Neil Burgess: How your brain tells you where you are

120,539 views ・ 2012-02-06

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Xiujian Xie 校对人员: Ting Huang
00:15
When we park in a big parking lot,
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当我们在大型停车场停车后,
00:17
how do we remember where we parked our car?
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如何回忆起将车停在了哪个车位呢?
00:19
Here's the problem facing Homer.
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这就是现在困扰荷马的问题。
00:22
And we're going to try to understand
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接下来我们将尝试了解
00:24
what's happening in his brain.
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此时他脑中正开展何种“运动”。
00:26
So we'll start with the hippocampus, shown in yellow,
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我们先着眼于大脑海马区,即黄色的区域
00:28
which is the organ of memory.
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这是我们的记忆器官。
00:30
If you have damage there, like in Alzheimer's,
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如果海马区出现损伤,像老年痴呆症患者一样,
00:32
you can't remember things including where you parked your car.
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你将丧失记忆力,乃至记不起将车停在了何处。
00:34
It's named after Latin for "seahorse,"
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hippocampus这个词源自拉丁语,有“海马”之意
00:36
which it resembles.
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因为脑中海马区的形状看上去有点像“海马”。
00:38
And like the rest of the brain, it's made of neurons.
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海马区和大脑其它区域的组成相似,都由神经元构成。
00:40
So the human brain
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人的大脑
00:42
has about a hundred billion neurons in it.
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由大约一千亿个神经元细胞组成。
00:44
And the neurons communicate with each other
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每个神经元细胞之间通过一些连接中介
00:47
by sending little pulses or spikes of electricity
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互相发送小的电脉冲或者尖峰电压
00:49
via connections to each other.
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来进行“交流”。
00:51
The hippocampus is formed of two sheets of cells,
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海马区由两层片状的细胞群构成,
00:54
which are very densely interconnected.
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这两层细胞群紧密相连。
00:56
And scientists have begun to understand
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科学家们通过记录
00:58
how spatial memory works
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老鼠在某环境中搜罗食物时
01:00
by recording from individual neurons
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其脑中单个神经元细胞的反应
01:02
in rats or mice
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来了解
01:04
while they forage or explore an environment
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“空间记忆”的工作原理
01:06
looking for food.
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与工作机制。
01:08
So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron
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现在想象一下,我们正在为这只老鼠的海马区中的
01:11
in the hippocampus of this rat here.
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一个神经元细胞“录像”。
01:14
And when it fires a little spike of electricity,
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每当这个细胞发出小型尖峰电压,
01:16
there's going to be a red dot and a click.
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随后会出现一个红点以及咔哒的一声。
01:19
So what we see
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我们可以看出
01:21
is that this neuron knows
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每当老鼠进入环境中某一特定位置,
01:23
whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment.
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这个神经元细胞便会有反应。
01:26
And it signals to the rest of the brain
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然后这个细胞再通过小型尖峰电压
01:28
by sending a little electrical spike.
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将以上信息传递给大脑的其它区域。
01:31
So we could show the firing rate of that neuron
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这么一来,我们可以凭借这个细胞发送信号的频率
01:34
as a function of the animal's location.
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推知老鼠经过的相应位置。
01:36
And if we record from lots of different neurons,
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倘若我们记录的是很多不同的神经元细胞,
01:38
we'll see that different neurons fire
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就会发现当老鼠处于不同的位置上时,
01:40
when the animal goes in different parts of its environment,
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不同的神经元细胞会产生各自的电信号,
01:42
like in this square box shown here.
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正如我们在这些方形中看到的那样。
01:44
So together they form a map
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这些信号为大脑中的其它区域
01:46
for the rest of the brain,
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勾勒出一张地图,
01:48
telling the brain continually,
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持续地向大脑指示出,
01:50
"Where am I now within my environment?"
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“我现在位于环境中的哪个具体点上?”
01:52
Place cells are also being recorded in humans.
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我们也记录人脑中的“定位神经元细胞”。
01:55
So epilepsy patients sometimes need
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癫痫病患者有时需要监测
01:57
the electrical activity in their brain monitoring.
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他们的脑电活动情况。
02:00
And some of these patients played a video game
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一些患者玩一种电子游戏,
02:02
where they drive around a small town.
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游戏中他们在一个小镇上自由开车。
02:04
And place cells in their hippocampi would fire, become active,
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然后当他们驱车驶过镇上的某一处时,
02:07
start sending electrical impulses
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他们大脑海马区中的“定位神经元细胞”
02:10
whenever they drove through a particular location in that town.
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便会被激活,发出信号。
02:13
So how does a place cell know
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那么这“定位细胞”
02:15
where the rat or person is within its environment?
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是怎么知道老鼠或人处于某个位置的呢?
02:18
Well these two cells here
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这里有两个神经元细胞,
02:20
show us that the boundaries of the environment
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它们告诉我们,在定位时
02:22
are particularly important.
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环境的边界是至关重要的。
02:24
So the one on the top
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上面的这个细胞倾向于
02:26
likes to fire sort of midway between the walls
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在老鼠向盒子中部走去时
02:28
of the box that their rat's in.
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产生信号。
02:30
And when you expand the box, the firing location expands.
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因此当你将盒子扩大,相应的信号活跃区也随之扩大。
02:33
The one below likes to fire
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下面的这个喜欢在
02:35
whenever there's a wall close by to the south.
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老鼠紧邻南面屏障时作出反应。
02:38
And if you put another wall inside the box,
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因此当你在盒中放入另一屏障时,
02:40
then the cell fires in both place
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不论老鼠在盒中何处,
02:42
wherever there's a wall to the south
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只要它的南面有屏障,
02:44
as the animal explores around in its box.
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该细胞中的相应位置便会同时产生信号。
02:48
So this predicts
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这表明
02:50
that sensing the distances and directions of boundaries around you --
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了解到达边界——比如周边的建筑物等
02:52
extended buildings and so on --
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需要的距离和方向
02:54
is particularly important for the hippocampus.
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对于海马区的“工作”而言至关重要。
02:57
And indeed, on the inputs to the hippocampus,
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而且确实,在老鼠搜罗环境时,
02:59
cells are found which project into the hippocampus,
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我们在海马区的输入信号中,
03:01
which do respond exactly
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检测到能对
03:03
to detecting boundaries or edges
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距环境边界的特定距离
03:06
at particular distances and directions
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与方向作出
03:08
from the rat or mouse
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精确感应的
03:10
as it's exploring around.
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神经元细胞。
03:12
So the cell on the left, you can see,
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这里左边的细胞,你可以看出,
03:14
it fires whenever the animal gets near
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当老鼠向东靠近边界或屏障时,
03:16
to a wall or a boundary to the east,
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该细胞都会作出反应,
03:19
whether it's the edge or the wall of a square box
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不论这边界是一个方盒的边
03:22
or the circular wall of the circular box
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还是一个圆柱盒的边
03:24
or even the drop at the edge of a table, which the animals are running around.
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甚至是老鼠绕着转的桌布的垂帘。
03:27
And the cell on the right there
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而右面的细胞
03:29
fires whenever there's a boundary to the south,
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则是在老鼠南面出现边界时响应,
03:31
whether it's the drop at the edge of the table or a wall
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不论这边界是桌布的垂帘还是一堵墙
03:33
or even the gap between two tables that are pulled apart.
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甚至是两个被隔开的桌子之间的间隙。
03:36
So that's one way in which we think
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以上是我们所推测的一种
03:38
place cells determine where the animal is as it's exploring around.
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“定位细胞”给动物定位的方式。
03:41
We can also test where we think objects are,
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我们也可检测,人类在简单环境中,
03:44
like this goal flag, in simple environments --
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是怎样给——诸如这面旗这样的物体定位的
03:47
or indeed, where your car would be.
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或者干脆——把这物体想成你的车。
03:49
So we can have people explore an environment
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我们先让人们熟悉一下环境,
03:52
and see the location they have to remember.
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同时记下物体所在的位置。
03:55
And then, if we put them back in the environment,
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接着,再让他们回到那个环境,
03:57
generally they're quite good at putting a marker down
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通常他们都能根据记忆
03:59
where they thought that flag or their car was.
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准确无误地标出物体所在的位置。
04:02
But on some trials,
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但在一些试验中,
04:04
we could change the shape and size of the environment
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我们会改变环境的形状和尺度,
04:06
like we did with the place cell.
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正如我们在“定位细胞”实验中所做的那样。
04:08
In that case, we can see
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如此,我们可以通过研究
04:10
how where they think the flag had been changes
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实验者改变环境的形状和尺度,
04:13
as a function of how you change the shape and size of the environment.
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来了解旗帜发生了怎样的位移
04:16
And what you see, for example,
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比如现在你所看到的,
04:18
if the flag was where that cross was in a small square environment,
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假设这面旗帜在如图中小四方形内的“×”的位置,
04:21
and then if you ask people where it was,
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然后接着你问人们小旗在哪,
04:23
but you've made the environment bigger,
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但实际上你已经将总环境的尺度扩大了,
04:25
where they think the flag had been
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结果他们所认为的旗所在的位置
04:27
stretches out in exactly the same way
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也相应地向外扩张,
04:29
that the place cell firing stretched out.
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而这扩张的模式和“定位细胞”的一模一样。
04:31
It's as if you remember where the flag was
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这就好像你是通过存储被某一
04:33
by storing the pattern of firing across all of your place cells
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特定位置所激发的“定位细胞”产生的信号模式
04:36
at that location,
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来记忆小旗的位置的,
04:38
and then you can get back to that location
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接着当你回到那个地点的时候,
04:40
by moving around
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通过四处打量,
04:42
so that you best match the current pattern of firing of your place cells
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便可以将你当前脑中“定位细胞”的信号模式
04:44
with that stored pattern.
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与之前的模式进行匹配。
04:46
That guides you back to the location that you want to remember.
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这个过程便可让你回到“老地方”。
04:49
But we also know where we are through movement.
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我们也能通过位移来给自己定位。
04:52
So if we take some outbound path --
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因此当我们外出时——
04:54
perhaps we park and we wander off --
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或许是我们停车后下来随便走走——
04:56
we know because our own movements,
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我们可以给自己定位,因为我们
04:58
which we can integrate over this path
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可以粗略地将自己的运动路线
05:00
roughly what the heading direction is to go back.
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与大体的返回方向进行整合。
05:02
And place cells also get this kind of path integration input
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“定位细胞”也能从一种叫做“网状细胞”的细胞那儿
05:06
from a kind of cell called a grid cell.
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获得此类线路整合的信息。
05:09
Now grid cells are found, again,
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目前在向海马区的信号输入中
05:11
on the inputs to the hippocampus,
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又发现了“网状细胞”,
05:13
and they're a bit like place cells.
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它们与“定位细胞”有点类似。
05:15
But now as the rat explores around,
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随着老鼠的“四处探索”,
05:17
each individual cell fires
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每一个神经元细胞
05:19
in a whole array of different locations
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被大量各种位置所激发的信号
05:22
which are laid out across the environment
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组合在一起,贯穿整个环境
05:24
in an amazingly regular triangular grid.
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构成一个令人惊叹的规整的三角网格。
05:29
And if you record from several grid cells --
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倘若你对一系列“网状细胞”进行记录——
05:32
shown here in different colors --
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这里以不同的颜色区分——
05:34
each one has a grid-like firing pattern across the environment,
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每一个细胞发出的信号都能形成网状,遍及整个环境,
05:37
and each cell's grid-like firing pattern is shifted slightly
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而且每一个细胞的网状信号集的位置都与其他细胞
05:40
relative to the other cells.
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有一定偏差。
05:42
So the red one fires on this grid
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因此红色标注的细胞信号集合在这个网格上,
05:44
and the green one on this one and the blue on on this one.
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绿色的是这个,而蓝色的是这个。
05:47
So together, it's as if the rat
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因此综合来看,这就好像老鼠可以
05:50
can put a virtual grid of firing locations
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在它所到达的环境中建立一个
05:52
across its environment --
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虚拟的位置信号网——
05:54
a bit like the latitude and longitude lines that you'd find on a map,
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这就有点像你在地图上所看到的经线和纬线,
05:57
but using triangles.
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只不过要将线替换成“三角形”。
05:59
And as it moves around,
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当老鼠移动的时候,
06:01
the electrical activity can pass
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这些电信号
06:03
from one of these cells to the next cell
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能通过这些细胞传递给下一个神经元细胞
06:05
to keep track of where it is,
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从而为老鼠定位,
06:07
so that it can use its own movements
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这样老鼠就能在运动时
06:09
to know where it is in its environment.
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知道自己身在何处。
06:11
Do people have grid cells?
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那么人类是否有“网状细胞”呢?
06:13
Well because all of the grid-like firing patterns
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因为所有的网状信号集合体
06:15
have the same axes of symmetry,
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都有相同的对称轴,以及
06:17
the same orientations of grid, shown in orange here,
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相同的网格朝向,这里以橘红色标识,
06:20
it means that the net activity
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这就意味着大脑中特定部位
06:22
of all of the grid cells in a particular part of the brain
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的所有网状细胞的联网行为
06:25
should change
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的变化应该取决于
06:27
according to whether we're running along these six directions
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我们是在向着这六个方向运动还是
06:29
or running along one of the six directions in between.
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沿着六个方向之间所夹的某一个方向运动。
06:32
So we can put people in an MRI scanner
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我们可以为人们做核磁共振扫描,
06:34
and have them do a little video game
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与此同时让他们玩一个小型电子游戏,
06:36
like the one I showed you
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还是之前所说的那个游戏,
06:38
and look for this signal.
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然后来看看当时的信号。
06:40
And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex,
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啊哈没错,你在人脑中的内嗅皮层上看到了网状细胞,
06:43
which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.
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而它们出现的位置和老鼠的网状细胞在大脑中所出现的位置一样。
06:46
So back to Homer.
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现在我们回头看看荷马。
06:48
He's probably remembering where his car was
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他可能凭借与周边建筑
06:50
in terms of the distances and directions
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以及四周边界的
06:52
to extended buildings and boundaries
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相对距离和方向来回忆
06:54
around the location where he parked.
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他的车停在哪儿。
06:56
And that would be represented
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而那将由专门“检测边界”的
06:58
by the firing of boundary-detecting cells.
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神经元细胞发出的信号来执行。
07:00
He's also remembering the path he took out of the car park,
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他可能也记得自己是怎么从停车场走出来的,
07:03
which would be represented in the firing of grid cells.
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而这就有赖于网状细胞发出信号了。
07:06
Now both of these kinds of cells
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这两种类型的神经元细胞
07:08
can make the place cells fire.
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都可以激活“定位细胞”。
07:10
And he can return to the location where he parked
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因此荷马成功折返的方法
07:12
by moving so as to find where it is
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便是在走动中寻求与他之前
07:15
that best matches the firing pattern
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停车时脑中所建立的
07:17
of the place cells in his brain currently
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信号集样式最为匹配的
07:19
with the stored pattern where he parked his car.
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一个脑中即时形成的信号集样式。
07:22
And that guides him back to that location
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而那就能将他领回“老地方”了,
07:24
irrespective of visual cues
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这个过程与最终的目标视物无关
07:26
like whether his car's actually there.
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不论他的车是否还在那儿他都能找到停车点。
07:28
Maybe it's been towed.
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或许车已经被拖走了,
07:30
But he knows where it was, so he knows to go and get it.
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但他仍然知道车原来停在哪,因此他会回到原位去取车。
07:33
So beyond spatial memory,
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撇开“空间记忆力”而言,
07:35
if we look for this grid-like firing pattern
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倘若我们单独观察这种网状信号集
07:37
throughout the whole brain,
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在整个大脑中的活动情况,
07:39
we see it in a whole series of locations
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就会发现这种信号形式分布广泛,
07:42
which are always active
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每当我们需要回忆一些自己过去的经历时
07:44
when we do all kinds of autobiographical memory tasks,
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这种网状的信号形式就会活跃起来,
07:46
like remembering the last time you went to a wedding, for example.
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譬如,当你试图回忆上次参加婚礼的情况时
07:49
So it may be that the neural mechanisms
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因此有可能,神经元细胞
07:51
for representing the space around us
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再现空间的功能
07:54
are also used for generating visual imagery
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也参与视觉画面的呈现
07:58
so that we can recreate the spatial scene, at least,
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这样当我们试图回忆一个曾经置身其中的场面时,
08:01
of the events that have happened to us when we want to imagine them.
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至少可以借助想象而勾勒出整个场景。
08:04
So if this was happening,
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倘若事实果真如此,
08:06
your memories could start by place cells activating each other
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记忆的形成就开始于:“定位细胞”通过这些缜密的连结
08:09
via these dense interconnections
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相互激活
08:11
and then reactivating boundary cells
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然后“边界感应细胞"被再次激活
08:13
to create the spatial structure
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从而形成我们视点周围的场景的
08:15
of the scene around your viewpoint.
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空间格局。
08:17
And grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space.
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网状细胞可以使视点穿透那个空间。
08:19
Another kind of cell, head direction cells,
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而另一种“方位细胞”,
08:21
which I didn't mention yet,
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我之前没有提到它,
08:23
they fire like a compass according to which way you're facing.
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它们像指南针一样,都是根据你的朝向来作出反应的。
08:26
They could define the viewing direction
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它们可以明确
08:28
from which you want to generate an image for your visual imagery,
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你需要在脑中形成哪个方位的图像,
08:31
so you can imagine what happened when you were at this wedding, for example.
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就拿回忆婚礼情景来说,以上过程就能让你回想起那一切。
08:34
So this is just one example
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好了,以上就是在
08:36
of a new era really
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认知神经科学领域
08:38
in cognitive neuroscience
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所开辟的新纪元,
08:40
where we're beginning to understand
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在这个领域中,
08:42
psychological processes
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我们开始尝试从大脑中数以亿计的
08:44
like how you remember or imagine or even think
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单个神经元细胞的行为出发,
08:47
in terms of the actions
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来了解
08:49
of the billions of individual neurons that make up our brains.
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人类心理活动产生的过程。比如人们是如何记忆、想象甚至思考的
08:52
Thank you very much.
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谢谢各位。
08:54
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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