Why the "wrong side of the tracks" is usually the east side of cities | Stephen DeBerry

179,045 views ・ 2018-09-12

TED


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翻译人员: Ziyun Liao 校对人员: Lipeng Chen
00:12
I came to talk about first principles
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今天来到这里, 我想和大家谈谈一些首要原则
00:15
and communities that I love --
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和我热爱的一些城市——
00:17
especially East Palo Alto, California,
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尤其是东帕罗奥图, 它位于加利福尼亚,
00:20
which is full of amazing people.
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那里人才济济。
00:23
It's also a community that's oddly separated
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但这个城市,被一条
穿过硅谷的101国道硬生生隔开。
00:26
by the 101 freeway that runs through Silicon Valley.
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00:29
On the west side of the freeway in Palo Alto are the "haves,"
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在这条高速路的西侧, 是“无所不有”的帕罗奥图,
00:33
on just about any dimension you can think of:
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只要你想得到的,都能在这里找到:
00:35
education, income, access to water.
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优越的教育,可观的收入, 丰富的水资源。
00:38
On the east side of the freeway are the "have-nots."
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而这条高速路的东侧, 则是“一无所有”的帕罗奥图。
00:41
And even if you don't know East Palo Alto,
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即使你没听说过东帕罗奥图,
00:43
you might know the story of eastside disparity,
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你也许听过其它类似的故事, 讲述着东部城市如何的落魄,
无论是被铁路分开的东匹兹堡,
00:46
whether it's the separation of the railroad tracks in East Pittsburgh
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00:50
or the Grosse Pointe Gate in East Detroit
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被格罗斯波因特大门 隔开的底特律,
00:53
or East St. Louis, East Oakland, East Philly.
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还是东圣路易斯, 东奥克兰,费城的东部。
00:56
Why is it that communities on the social, economic and environmental margin
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为什么一个城市的社会, 经济和环境的边缘区,
01:01
tend to be on the east sides of places?
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大多数都集中在东部呢?
01:05
Turns out,
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事实证明,
01:06
it's the wind.
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是因为风向。
01:09
If you look at the Earth from the North Pole,
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如果你站在北极圈俯看地球,
01:11
you'd see that it rotates counterclockwise.
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你会发现地球是逆时针旋转的。
01:13
The impact of this
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结果是,
01:15
is that the winds in the northern and the southern hemispheres
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北半球的风和南半球的风,
01:18
blow in the same direction as the rotation of the Earth --
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都吹向了同一个方向——
01:21
to the east.
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东方。
01:22
A way to think about this is:
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我们可以这样理解:
想象我们坐在一堆篝火旁,
01:24
imagine you're sitting around a campfire.
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你要负责安排坐满十个人, 还要保证每个人都能取到暖,
01:26
You've got to seat 10 people, you've got to keep everyone warm.
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01:29
The question is: Who sits with the smoky wind blowing in their face?
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但问题来了:谁坐在下风口被烟熏呢?
01:33
And the answer is:
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答案是,
01:34
people with less power.
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弱势群体的人。
01:37
This campfire dynamic is what's playing out in cities,
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这个作用于我们城市的 篝火动力原理,
01:39
not just in the US, but all around the world:
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不仅发生在美国,全世界亦是如此。
01:42
East London; the east side of Paris is this way;
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东伦敦,巴黎的东部也是这样,
01:45
East Jerusalem.
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还有东耶路撒冷。
01:46
Even down the street from where we're sitting right now,
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甚至沿着我们所在的这条街,
01:49
the marginalized community is East Vancouver.
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温哥华的东部也是被边缘化的一侧。
01:52
I'm not the only one to notice this.
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我并不是唯一注意到这一点的人。
01:54
I nerded on this hard, for years.
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我苦思冥想了这个问题很多年,
01:56
And I finally found a group of economic historians in the UK
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最终在英国找到了 一群经济历史学家,
02:00
who modeled industrial-era smokestack dispersion.
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他们规划了工业时代烟囱分布模式。
02:03
And they came to the same conclusion mathematically
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经过计算后得出的结论
和我这个人类学家的如出一辙,
02:06
that I'd come to as an anthropologist,
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02:08
which is: wind and pollution are driving marginalized communities to the east.
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也就是:风向和污染是东部 城市被边缘化的诱因。
02:13
The dominant logic of the industrial era
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工业时代的主导逻辑
02:16
is about disparity.
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就是划分贫富差距。
02:18
It's about haves and have-nots, and that's become part of our culture.
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就是“无所不有”和“一无所有”, 而那已经成为了我们文化的一部分。
02:21
That's why you know exactly what I'm talking about
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那就是为什么如果我告诉你某人
来自“轨道错误的一侧”, 你就懂我在说他家境贫寒。
02:24
if I tell you someone's from the "wrong side of the tracks."
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这个典故来源于, 风把火车产生的又脏又黑的烟
02:27
That phrase comes from the direction that wind would blow dirty train smoke --
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02:31
to the east, usually.
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往东吹,通常情况下是这样。
02:34
I'm not saying every single community in the east is on the margin,
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我的意思不是说每个东部的 城市都处于边缘地带,
02:37
or every community on the margin is in the east,
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或每个城市处在边缘地带的 社区都位于城市的东部,
但是我已经在尽我所能。通过 (城市)设计来缩小东西部的差距。
02:40
but I'm trying to make a bigger point about disparity by design.
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02:44
So if you find yourself talking about any cardinal direction
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如果你发现自己谈论的是
02:47
of a freeway, a river, some train tracks,
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高速公路,河流, 火车轨道的基本方位,
02:51
you're talking about an eastside community.
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其实你讨论的就是城市的东部。
02:54
Now, the wind is obviously a natural phenomenon.
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风是一个常见的自然现象,
02:58
But the human design decisions that we make to separate ourselves
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但是人类设计的决定, 让我们把彼此隔开的这个决定,
03:02
is not natural.
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是人为的。
03:04
Consider the fact that every eastside community in the United States
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考虑到在美国,每一个城市的东部,
03:08
was built during the era of legal segregation.
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都是建于种族隔离合法的年代,
03:11
We clearly weren't even trying to design for the benefit of everyone,
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很显然我们在设计城市时,甚至 都没有为每个人的利益考虑,
03:15
so we ended up dealing with issues like redlining.
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于是我们最后就萌生了 诸如贷款歧视一类的问题。
03:18
This is where the government literally created maps
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这是当时的政府设计的城市地图,
03:21
to tell bankers where they shouldn't lend.
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告诉银行哪些地方不该放贷,
03:23
These are some of those actual maps.
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这只是众多地图中的冰山一角。
03:25
And you'll notice how the red tends to be clustered
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你们可能会注意到, 红色部分大都聚集在
03:28
on the east sides of these cities.
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这些城市的东侧。
03:32
Those financial design decisions became a self-fulfilling prophecy:
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那些在财政政策设计中所做出的决定, 都成为了自我应验的预言;
03:36
no loans turned into low property tax base
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没有贷款,财产税的税收基数就小,
03:39
and that bled into worse schools and a less well-prepared workforce,
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政府对学校建设投入就会减少,因此 培养出来的劳动力也更不具备竞争力,
03:44
and -- lo and behold -- lower incomes.
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所以——瞧——又导致了更低的收入,
03:46
It means that you can't qualify for a loan.
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低收入就意味着你没有资格申请贷款。
03:49
Just a vicious downward spiral.
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这就是一个螺旋下降的恶性循环。
03:51
And that's just the case with lending.
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而那只是关于借贷的一个例子而已。
03:53
We've made similarly sinister design decisions on any number of issues,
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我们在许许多多问题上也曾 做过类似的恶名昭著的决定,
03:57
from water infrastructure
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从水利基础建设,
03:59
to where we decide to place grocery stores versus liquor stores,
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到决定要在哪里开杂货店或烟酒行,
04:03
or even for whom and how we design and fund technology products.
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甚至连我们为了谁,以及如何设计 和资助技术产品都是如此。
04:09
Collectively, this list of harms
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综上所述,这一系列的问题,
04:13
is the artifact of our more primitive selves.
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都是我们的原始罪恶一手造成的。
04:17
I don't think this is how we'd want to be remembered,
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我想,这并不是我们想要 被世人记住的方式,
04:20
but this is basically what we've been doing
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但这基本就是我们上个世纪
04:22
to eastside communities for the last century.
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针对东部城市建设的所作所为。
04:26
The good news is, it doesn't have to be this way.
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但好在,事情还有回旋的余地,
04:29
We got ourselves into this eastside dilemma
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如果我们陷入这个 东部发展两难的局面
04:31
through bad design,
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是因为一个糟糕的决定,
那么我们就可以通过一个 合理的设计,摆脱这一局面。
04:33
and so we can get out of it with good design.
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04:35
And I believe the first principle of good design is actually really simple:
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而且我相信,一个好的设计, 其首要原则其实非常简单:
04:39
we have to start with the commitment to design for the benefit of everyone.
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我们要从承诺为每个人的 利益考虑做起。
04:43
So, remember the campfire metaphor.
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大家还记得那个篝火比喻吗?
04:46
If we want to benefit everyone, maybe we just sit in a horseshoe,
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如果我们想惠及每一个人的话, 只要设计成马蹄形就好了。
04:49
so nobody gets the smoke in their face.
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这样就没有人会被烟熏到,
04:52
I've got to make a note to the gentrifiers,
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我要给乡绅们提一提这个建议,
因为这幅图的意义,不是说
04:54
because the point of this image is not to say
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你们现在要去城市的东边, 然后粗暴的将大家赶到别的地方去,
04:56
you get to roll into eastside communities and just move people out of the way,
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因为你不能这么做。
05:00
because you don't.
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05:01
(Applause)
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(掌声)
05:02
But the point is,
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但关键在于,
05:04
if you start with this first principle of benefiting everyone,
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如果你把所有人的利益当作 处理一切事物的第一原则,
05:07
then elegant solutions may become more obvious than you assume.
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那么这些问题就会比你 想象的更容易去解决。
05:12
What are the elegant solutions to close this gap
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那么有什么办法能够合理的
减小硅谷东西帕罗奥图 之间的(贫富)差距呢?
05:15
between Palo Alto and East Palo Alto in Silicon Valley?
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05:19
I've got to like the odds of starting with EPA [East Palo Alto].
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我想可以先从东帕罗奥图 开始,迎难而上。
05:22
It's in the middle of Silicon Valley, the epicenter of innovation
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它位于硅谷的中部,是创新和财富的
05:26
and wealth creation.
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重中之重。
05:27
If we can solve this problem anywhere, it ought to be here.
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如果说要在哪个地方解决问题, 那么这里绝对是不二之选。
05:31
And if we can solve the problems for EPA,
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如果我们连东帕罗奥图的 问题都解决了,
05:33
we could apply those solutions to other eastside communities.
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那么其它东部城市, 都可以参照这个方法。
05:36
If you think about it, it's actually a massive investment opportunity
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如果你仔细考虑,这其实 是个巨大的投资机会,
05:41
and an opportunity to drive policy change and philanthropy.
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还能促进政策改革和慈善事业。
05:47
But at the core, it's this fundamental design principle,
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但其核心就在于 这个设计的根本原则,
05:50
this choice of whether we're going to decide to take care of everyone.
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我们是否决定照顾到每一个人。
05:56
And it's a choice we can make, loved ones.
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这是我们能够做出的爱心决定。
05:59
We've got the capital.
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我们有了资金,
06:01
We've got technology on our side,
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还有支持我们的技术,
06:03
and it keeps getting better.
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而且这些技术日新月异。
06:04
We've got some of the best entrepreneurs in the world in this building
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在这栋大楼里,在这些城市里,
06:08
and in these communities right now.
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我们能找到世界上最优秀的企业家。
06:11
But the fundamental question is: What are we designing for?
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但根本问题是:我们是为谁设计?
06:14
More haves and have-nots? More disparity?
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是那“无所不有”还是“一无所有”的一边? 是要继续扩大这个差距,
06:17
Or parity,
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还是减小这个差距?
06:19
the choice to come together.
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是时候让大家齐心协力了。
06:22
Because the reality is, this is not the industrial era.
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因为现实是,工业时代 已经一去不复返。
06:27
We don't live in the era of legal segregation.
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我们再也不是生活在 种族隔离合法的年代了。
06:32
So the punchline is, there is no wrong side of the tracks.
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总而言之,轨道两边不应该有贫富之分。
06:36
And all I'm saying is,
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我想说的只是,
06:38
we should design our economy and our communities with that in mind.
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我们在制定经济政策和设计城市时, 都要时刻铭记那个原则。
06:43
Thank you.
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谢谢。
06:44
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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