Neil Burgess: How your brain tells you where you are

120,734 views ・ 2012-02-06

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Xiujian Xie 校对人员: Ting Huang
00:15
When we park in a big parking lot,
0
15260
2000
当我们在大型停车场停车后,
00:17
how do we remember where we parked our car?
1
17260
2000
如何回忆起将车停在了哪个车位呢?
00:19
Here's the problem facing Homer.
2
19260
3000
这就是现在困扰荷马的问题。
00:22
And we're going to try to understand
3
22260
2000
接下来我们将尝试了解
00:24
what's happening in his brain.
4
24260
2000
此时他脑中正开展何种“运动”。
00:26
So we'll start with the hippocampus, shown in yellow,
5
26260
2000
我们先着眼于大脑海马区,即黄色的区域
00:28
which is the organ of memory.
6
28260
2000
这是我们的记忆器官。
00:30
If you have damage there, like in Alzheimer's,
7
30260
2000
如果海马区出现损伤,像老年痴呆症患者一样,
00:32
you can't remember things including where you parked your car.
8
32260
2000
你将丧失记忆力,乃至记不起将车停在了何处。
00:34
It's named after Latin for "seahorse,"
9
34260
2000
hippocampus这个词源自拉丁语,有“海马”之意
00:36
which it resembles.
10
36260
2000
因为脑中海马区的形状看上去有点像“海马”。
00:38
And like the rest of the brain, it's made of neurons.
11
38260
2000
海马区和大脑其它区域的组成相似,都由神经元构成。
00:40
So the human brain
12
40260
2000
人的大脑
00:42
has about a hundred billion neurons in it.
13
42260
2000
由大约一千亿个神经元细胞组成。
00:44
And the neurons communicate with each other
14
44260
3000
每个神经元细胞之间通过一些连接中介
00:47
by sending little pulses or spikes of electricity
15
47260
2000
互相发送小的电脉冲或者尖峰电压
00:49
via connections to each other.
16
49260
2000
来进行“交流”。
00:51
The hippocampus is formed of two sheets of cells,
17
51260
3000
海马区由两层片状的细胞群构成,
00:54
which are very densely interconnected.
18
54260
2000
这两层细胞群紧密相连。
00:56
And scientists have begun to understand
19
56260
2000
科学家们通过记录
00:58
how spatial memory works
20
58260
2000
老鼠在某环境中搜罗食物时
01:00
by recording from individual neurons
21
60260
2000
其脑中单个神经元细胞的反应
01:02
in rats or mice
22
62260
2000
来了解
01:04
while they forage or explore an environment
23
64260
2000
“空间记忆”的工作原理
01:06
looking for food.
24
66260
2000
与工作机制。
01:08
So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron
25
68260
3000
现在想象一下,我们正在为这只老鼠的海马区中的
01:11
in the hippocampus of this rat here.
26
71260
3000
一个神经元细胞“录像”。
01:14
And when it fires a little spike of electricity,
27
74260
2000
每当这个细胞发出小型尖峰电压,
01:16
there's going to be a red dot and a click.
28
76260
3000
随后会出现一个红点以及咔哒的一声。
01:19
So what we see
29
79260
2000
我们可以看出
01:21
is that this neuron knows
30
81260
2000
每当老鼠进入环境中某一特定位置,
01:23
whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment.
31
83260
3000
这个神经元细胞便会有反应。
01:26
And it signals to the rest of the brain
32
86260
2000
然后这个细胞再通过小型尖峰电压
01:28
by sending a little electrical spike.
33
88260
3000
将以上信息传递给大脑的其它区域。
01:31
So we could show the firing rate of that neuron
34
91260
3000
这么一来,我们可以凭借这个细胞发送信号的频率
01:34
as a function of the animal's location.
35
94260
2000
推知老鼠经过的相应位置。
01:36
And if we record from lots of different neurons,
36
96260
2000
倘若我们记录的是很多不同的神经元细胞,
01:38
we'll see that different neurons fire
37
98260
2000
就会发现当老鼠处于不同的位置上时,
01:40
when the animal goes in different parts of its environment,
38
100260
2000
不同的神经元细胞会产生各自的电信号,
01:42
like in this square box shown here.
39
102260
2000
正如我们在这些方形中看到的那样。
01:44
So together they form a map
40
104260
2000
这些信号为大脑中的其它区域
01:46
for the rest of the brain,
41
106260
2000
勾勒出一张地图,
01:48
telling the brain continually,
42
108260
2000
持续地向大脑指示出,
01:50
"Where am I now within my environment?"
43
110260
2000
“我现在位于环境中的哪个具体点上?”
01:52
Place cells are also being recorded in humans.
44
112260
3000
我们也记录人脑中的“定位神经元细胞”。
01:55
So epilepsy patients sometimes need
45
115260
2000
癫痫病患者有时需要监测
01:57
the electrical activity in their brain monitoring.
46
117260
3000
他们的脑电活动情况。
02:00
And some of these patients played a video game
47
120260
2000
一些患者玩一种电子游戏,
02:02
where they drive around a small town.
48
122260
2000
游戏中他们在一个小镇上自由开车。
02:04
And place cells in their hippocampi would fire, become active,
49
124260
3000
然后当他们驱车驶过镇上的某一处时,
02:07
start sending electrical impulses
50
127260
3000
他们大脑海马区中的“定位神经元细胞”
02:10
whenever they drove through a particular location in that town.
51
130260
3000
便会被激活,发出信号。
02:13
So how does a place cell know
52
133260
2000
那么这“定位细胞”
02:15
where the rat or person is within its environment?
53
135260
3000
是怎么知道老鼠或人处于某个位置的呢?
02:18
Well these two cells here
54
138260
2000
这里有两个神经元细胞,
02:20
show us that the boundaries of the environment
55
140260
2000
它们告诉我们,在定位时
02:22
are particularly important.
56
142260
2000
环境的边界是至关重要的。
02:24
So the one on the top
57
144260
2000
上面的这个细胞倾向于
02:26
likes to fire sort of midway between the walls
58
146260
2000
在老鼠向盒子中部走去时
02:28
of the box that their rat's in.
59
148260
2000
产生信号。
02:30
And when you expand the box, the firing location expands.
60
150260
3000
因此当你将盒子扩大,相应的信号活跃区也随之扩大。
02:33
The one below likes to fire
61
153260
2000
下面的这个喜欢在
02:35
whenever there's a wall close by to the south.
62
155260
3000
老鼠紧邻南面屏障时作出反应。
02:38
And if you put another wall inside the box,
63
158260
2000
因此当你在盒中放入另一屏障时,
02:40
then the cell fires in both place
64
160260
2000
不论老鼠在盒中何处,
02:42
wherever there's a wall to the south
65
162260
2000
只要它的南面有屏障,
02:44
as the animal explores around in its box.
66
164260
3000
该细胞中的相应位置便会同时产生信号。
02:48
So this predicts
67
168260
2000
这表明
02:50
that sensing the distances and directions of boundaries around you --
68
170260
2000
了解到达边界——比如周边的建筑物等
02:52
extended buildings and so on --
69
172260
2000
需要的距离和方向
02:54
is particularly important for the hippocampus.
70
174260
3000
对于海马区的“工作”而言至关重要。
02:57
And indeed, on the inputs to the hippocampus,
71
177260
2000
而且确实,在老鼠搜罗环境时,
02:59
cells are found which project into the hippocampus,
72
179260
2000
我们在海马区的输入信号中,
03:01
which do respond exactly
73
181260
2000
检测到能对
03:03
to detecting boundaries or edges
74
183260
3000
距环境边界的特定距离
03:06
at particular distances and directions
75
186260
2000
与方向作出
03:08
from the rat or mouse
76
188260
2000
精确感应的
03:10
as it's exploring around.
77
190260
2000
神经元细胞。
03:12
So the cell on the left, you can see,
78
192260
2000
这里左边的细胞,你可以看出,
03:14
it fires whenever the animal gets near
79
194260
2000
当老鼠向东靠近边界或屏障时,
03:16
to a wall or a boundary to the east,
80
196260
3000
该细胞都会作出反应,
03:19
whether it's the edge or the wall of a square box
81
199260
3000
不论这边界是一个方盒的边
03:22
or the circular wall of the circular box
82
202260
2000
还是一个圆柱盒的边
03:24
or even the drop at the edge of a table, which the animals are running around.
83
204260
3000
甚至是老鼠绕着转的桌布的垂帘。
03:27
And the cell on the right there
84
207260
2000
而右面的细胞
03:29
fires whenever there's a boundary to the south,
85
209260
2000
则是在老鼠南面出现边界时响应,
03:31
whether it's the drop at the edge of the table or a wall
86
211260
2000
不论这边界是桌布的垂帘还是一堵墙
03:33
or even the gap between two tables that are pulled apart.
87
213260
3000
甚至是两个被隔开的桌子之间的间隙。
03:36
So that's one way in which we think
88
216260
2000
以上是我们所推测的一种
03:38
place cells determine where the animal is as it's exploring around.
89
218260
3000
“定位细胞”给动物定位的方式。
03:41
We can also test where we think objects are,
90
221260
3000
我们也可检测,人类在简单环境中,
03:44
like this goal flag, in simple environments --
91
224260
3000
是怎样给——诸如这面旗这样的物体定位的
03:47
or indeed, where your car would be.
92
227260
2000
或者干脆——把这物体想成你的车。
03:49
So we can have people explore an environment
93
229260
3000
我们先让人们熟悉一下环境,
03:52
and see the location they have to remember.
94
232260
3000
同时记下物体所在的位置。
03:55
And then, if we put them back in the environment,
95
235260
2000
接着,再让他们回到那个环境,
03:57
generally they're quite good at putting a marker down
96
237260
2000
通常他们都能根据记忆
03:59
where they thought that flag or their car was.
97
239260
3000
准确无误地标出物体所在的位置。
04:02
But on some trials,
98
242260
2000
但在一些试验中,
04:04
we could change the shape and size of the environment
99
244260
2000
我们会改变环境的形状和尺度,
04:06
like we did with the place cell.
100
246260
2000
正如我们在“定位细胞”实验中所做的那样。
04:08
In that case, we can see
101
248260
2000
如此,我们可以通过研究
04:10
how where they think the flag had been changes
102
250260
3000
实验者改变环境的形状和尺度,
04:13
as a function of how you change the shape and size of the environment.
103
253260
3000
来了解旗帜发生了怎样的位移
04:16
And what you see, for example,
104
256260
2000
比如现在你所看到的,
04:18
if the flag was where that cross was in a small square environment,
105
258260
3000
假设这面旗帜在如图中小四方形内的“×”的位置,
04:21
and then if you ask people where it was,
106
261260
2000
然后接着你问人们小旗在哪,
04:23
but you've made the environment bigger,
107
263260
2000
但实际上你已经将总环境的尺度扩大了,
04:25
where they think the flag had been
108
265260
2000
结果他们所认为的旗所在的位置
04:27
stretches out in exactly the same way
109
267260
2000
也相应地向外扩张,
04:29
that the place cell firing stretched out.
110
269260
2000
而这扩张的模式和“定位细胞”的一模一样。
04:31
It's as if you remember where the flag was
111
271260
2000
这就好像你是通过存储被某一
04:33
by storing the pattern of firing across all of your place cells
112
273260
3000
特定位置所激发的“定位细胞”产生的信号模式
04:36
at that location,
113
276260
2000
来记忆小旗的位置的,
04:38
and then you can get back to that location
114
278260
2000
接着当你回到那个地点的时候,
04:40
by moving around
115
280260
2000
通过四处打量,
04:42
so that you best match the current pattern of firing of your place cells
116
282260
2000
便可以将你当前脑中“定位细胞”的信号模式
04:44
with that stored pattern.
117
284260
2000
与之前的模式进行匹配。
04:46
That guides you back to the location that you want to remember.
118
286260
3000
这个过程便可让你回到“老地方”。
04:49
But we also know where we are through movement.
119
289260
3000
我们也能通过位移来给自己定位。
04:52
So if we take some outbound path --
120
292260
2000
因此当我们外出时——
04:54
perhaps we park and we wander off --
121
294260
2000
或许是我们停车后下来随便走走——
04:56
we know because our own movements,
122
296260
2000
我们可以给自己定位,因为我们
04:58
which we can integrate over this path
123
298260
2000
可以粗略地将自己的运动路线
05:00
roughly what the heading direction is to go back.
124
300260
2000
与大体的返回方向进行整合。
05:02
And place cells also get this kind of path integration input
125
302260
4000
“定位细胞”也能从一种叫做“网状细胞”的细胞那儿
05:06
from a kind of cell called a grid cell.
126
306260
3000
获得此类线路整合的信息。
05:09
Now grid cells are found, again,
127
309260
2000
目前在向海马区的信号输入中
05:11
on the inputs to the hippocampus,
128
311260
2000
又发现了“网状细胞”,
05:13
and they're a bit like place cells.
129
313260
2000
它们与“定位细胞”有点类似。
05:15
But now as the rat explores around,
130
315260
2000
随着老鼠的“四处探索”,
05:17
each individual cell fires
131
317260
2000
每一个神经元细胞
05:19
in a whole array of different locations
132
319260
3000
被大量各种位置所激发的信号
05:22
which are laid out across the environment
133
322260
2000
组合在一起,贯穿整个环境
05:24
in an amazingly regular triangular grid.
134
324260
3000
构成一个令人惊叹的规整的三角网格。
05:29
And if you record from several grid cells --
135
329260
3000
倘若你对一系列“网状细胞”进行记录——
05:32
shown here in different colors --
136
332260
2000
这里以不同的颜色区分——
05:34
each one has a grid-like firing pattern across the environment,
137
334260
3000
每一个细胞发出的信号都能形成网状,遍及整个环境,
05:37
and each cell's grid-like firing pattern is shifted slightly
138
337260
3000
而且每一个细胞的网状信号集的位置都与其他细胞
05:40
relative to the other cells.
139
340260
2000
有一定偏差。
05:42
So the red one fires on this grid
140
342260
2000
因此红色标注的细胞信号集合在这个网格上,
05:44
and the green one on this one and the blue on on this one.
141
344260
3000
绿色的是这个,而蓝色的是这个。
05:47
So together, it's as if the rat
142
347260
3000
因此综合来看,这就好像老鼠可以
05:50
can put a virtual grid of firing locations
143
350260
2000
在它所到达的环境中建立一个
05:52
across its environment --
144
352260
2000
虚拟的位置信号网——
05:54
a bit like the latitude and longitude lines that you'd find on a map,
145
354260
3000
这就有点像你在地图上所看到的经线和纬线,
05:57
but using triangles.
146
357260
2000
只不过要将线替换成“三角形”。
05:59
And as it moves around,
147
359260
2000
当老鼠移动的时候,
06:01
the electrical activity can pass
148
361260
2000
这些电信号
06:03
from one of these cells to the next cell
149
363260
2000
能通过这些细胞传递给下一个神经元细胞
06:05
to keep track of where it is,
150
365260
2000
从而为老鼠定位,
06:07
so that it can use its own movements
151
367260
2000
这样老鼠就能在运动时
06:09
to know where it is in its environment.
152
369260
2000
知道自己身在何处。
06:11
Do people have grid cells?
153
371260
2000
那么人类是否有“网状细胞”呢?
06:13
Well because all of the grid-like firing patterns
154
373260
2000
因为所有的网状信号集合体
06:15
have the same axes of symmetry,
155
375260
2000
都有相同的对称轴,以及
06:17
the same orientations of grid, shown in orange here,
156
377260
3000
相同的网格朝向,这里以橘红色标识,
06:20
it means that the net activity
157
380260
2000
这就意味着大脑中特定部位
06:22
of all of the grid cells in a particular part of the brain
158
382260
3000
的所有网状细胞的联网行为
06:25
should change
159
385260
2000
的变化应该取决于
06:27
according to whether we're running along these six directions
160
387260
2000
我们是在向着这六个方向运动还是
06:29
or running along one of the six directions in between.
161
389260
3000
沿着六个方向之间所夹的某一个方向运动。
06:32
So we can put people in an MRI scanner
162
392260
2000
我们可以为人们做核磁共振扫描,
06:34
and have them do a little video game
163
394260
2000
与此同时让他们玩一个小型电子游戏,
06:36
like the one I showed you
164
396260
2000
还是之前所说的那个游戏,
06:38
and look for this signal.
165
398260
2000
然后来看看当时的信号。
06:40
And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex,
166
400260
3000
啊哈没错,你在人脑中的内嗅皮层上看到了网状细胞,
06:43
which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.
167
403260
3000
而它们出现的位置和老鼠的网状细胞在大脑中所出现的位置一样。
06:46
So back to Homer.
168
406260
2000
现在我们回头看看荷马。
06:48
He's probably remembering where his car was
169
408260
2000
他可能凭借与周边建筑
06:50
in terms of the distances and directions
170
410260
2000
以及四周边界的
06:52
to extended buildings and boundaries
171
412260
2000
相对距离和方向来回忆
06:54
around the location where he parked.
172
414260
2000
他的车停在哪儿。
06:56
And that would be represented
173
416260
2000
而那将由专门“检测边界”的
06:58
by the firing of boundary-detecting cells.
174
418260
2000
神经元细胞发出的信号来执行。
07:00
He's also remembering the path he took out of the car park,
175
420260
3000
他可能也记得自己是怎么从停车场走出来的,
07:03
which would be represented in the firing of grid cells.
176
423260
3000
而这就有赖于网状细胞发出信号了。
07:06
Now both of these kinds of cells
177
426260
2000
这两种类型的神经元细胞
07:08
can make the place cells fire.
178
428260
2000
都可以激活“定位细胞”。
07:10
And he can return to the location where he parked
179
430260
2000
因此荷马成功折返的方法
07:12
by moving so as to find where it is
180
432260
3000
便是在走动中寻求与他之前
07:15
that best matches the firing pattern
181
435260
2000
停车时脑中所建立的
07:17
of the place cells in his brain currently
182
437260
2000
信号集样式最为匹配的
07:19
with the stored pattern where he parked his car.
183
439260
3000
一个脑中即时形成的信号集样式。
07:22
And that guides him back to that location
184
442260
2000
而那就能将他领回“老地方”了,
07:24
irrespective of visual cues
185
444260
2000
这个过程与最终的目标视物无关
07:26
like whether his car's actually there.
186
446260
2000
不论他的车是否还在那儿他都能找到停车点。
07:28
Maybe it's been towed.
187
448260
2000
或许车已经被拖走了,
07:30
But he knows where it was, so he knows to go and get it.
188
450260
3000
但他仍然知道车原来停在哪,因此他会回到原位去取车。
07:33
So beyond spatial memory,
189
453260
2000
撇开“空间记忆力”而言,
07:35
if we look for this grid-like firing pattern
190
455260
2000
倘若我们单独观察这种网状信号集
07:37
throughout the whole brain,
191
457260
2000
在整个大脑中的活动情况,
07:39
we see it in a whole series of locations
192
459260
3000
就会发现这种信号形式分布广泛,
07:42
which are always active
193
462260
2000
每当我们需要回忆一些自己过去的经历时
07:44
when we do all kinds of autobiographical memory tasks,
194
464260
2000
这种网状的信号形式就会活跃起来,
07:46
like remembering the last time you went to a wedding, for example.
195
466260
3000
譬如,当你试图回忆上次参加婚礼的情况时
07:49
So it may be that the neural mechanisms
196
469260
2000
因此有可能,神经元细胞
07:51
for representing the space around us
197
471260
3000
再现空间的功能
07:54
are also used for generating visual imagery
198
474260
4000
也参与视觉画面的呈现
07:58
so that we can recreate the spatial scene, at least,
199
478260
3000
这样当我们试图回忆一个曾经置身其中的场面时,
08:01
of the events that have happened to us when we want to imagine them.
200
481260
3000
至少可以借助想象而勾勒出整个场景。
08:04
So if this was happening,
201
484260
2000
倘若事实果真如此,
08:06
your memories could start by place cells activating each other
202
486260
3000
记忆的形成就开始于:“定位细胞”通过这些缜密的连结
08:09
via these dense interconnections
203
489260
2000
相互激活
08:11
and then reactivating boundary cells
204
491260
2000
然后“边界感应细胞"被再次激活
08:13
to create the spatial structure
205
493260
2000
从而形成我们视点周围的场景的
08:15
of the scene around your viewpoint.
206
495260
2000
空间格局。
08:17
And grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space.
207
497260
2000
网状细胞可以使视点穿透那个空间。
08:19
Another kind of cell, head direction cells,
208
499260
2000
而另一种“方位细胞”,
08:21
which I didn't mention yet,
209
501260
2000
我之前没有提到它,
08:23
they fire like a compass according to which way you're facing.
210
503260
3000
它们像指南针一样,都是根据你的朝向来作出反应的。
08:26
They could define the viewing direction
211
506260
2000
它们可以明确
08:28
from which you want to generate an image for your visual imagery,
212
508260
3000
你需要在脑中形成哪个方位的图像,
08:31
so you can imagine what happened when you were at this wedding, for example.
213
511260
3000
就拿回忆婚礼情景来说,以上过程就能让你回想起那一切。
08:34
So this is just one example
214
514260
2000
好了,以上就是在
08:36
of a new era really
215
516260
2000
认知神经科学领域
08:38
in cognitive neuroscience
216
518260
2000
所开辟的新纪元,
08:40
where we're beginning to understand
217
520260
2000
在这个领域中,
08:42
psychological processes
218
522260
2000
我们开始尝试从大脑中数以亿计的
08:44
like how you remember or imagine or even think
219
524260
3000
单个神经元细胞的行为出发,
08:47
in terms of the actions
220
527260
2000
来了解
08:49
of the billions of individual neurons that make up our brains.
221
529260
3000
人类心理活动产生的过程。比如人们是如何记忆、想象甚至思考的
08:52
Thank you very much.
222
532260
2000
谢谢各位。
08:54
(Applause)
223
534260
3000
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7