.

同時還可以出口食品。

Not anymore.

如今卻不再是如此了。

We know that something has gone fundamentally wrong.

我們知道有些事情從根本上就錯了。

You know it, I know it, but let's not waste our time

你我都很清楚這一點，但是我們大家不必將時間浪費在

talking about these mistakes because we'll spend all day here.

討論這些錯誤上，因為這將耗上我們一整天。

Let's move on, and flip over to the next chapter,

我們應更進一步，直接進入下一個主題，

and that's what this conference is all about -- the next chapter.

這下一個主題才是這個會議的意義所在。

The next chapter begins with first of all, asking ourselves

開始這下一個主題前，我們首先要問問自己

this fundamental question,

一個根本性的問題：

"Whom do we want to help in Africa?"

“我們要幫助哪些非洲人？”

There is the people, and then there is the government or leaders.

一般人民，政府，還是領導人們。

Now, the previous speaker before me,

在我之前的一位演講者

Idris Mohammed, indicated that

伊德裡斯·默罕默德說到

we've had abysmal leadership in Africa.

在非洲，我們曾有過非常糟糕的領導人。

That characterization, in my view, is even more charitable.

在我看來，他的用詞還過於仁慈了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I belong to an Internet discussion forum,

我是某一網路論壇的成員之一，

an African Internet discussion forum,

一個非洲網路論壇。

and I asked them, I said, "Since 1960, we've had exactly

我曾問大家：「從1960年起，我們總共

204 African heads of state, since 1960."

有過204位非洲國家領導人。」

And I asked them to name me just 20 good leaders,

我請大家為我列舉出20位好的領導人。

just 20 good leaders --

我只要求列出20位，或許

you may want to take this leadership challenge yourself.

在座的各位您自己也想試著回答這個問題。

I asked them to name me just 20.

我只要求他們列出20位

Everybody mentioned Nelson Mandela, of course.

當然，所有人都提到了納爾遜·曼德拉。

Kwame Nkrumah, Nyerere, Kenyatta -- somebody mentioned Idi Amin.

此外，還有克瓦米·恩克魯瑪，尼雷爾，肯亞塔，還有人提到了伊迪·阿明。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I let that pass.

我直接忽略了最後的那個提名。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

My point is, they couldn't go beyond 15.

我要說的重點是，他們沒人能列舉超過15個人名的。

Even if they had been able to name me 20,

即使有人能列出20個人名，

what does that tell you?

那又如何呢？

20 out of 204 means that the vast majority

204人中只有20位，這說明大多數，不，是絕大多數的

of the African leaders failed their people.

非洲領導人辜負了他們的人民。

And if you look at them, the slate of the post-colonial leaders --

如果你去查查看這些後殖民時代領導人的名單，

an assortment of military fufu heads,

他們大多是些軍閥，

Swiss-bank socialists, crocodile liberators, vampire elites,

在瑞士銀行有著大量存款的所謂“社會主義者”，假惺惺的“解放者”，掠奪百姓的“菁英階層”

quack revolutionaries.

以及“偽革命者”。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, this leadership is a far cry from the traditional leaders

如今非洲的領導者們與非洲人民幾個世紀以來所認識的

that Africans have known for centuries.

傳統領導者們已大不相同

The second false premise that we make

當我們試圖幫助非洲時，

when we're trying to help Africa

另一個錯誤的認識是

is that sometimes we think that there is something called

有時候我們會以為在非洲

a government in Africa that cares about its people,

有個關心他的人民的所謂的“政府”，

serves the interests of the people, and represents the people.

為其人民的利益而服務，代表其人民。

There is one particular quote -- a Lesotho chief once said

但是，一位萊索托酋長曾說過

that "Here in Lesotho, we've got two problems:

“在萊索托，我們面臨著兩個麻煩—

rats and the government."

鼠患和政府。”

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

What you and I understand as a government

你我所理解認識的那個“政府”

doesn't exist in many African countries.

在許多非洲國家根本不存在。

In fact, what we call our governments are vampire states.

事實上，我們稱自己的政府為“吸血鬼政府”。

Vampires because they suck

稱它為“吸血鬼”是因為他們榨乾

the economic vitality out of their people.

人民的經濟活力。

Government is the problem in Africa.

在非洲，政府著實是個問題。

A vampire state is the government --

“吸血鬼政府”是

(Applause)

（掌聲）

-- which has been hijacked by a phalanx of bandits and crooks

被一群強盜和騙子劫持了的政府，

who use the instruments of state power to enrich themselves,

這些人利用政府權力為他們自己，

their cronies, and tribesmen and exclude everybody else.

他們的親友，以及他們的族人謀私，並排擠旁人。

The richest people in Africa are heads-of-state and ministers,

非洲最富有的人都是些國家元首和部長官員，

and quite often the chief bandit is the head-of-state himself.

很多情況下，強盜頭子就是國家元首本身。

Where do they get their money?

他們的錢都是從哪來的呢？

By creating wealth?

透過創造財富而來的嗎？

No.

絕不是。

By raking it off the backs of their suffering people.

是從他們那些受苦受難的人民那兒搜刮來的。

That's not wealth creation. It's wealth redistribution.

這不是財富創造，而是財富再分配。

The third fundamental issue that we have to recognize

我們要認識到的第三個重要問題是

is that if we want to help the African people,

如果我們想幫助非洲人民，

we must know where the African people are.

我們必須得知道非洲人民在哪裡。

Take any African economy.

以任一個非洲國家體為例。

An African economy can be broken up into three sectors.

一個非洲國家通常可被分為三個區域，

There is the modern sector, there is the informal sector

現代，非官方，

and the traditional sector.

以及傳統。

The modern sector is the abode of the elites.

現代區域是“菁英階級”的活動區域，

It's the seat of government.

也是政府部門的所在地。

In many African countries the modern sector is lost.

在許多非洲國家，其現代區域已經沒有任何的作用，

It's dysfunctional.

這一區域已經無法正常運轉。

It is a meretricious fandango of imported systems,

它只不過是華而不實的制度“舶來品”罷了。

which the elites themselves don't understand.

對此，菁英們並未體認到。

That is the source of many of Africa's problems

這是許多非洲問題產生的根源，

where the struggles for political power emanate

爭權奪利的鬥爭就從這裡開始，

and then spill over onto the informal and the traditional sector,

並擴散到非官方區域和傳統區域，

claiming innocent lives.

並以無辜者的生命為代價。

Now the modern sector, of course,

如今，現代區域自然是

is where a lot of the development aid and resources went into.

多數經濟發展援助資源的去處。

More than 80 percent of Ivory Coast's development

科特迪瓦80%以上的經濟發展

went into the modern sector.

都集中在現代區域。

The other sectors, the informal and the traditional sectors,

然而，其他區域，如非官方區域和傳統區域

are where you find the majority of the African people,

卻才是大多數非洲人民所生活的地方。

the real people in Africa. That's where you find them.

這才是真正的非洲人民。

Now, obviously it makes common sense

很明顯，這該是常識，

that if you want to help the people, you go where the people are.

若想幫助某地人民，就該去他們所在之處。

But that's not what we did.

可是，事實恰好相反。

As a matter of fact,

事實上，

we neglected the informal and the traditional sectors.

我們忽略了非官方區域和傳統區域。

Now, traditional sector is where Africa produces its agriculture,

現在非洲出產農作物的地方正是傳統區域，

which is one of the reasons why Africa can't feed itself,

這就是為何非洲無法養活自己的原因之一，

and that's why it must import food.

這也是為何非洲必須去進口糧食的原因。

All right, you cannot develop Africa by ignoring

你們無法在忽略非官方區域與傳統區域

the informal and the traditional sectors.

的情況下開發非洲。

And you can't develop the informal and the traditional sectors

你們也無法在不瞭解非官方和傳統區域如何運行的情況下

without an operational understanding of how these two sectors work.

對這兩個區域進行開發。

These two sectors, let me describe to you,

讓我來告訴你們，這兩個區域

have their own indigenous institutions.

有著自己本土的制度。

First one is the political system.

首先是其政治系統。

Traditionally, Africans hate governments. They hate tyranny.

傳統上來說，非洲人討厭政府，他們討厭專制。

If you look into their traditional systems,

如果你們仔細觀察其傳統制度，

Africans organize their states in two types.

就會發現非洲人民以兩種方式組織他們的國家：

The first one belongs to those ethnic societies

第一種屬於部族社會，

who believe that the state was necessarily tyrannous,

他們認為國家必須是專制的，

so they didn't want to have anything to do

因此，他們不想建立任何

with any centralized authority.

與中央集權有關的東西。

These societies are the Ibo, the Somali, the Kikuyus,

這樣的社會有伊博人，索馬里人和基庫尤人，

for example. They have no chiefs.

他們沒有首領。

The other ethnic groups, which did have chiefs,

另一種部族社會他們的確有首領，

made sure that they surrounded the chiefs

但是他們確保這些首領被

with councils upon councils upon councils

一層層的議會所牽制著

to prevent them from abusing their power.

以避免他們濫用自己的權利。

In Ashanti tradition, for example,

例如阿善堤（非洲西部）的傳統

the chief cannot make any decision

其首領不能做任何決定，

without the concurrence of the council of elders.

除非他與議會長老們取得共識。

Without the council the chief can't pass any law,

沒有議會，首領不能通過任何法令，

and if the chief doesn't govern according to the will of the people

若首領不按照人民的意願執政

he will be removed.

他將會被免除職務。

If not, the people will abandon the chief,

或者，人民會放棄這個首領

go somewhere else and set up a new settlement.

移居到其它地方重新建立一個聚居地。

And even if you look in ancient African empires,

甚至，如果你們研究古代非洲帝國的話，也不難發現

they were all organized around one particular principle --

他們是在一特別條件下所組成的，

the confederacy principle,

即：邦聯原則。

which is characterized by a great deal of devolution of authority,

這一原則的主要特點就是權力下放：

decentralization of power.

地方分權。

Now, this is what I have described to you.

這就是我剛剛所描述的，

This is part of Africa's indigenous political heritage.

非洲本土政治特色的一部份。

Now, compare that to the modern systems

現在，若將其與統治菁英階層

the ruling elites established on Africa.

在非洲所建立的現代制度相比較，

It is a total far cry.

真的相差十萬八千里。

In the economic system in traditional Africa,

在傳統非洲的經濟制度中，

the means of production is privately owned.

生產所帶來的財富是私有的。

It's owned by extended families.

是由各大家族所擁有。

You see, in the West, the basic economic and social unit

如你們所見，在西方，最基本的經濟和社會單位

is the individual.

卻是個人。

The American will say, "I am because I am,

美國人會說：「我就是我，

and I can damn well do anything I want, anytime."

我可以在任何時間做任何我想做的事情。」

The accent is on the "I."

這句話的重心在於“我”這個字。

In Africa, the Africans say, "I am, because we are."

在非洲，非洲人說：「我的存在是因為我們這個群體。」

The "we" connotes community -- the extended family system.

這個“我們”意味著共同體：擴展到三代以上的家族體系。

The extended family system pools its resources together.

這個龐大的家族體系將所有資源整合在一起。

They own farms. They decide what to do, what to produce.

他們擁有農場，他們決定要做什麽，要生產什麽。

They don't take any orders from their chiefs.

他們不用服從任何首領的命令，

They decide what to do.

而是自己決定做什麽。

And when they produce their crops, they sell the surplus

他們種植農作物，並在市集上

on marketplaces.

將生產品賣掉。

When they make a profit it is theirs to keep,

若有所盈利，這份盈利將是屬於他們自己，

not for the chief to sequester it from them.

而不是被首領們搜刮走。

So, in a nutshell, what we had in traditional Africa

所以，概括而言，傳統的非洲體系

was a free-market system.

曾是個自由市場體系。

There were markets in Africa

在殖民者踏上非洲大陸之前，

before the colonialists stepped foot on the continent.

非洲就已經有市場了。

Timbuktu was one great big market town.

廷巴克圖曾經是一個大市鎮。

Kano, Salaga -- they were all there.

卡諾（尼日尼亞），沙拉加（加納）也曾都是。

Even if you go to West Africa, you notice that market activity

甚至在西非，你們也能夠發現

in West Africa has always been dominated by women.

由婦女們所主導的市場活動。

So, it's quite appropriate that this section is called

所以，這一區域被稱為“市集”

a marketplace.

是非常貼切的。

The market is not alien to Africa.

市場對非洲而言並不陌生

What Africans practiced was a different form of capitalism,

非洲人民所實施的是資本主義的另一種形式，

but then after independence, all of a sudden,

但是，在獨立之後，突然間

markets, capitalism became a western institution,

市場還有資本主義都變成了西方制度，

and the leaders said Africans were ready for socialism.

同時領導者們也說非洲人民已經準備好進入社會主義了。

Nonsense.

純屬胡扯。

And even then, what kind of socialism did they practice?

即便如此，他們所實施的又是那種社會主義呢？

The socialism that they practiced was a peculiar form of

他們的社會主義是一種特殊的

Swiss-bank socialism,

“瑞市銀行社會主義”。

which allowed the heads of states and the ministers

在這種社會主義中，國家元首和部長們被允許

to rape and plunder Africa's

強取豪奪非洲的存款與財富，

treasuries for deposit in Switzerland.

並將他們存入瑞士的銀行。

That is not the kind of system Africans had known for centuries.

這可不是非洲人民數個世紀以來所認識的體系。

What do we do now?

我們現在該做些什麽？

Go back to Africa's indigenous institutions,

我們該回歸到非洲固有的本土制度。

and this is where we charge the Cheetahs to go into the informal sectors,

在這方面，我們讓“獵豹族”們到非官方區域和

the traditional sectors.

傳統區域去，

That's where you find the African people.

在那兒才能找到非洲的人民。

And I'd like to show you a quick little video

我想給大家看個關於非官方區域

about the informal sector, about the boat-building

有關造船的一個短片

that I, myself, tried to mobilize Africans in the Diaspora

我自己就動員過散居各地的非洲人

to invest in.

在這區域上進行投資。

Could you please show that?

可以請您現在播放嗎？

The men are going fishing in these small boats.

人們乘著這些小船進行捕魚。

Yes, it's an enterprise.

是的，這是個產業。

This is by a local Ghanaian entrepreneur, using his own capital.

這是由一個加納本地企業家用自己的資金所投資的。

He's getting no assistance from the government,

他沒有從政府那得到任何援助，

and he's building a second, bigger boat.

他現在正在造第二艘更大的船。

A bigger boat will mean more fish will be caught and landed.

一條更大的船意味著捕獲和裝載更多的魚。

It means that he will be able to employ more Ghanaians.

這也意味著可以雇用更多加納人。

It also means that he will be able to generate wealth.

相對的，他也可以創造出財富。

And then it will have what economists call

隨之而來的就會有經濟學家們所稱的

external effects on a local economy.

本土經濟的外部效應。

All that you need to do, all that the elites need to do,

你們，或所有菁英階層所要做的就是

is to move this operation into something that is enclosed

將該運作模式內部化，

so that the operation can be made more efficient.

這樣，該模式的運行將會更加有效。

Now, it is not just this informal sector.

現在，不僅僅是在非官方區域這個區塊進行，

There is also traditional medicine.

傳統醫藥也是其中之一。

80 percent of Africans still rely on traditional medicine.

80%的非洲人依賴於傳統醫藥。

The modern healthcare sector has totally collapsed.

現代醫療保健部門幾乎完全起不了作用。

Now, this is an area -- I mean, there is a treasure trove of wealth

在這一領域，我指的是在傳統醫藥這一領域

in the traditional medicine area.

存在著大量有待開發的寶藏。

This is where we need to mobilize Africans,

這些才真正是我們需要調動起非洲人民的地方，

in the Diaspora especially, to invest in this.

尤其是要動員起那些散居海外的非洲人在這些領域投資。

We also need to mobilize Africans in the Diaspora,

我們也必須鼓吹他們

not only to go into the traditional sectors,

投資在傳統領域，

but to go into agriculture and also to instigate change from within.

以及農業上，使非洲從根本改變。

We were able to mobilize Ghanaians in the Diaspora

我們已經成功地鼓勵海外加納人

to instigate change in Ghana and bring about democracy in Ghana.

帶給加納正面的改變，並為加納帶來民主。

And I know that with the Cheetahs, we can take Africa back

我相信，有了這些“獵豹族”們，我們一定能夠

one village at a time.

一點點地使非洲重複原貌。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝大家。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）