Ellen Dunham-Jones: Retrofitting suburbia

45,096 views ・ 2010-06-29

TED


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翻译人员: Juyao Dong 校对人员: Zhu Jie
00:16
In the last 50 years,
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在过去的五十年里
00:18
we've been building the suburbs
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我们一直在建造市郊
00:20
with a lot of unintended consequences.
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并由此带来了没有预料到的结果
00:22
And I'm going to talk about some of those consequences
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我会来谈一谈这其中的一些
00:25
and just present a whole bunch of really interesting projects
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我会列举一些非常有趣的例子
00:28
that I think give us tremendous reasons
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这些例子在我看来能给我们极大的力量
00:31
to be really optimistic
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来乐观的期待
00:33
that the big design and development project of the next 50 years
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在未来五十年里市郊的改建将会成为
00:36
is going to be retrofitting suburbia.
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主要的设计和发展项目.
00:39
So whether it's redeveloping dying malls
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所以无论是重新发展废弃的大型购物中心
00:42
or re-inhabiting dead big-box stores
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或是重建停用了的大集装箱似的商场
00:45
or reconstructing wetlands
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或是在旧的停车场的地方
00:47
out of parking lots,
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重新建造湿地,
00:49
I think the fact is
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我认为关键是
00:51
the growing number
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数目不断增加的
00:53
of empty and under-performing,
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腾空的或是表现不佳的
00:55
especially retail, sites
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贯穿市郊的
00:57
throughout suburbia
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零售场所
00:59
gives us actually a tremendous opportunity
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其实现在给了我们巨大的潜力来
01:02
to take our least-sustainable
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接手这些最不太合理利用
01:04
landscapes right now
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的地方
01:06
and convert them into
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并且把它们改造成
01:08
more sustainable places.
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利用更合理的地方.
01:10
And in the process, what that allows us to do
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这一过程能让我们
01:13
is to redirect a lot more of our growth
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把我们更新的认识
01:15
back into existing communities
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重新融入已经存在的社区
01:17
that could use a boost,
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使这些社区有较大的提高
01:19
and have the infrastructure in place,
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并且能在原有的地方重新进行基础建设
01:21
instead of continuing
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而不是继续不断的
01:23
to tear down trees
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砍伐树木,
01:25
and to tear up the green space out at the edges.
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在边缘地区侵占绿色地带.
01:27
So why is this important?
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这为什么重要呢?
01:30
I think there are any number of reasons,
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我想这其中有许多原因.
01:33
and I'm just going to not get into detail but mention a few.
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我来说几个,但不会很深入细节.
01:36
Just from the perspective of climate change,
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单单从气候变化的角度来说,
01:39
the average urban dweller in the U.S.
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美国城市居民的平均二氧化碳排放量
01:41
has about one-third the carbon footprint
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大约是市郊居民水平的
01:44
of the average suburban dweller,
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三分之一,
01:47
mostly because suburbanites drive a lot more,
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主要是因为居住在市郊的居民开车更多
01:50
and living in detached buildings,
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而且他们住在相对比较分离的建筑里
01:53
you have that much more exterior surface
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你有那么多的外表面
01:55
to leak energy out of.
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会有能量流失.
01:58
So strictly from
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所以如果严格的从
02:00
a climate change perspective,
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气候变化的角度来看,
02:03
the cities are already
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城市已经
02:05
relatively green.
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相对"绿色"了.
02:07
The big opportunity
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有一个减少
02:09
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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温室气体排放的好机会
02:11
is actually in urbanizing
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实际上是把市郊变得更
02:13
the suburbs.
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"城市化".
02:15
All that driving that we've been doing out in the suburbs,
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我们在市郊做的事,
02:18
we have doubled the amount of miles we drive.
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实际上要求我们开两倍的路程.
02:21
It's increased our dependence
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这一点就增加了我们对
02:23
on foreign oil
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外国石油的依赖,
02:25
despite the gains in fuel efficiency.
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尽管能源的利用率是在提高的.
02:27
We're just driving so much more;
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我们多开了这么多路程,
02:29
we haven't been able to keep up technologically.
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但技术上我们并没有提高这么多.
02:31
Public health is another reason
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公共卫生是另一个
02:33
to consider retrofitting.
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让我们考虑旧城改造的原因.
02:35
Researchers at the CDC and other places
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CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制与预防中心)和其它机构的研究者们
02:38
have increasingly been linking
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逐渐更多的把市郊的
02:40
suburban development patterns
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发展模式和久坐不动的生活习惯
02:42
with sedentary lifestyles.
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联系在一起.
02:44
And those have been linked then
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而久坐不动的生活习惯又一直与
02:46
with the rather alarming,
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相当让人警觉的
02:48
growing rates of obesity,
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肥胖率的增加联系在一起,
02:50
shown in these maps here,
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这地图里就显示了这一点,
02:53
and that obesity has also been triggering
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而且肥胖症也是心脏疾病
02:55
great increases in heart disease
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和糖尿病急剧增加的
02:57
and diabetes
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一个诱发原因
02:59
to the point where a child born today
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这个问题已经发展到了,一个现在新出生的婴儿
03:01
has a one-in-three chance
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将会有三分之一的可能
03:03
of developing diabetes.
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发展成为糖尿病.
03:05
And that rate has been escalating at the same rate
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这一比率也随着孩子们不再走路
03:08
as children not walking
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去学校的比率一起
03:10
to school anymore,
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逐步升级.
03:12
again, because of our development patterns.
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原因同样也是我们发展模式的问题.
03:14
And then there's finally -- there's the affordability question.
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而且还有最后一个问题--关于是否能负担得起的问题
03:18
I mean, how affordable is it
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我是说,照着汽油的价格
03:21
to continue to live in suburbia
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不断上涨的趋势,还有多少人
03:24
with rising gas prices?
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能负担得起在市郊生活呢?
03:26
Suburban expansion to cheap land,
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把市郊扩大到便宜的土地去,
03:29
for the last 50 years --
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在过去的五十年里--
03:31
you know the cheap land out on the edge --
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(插语)便宜的土地也基本耗尽了--
03:33
has helped generations of families
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帮助了几代人
03:35
enjoy the American dream.
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享受美国梦.
03:37
But increasingly,
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但越来越多的情况是,
03:39
the savings promised
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住在市郊,开车开到我们能负担起的好环境居住的想法,
03:41
by drive-till-you-qualify affordability --
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能帮我们省下的钱--
03:43
which is basically our model --
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这也基本上是我们的范例--
03:45
those savings are wiped out
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这些能省钱的便利也基本都没有了,
03:47
when you consider the transportation costs.
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如果你考虑到交通的开销的话.
03:50
For instance, here in Atlanta,
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举例来说,在亚特兰大,
03:52
about half of households
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大约有一半的有房的人
03:54
make between $20,000 and $50,000 a year,
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年收入在二万到五万美金之间.
03:57
and they are spending 29 percent of their income
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他们要用去百分之29的收入
04:00
on housing
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在房子上
04:02
and 32 percent
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并要用掉百分之32的收入
04:04
on transportation.
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在交通上.
04:06
I mean, that's 2005 figures.
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这是2005年的数字.
04:08
That's before we got up to the four bucks a gallon.
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这是在汽油价格涨到每加仑4美元之前.
04:11
You know, none of us
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其实,我们中没有人
04:13
really tend to do the math on our transportation costs,
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真的愿意来计算我们在交通上花的钱.
04:16
and they're not going down
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而且这个数字在
04:18
any time soon.
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近期之内也不会减少.
04:20
Whether you love suburbia's leafy privacy
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不管你是不是喜欢市郊那种有很多树木又很隐私的地方,
04:23
or you hate its soulless commercial strips,
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又或者你讨厌市郊路边那种没什么灵魂的商业小店
04:25
there are reasons why it's important to retrofit.
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总会有很多理由来说明改建是很重要的.
04:28
But is it practical?
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但它可行吗?
04:30
I think it is.
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我认为是的.
04:32
June Williamson and I have been researching this topic
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June Williamson 和我一直在研究这个课题
04:34
for over a decade,
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有十年多的时间了.
04:36
and we've found over 80
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我们找到了80多个
04:38
varied projects.
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各式各样的项目.
04:41
But that they're really all market driven,
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但这都是根据市场的需求来的.
04:43
and what's driving the market in particular --
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具体的推动市场的原因有:
04:46
number one -- is major demographic shifts.
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第一条是有大的人口变动.
04:49
We all tend to think of suburbia
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我们总是认为市郊是
04:52
as this very family-focused place,
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一个特别以家庭为中心的地方.
04:55
but that's really not the case anymore.
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但其实已经不是这样的了.
04:58
Since 2000,
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从2000年开始,
05:00
already two-thirds of households in suburbia
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有三分之二的市郊家庭
05:03
did not have kids in them.
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已经不再有孩子了.
05:06
We just haven't caught up with the actual realities of this.
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我们只是还没跟上现实的脚步.
05:09
The reasons for this have a lot to with
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这其中的原因有很大程度和
05:12
the dominance of the two big
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现在两大的人口群体占主要
05:14
demographic groups right now:
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势力有关.
05:16
the Baby Boomers retiring --
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二战后生育高峰期出生的人(1945到1952出生)已经退休,
05:19
and then there's a gap,
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这之后是一个间断,
05:21
Generation X, which is a small generation.
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二十世纪六七十年代出生的人,是人较少的一代.
05:23
They're still having kids --
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他们还要孩子.
05:25
but Generation Y hasn't even started
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但之后出生的拥有互联网的这一代人
05:28
hitting child-rearing age.
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还没有到养育孩子的年龄.
05:30
They're the other big generation.
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他们是另一个人较多的一代.
05:33
So as a result of that,
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所以结果是,
05:35
demographers predict
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人口统计学家们预计
05:37
that through 2025,
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直到2025年,
05:39
75 to 85 percent of new households
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百分之75到85的新的家庭
05:42
will not have kids in them.
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将不再有孩子.
05:45
And the market research, consumer research,
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并且市场调研和消费者调研
05:48
asking the Boomers and Gen Y
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调查生育高峰期的出生的人和拥有互联网的一代人,
05:50
what it is they would like,
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他们想要什么,
05:52
what they would like to live in,
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他们想住在什么样的地方,
05:54
tells us there is going to be a huge demand --
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告诉我们将有对更多的城市生活方式的很大需求
05:57
and we're already seeing it --
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其实我们已经能在市郊里
06:00
for more urban lifestyles
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观察到
06:03
within suburbia.
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这一点.
06:06
That basically, the Boomers want to be able to age in place,
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生育高峰期出生的一代想在合适的地方安度晚年,
06:09
and Gen Y would like to live
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拥有互联网的一代又想过
06:11
an urban lifestyle,
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城市的生活方式,
06:13
but most of their jobs will continue to be out in suburbia.
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但他们的工作依旧大多数在外面的市郊.
06:16
The other big dynamic of change
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另一个巨大的变动是
06:19
is the sheer performance of
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那些不被充分利用的
06:21
underperforming asphalt.
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沥青的表现。
06:23
Now I keep thinking this would be a great name
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我一直想,对一个独立的摇滚乐队
06:25
for an indie rock band,
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这会是一个很棒的名字.
06:27
but developers generally use it
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但开发商一直用它来
06:30
to refer to underused parking lots --
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指未充分利用的停车场.
06:33
and suburbia is full of them.
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市郊到处是这样的停车场.
06:36
When the postwar suburbs were first built
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当战后,人们第一次在
06:39
out on the cheap land
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远离市中心的便宜的土地上
06:41
away from downtown,
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建市郊的时候,
06:43
it made sense to just build
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只修建路面的停车场
06:45
surface parking lots.
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是很乎道理的.
06:47
But those sites have now been leapfrogged
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但这些地方已经成了孩子们
06:49
and leapfrogged again,
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玩跳蛙游戏的地方,
06:51
as we've just continued to sprawl,
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而我们只知道再接着像更远的地方延伸.
06:53
and they now have
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现在这些地方(路面停车场)
06:56
a relatively central location.
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已相对是中心的地带了.
06:58
It no longer just makes sense.
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只修路面停车场已经不再合适了.
07:01
That land is more valuable than just surface parking lots.
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这些土地远不止路面停车场这样的价值.
07:04
It now makes sense to go back in,
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现在,合适的做法是回到从前的做法,
07:06
build a deck and build up
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在这些地方向上建,
07:09
on those sites.
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建几层的停车场.
07:11
So what do you do
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所以我们该拿
07:13
with a dead mall,
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荒废的商场,
07:15
dead office park?
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荒废的园区公园怎么办呢?
07:17
It turns out, all sorts of things.
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其实可以用来做很多事.
07:20
In a slow economy like ours,
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在一个较慢发展的经济条件下,就像我们这样
07:22
re-inhabitation is
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把不再利用的房子重新利用起来
07:24
one of the more popular strategies.
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是一种很普遍的策略.
07:26
So this happens to be
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这是一个在圣路易斯
07:28
a dead mall in St. Louis
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不被利用的商场
07:30
that's been re-inhabited as art-space.
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被重新改建成了艺术空间.
07:33
It's now home to artist studios,
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它现在既是艺术工作室,
07:35
theater groups, dance troupes.
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也是剧团和舞蹈表演队的排练场所.
07:37
It's not pulling in as much tax revenue
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它现在虽然不能吸收像以前一样多的
07:39
as it once was,
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税收收入.
07:41
but it's serving its community.
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但它还在为它所在的社区服务.
07:43
It's keeping the lights on.
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它始终都亮着.
07:45
It's becoming, I think, a really great institution.
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在我看来,它现在成为一个很好的机构.
07:48
Other malls have been re-inhabited
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其它被重新利用的商场,
07:50
as nursing homes,
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有的改成了养老院
07:52
as universities,
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有的改成了大学,
07:54
and as all variety of office space.
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还有各种办公场所.
07:56
We also found a lot of examples
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我们还找到了许多
07:58
of dead big-box stores
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把废弃的"集装箱式"的商场
08:00
that have been converted into
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改建成为
08:02
all sorts of community-serving uses as well --
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各式各样的服务社区的机构,
08:05
lots of schools, lots of churches
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比如许多的学校,教堂,
08:08
and lots of libraries like this one.
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还有像这样的图书馆.
08:10
This was a little grocery store, a Food Lion grocery store,
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这原来是一个很小的杂货店,名叫"Food Lion"
08:13
that is now a public library.
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现在成了一个公共图书馆.
08:17
In addition to, I think, doing a beautiful adaptive reuse,
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除此之外,我认为,还做了一个很漂亮的适应性的重新利用,
08:20
they tore up some of the parking spaces,
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挖开原来的停车空间,
08:22
put in bioswales to collect and clean the runoff,
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改建成生物湿地,以此来收集并清理雨水,
08:25
put in a lot more sidewalks
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建了更多的人行道
08:28
to connect to the neighborhoods.
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来连接到附近的地区.
08:30
And they've made this,
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有人已经把
08:32
what was just a store along a commercial strip,
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街边的一家商店
08:35
into a community gathering space.
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改建成了社区集会的场所.
08:38
This one is a little L-shaped strip shopping center
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这是一个小的L形状的购物中心
08:41
in Phoenix, Arizona.
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在凤凰城,亚利桑那州.
08:43
Really all they did was they gave it a fresh coat of bright paint,
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他们只是把这重新粉刷过,看上去更新一点,
08:46
a gourmet grocery,
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弄成一个美食杂货店,
08:48
and they put up a restaurant in the old post office.
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他们又把旧的邮局改造成了饭店.
08:51
Never underestimate the power of food
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千万别小看了美食的力量,
08:54
to turn a place around
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它能把一个地方彻底改变
08:56
and make it a destination.
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变成大家都想去的地方.
08:58
It's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street.
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这项工程做得如此成功,他们现在正在改造街对面的那些商店.
09:01
The real estate ads in the neighborhood
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贴在附近的房地产广告里
09:04
all very proudly proclaim,
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很骄傲的说,
09:06
"Walking distance to Le Grande Orange,"
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"走路就能到勒格兰德"(一个有名的酒店)
09:09
because it provided its neighborhood
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因为它给附近的地区
09:12
with what sociologists like to call
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提供了社会学家们称之为的
09:14
"a third place."
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"第三个地方."
09:16
If home is the first place
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如果家是第一个地方,
09:18
and work is the second place,
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工作单位是第二个地方
09:20
the third place is where you go to hang out
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第三个地方就是你出去休闲
09:22
and build community.
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和社区的人打交道的地方.
09:24
And especially as suburbia is becoming
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尤其是当市郊已经不再
09:26
less centered on the family,
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那么重视家庭的时候,
09:28
the family households,
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对于有家的人们,
09:30
there's a real hunger
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确实是有一种需求
09:32
for more third places.
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想要有一个"第三个地方."
09:35
So the most dramatic retrofits
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最戏剧性的重建
09:38
are really those in the next category,
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是在下一类里要谈到的,
09:40
the next strategy: redevelopment.
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是另一个策略,重新发展.
09:42
Now, during the boom, there were several
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在繁荣时期,就有过几个
09:44
really dramatic redevelopment projects
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很戏剧化的重新发展的项目
09:46
where the original building
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那些原来的建筑
09:48
was scraped to the ground and then the whole site was rebuilt
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被推倒了.整个地区内相当多的地方
09:51
at significantly greater density,
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都进行了重新建造,
09:53
a sort of compact, walkable urban neighborhoods.
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建造成了一种紧凑的,能走路从一个地方到另一个地方的市区环境.
09:56
But some of them have been much more incremental.
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这些地区有些在这一过程中升值了.
09:58
This is Mashpee Commons,
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这是Mashpee公共用地,
10:00
the oldest retrofit that we've found.
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我们找到的最老的翻新例子.
10:02
And it's just incrementally, over the last 20 years,
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在过去的二十年里,这逐渐地在
10:05
built urbanism
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停车场上
10:07
on top of its parking lots.
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建起了城市的格局.
10:09
So the black and white photo shows
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黑白照片显示的是
10:11
the simple 60's strip shopping center.
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60年代简单的购物中心.
10:13
And then the maps above that
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上面那张图
10:15
show its gradual transformation
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显示了它逐渐改变
10:17
into a compact,
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成一个紧凑的结构,
10:19
mixed-use New England village,
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和新英格兰村庄想接
10:22
and it has plans now that have been approved
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并在新的计划里,
10:25
for it to connect
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它被批准和
10:28
to new residential neighborhoods
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新的住宅区域联在一起
10:30
across the arterials
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跨过干线
10:32
and over to the other side.
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在另一边接着发展.
10:34
So, you know, sometimes it's incremental.
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所以有时候,它是逐渐改变的.
10:36
Sometimes, it's all at once.
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有时候是一次性完成的.
10:39
This is another infill project on the parking lots,
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这是另一个在停车场基础上进行填补的项目,
10:42
this one of an office park outside of Washington D.C.
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这是一个华盛顿特区外的办公停车场.
10:45
When Metrorail expanded transit into the suburbs
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当华盛顿地区的地铁通到市郊
10:48
and opened a station nearby to this site,
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并在这个停车场附近设了一个站台后,
10:51
the owners decided
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停车场的所有者决定在这
10:53
to build a new parking deck
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再建一个新的停车场
10:56
and then insert on top of their surface lots
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并在原来的地面停车场的地方
10:59
a new Main Street, several apartments
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新建一个大街,几栋住宅
11:02
and condo buildings,
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和公寓楼,
11:04
while keeping the existing office buildings.
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并同时保留了原来的办公大楼.
11:06
Here is the site in 1940:
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这是这里1940年时的样子.
11:09
It was just a little farm
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那时这里只是一个小的农场
11:11
in the village of Hyattsville.
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在一个叫作Hyattsville的村庄里.
11:13
By 1980, it had been subdivided
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到1980年,这里已经被分割成了
11:15
into a big mall on one side
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一边的大的购物商场
11:17
and the office park on the other
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和另一边办公园区的花园.
11:19
and then some buffer sites for a library
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之后又在缓冲区建了图书馆
11:21
and a church to the far right.
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并在最右边建了一座教堂.
11:23
Today, the transit,
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现在,公共交通,
11:25
the Main Street and the new housing
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主要街道和新的建筑
11:27
have all been built.
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都已经建好.
11:29
Eventually, I expect that the streets
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逐渐地,我想那些街区
11:31
will probably extend through a redevelopment of the mall.
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很可能会延伸到重新开发的商场去.
11:34
Plans have already been announced
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关于重新发展在商场上面的
11:36
for a lot of those garden apartments
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那些大量花园式公寓
11:38
above the mall to be redeveloped.
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的计划已经公布了.
11:41
Transit is a big driver of retrofits.
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公共交通系统是改建的一个主要推动力.
11:44
So here's what it looks like.
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这是它看起来的样子.
11:46
You can sort of see the funky new condo buildings
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你能隐约看见那些时髦的新式公寓
11:48
in between the office buildings
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建在办公大楼的中间
11:50
and the public space and the new Main Street.
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还有公共空间和新的主要街道.
11:53
This one is one of my favorites, Belmar.
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这是我最喜欢的一个项目,在Belmar(新泽西州的一个地方).
11:55
I think they really built an attractive place here
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我认为他们真的建了一个很吸引人的地方
11:58
and have just employed all-green construction.
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并且全部用了绿色建筑.
12:01
There's massive P.V. arrays on the roofs
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楼顶上有大量的光电转换阵列
12:04
as well as wind turbines.
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还有风力发电的涡轮.
12:06
This was a very large mall
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这里原来是一个很大的商场
12:08
on a hundred-acre superblock.
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建在一个一百英亩的大街区里.
12:10
It's now 22
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现在这里有
12:12
walkable urban blocks
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22个适宜步行的城市街区
12:14
with public streets,
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和公共街道,
12:16
two public parks, eight bus lines
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两个公共公园,八条公交线路
12:18
and a range of housing types,
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以及许多种不同的住宅样式.
12:20
and so it's really given Lakewood, Colorado
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所以它真的给了科罗拉多州的Lakewood
12:23
the downtown
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一个市中心
12:25
that this particular suburb never had.
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一个这个特殊的市郊从来没有的东西.
12:28
Here was the mall in its heyday.
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这是这个商场在它最繁华的时期.
12:30
They had their prom in the mall. They loved their mall.
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人们在这商场里开舞会,他们都很喜欢这里.
12:33
So here's the site in 1975
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这是1975年的样子
12:36
with the mall.
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商场在里面.
12:38
By 1995, the mall has died.
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到1995年,商场荒废了.
12:40
The department store has been kept --
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建筑还留在那.
12:42
and we found this was true in many cases.
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我们发现这是个很普遍的现象.
12:44
The department stores are multistory; they're better built.
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百货商场是个多层建筑,他们都建得很好.
12:46
They're easy to be re-adapted.
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他们也很容易就能被重新利用.
12:48
But the one story stuff ...
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但如果是一家店挨着一家店的格局...
12:50
that's really history.
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就真得变成历史了.
12:53
So here it is at projected build-out.
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所以,这里是计划中的样子.
12:56
This project, I think, has great connectivity
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这个项目,我认为和
12:58
to the existing neighborhoods.
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周边的地区有很大联系.
13:00
It's providing 1,500 households with the option
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它给1500户家庭提供了一种
13:02
of a more urban lifestyle.
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更城市化的生活方式.
13:04
It's about two-thirds built out right now.
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三分之二的工程已经完成了.
13:07
Here's what the new Main Street looks like.
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这是新的主要街道的样子.
13:09
It's very successful,
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它很成功.
13:11
and it's helped to prompt --
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它也推动了
13:13
eight of the 13
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丹佛十三家里的八家
13:15
regional malls in Denver
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地区性的商场
13:17
have now, or have announced plans to
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进行或者计划进行
13:19
be, retrofitted.
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重新改造.
13:21
But it's important to note that all of this retrofitting
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但重要的是注意到所有这些重新改造
13:24
is not occurring --
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并不是
13:26
just bulldozers are coming and just plowing down the whole city.
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只让推土机来,把整个城市推倒.
13:29
No, it's pockets of walkability
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其实不是这样的,这里是把小块的适宜步行的街区
13:32
on the sites of
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建在那些
13:34
under-performing properties.
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已经不再发挥功能的建筑上.
13:36
And so it's giving people more choices,
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所以,它给了人们更多的选择.
13:39
but it's not taking away choices.
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但并不带走选择.
13:42
But it's also not really enough
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同时,只在建小规模的
13:44
to just create pockets of walkability.
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步行街区也是不够的.
13:47
You want to also try to get more systemic transformation.
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还需要一些更系统化的运输工具.
13:50
We need to also retrofit the corridors themselves.
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我们也需要重新改建走廊本身.
13:53
So this is one that has been
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这是一个加州一个地方
13:55
retrofitted in California.
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重新改建的例子.
13:57
They took the commercial strip
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他们把商业小店
13:59
shown on the black-and-white images below,
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下面图里白色和黑色的地方,
14:01
and they built a boulevard
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然后把它改建成了一条大路
14:03
that has become the Main Street for their town.
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这条路变成了这个城里的主要街道.
14:06
And it's transformed from being
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而且把这一地区从一个
14:08
an ugly, unsafe,
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丑陋,不安全
14:10
undesirable address,
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不受欢迎的地方,
14:12
to becoming a beautiful,
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变成了一个漂亮,
14:15
attractive, dignified sort of good address.
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吸引人,高贵的,好的地方.
14:18
I mean now we're hoping we start to see it;
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我希望现在我们能看到了.
14:20
they've already built City Hall, attracted two hotels.
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他们已经建了市政大厅,并且吸引了两家酒店.
14:23
I could imagine beautiful housing going up along there
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我能想像漂亮的建筑沿着那建起来
14:26
without tearing down another tree.
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并且不会砍伐一颗树木.
14:29
So there's a lot of great things,
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还有许多其它很好的东西.
14:31
but I'd love to see more corridors getting retrofitting.
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但我更希望看到更多的走廊被改建.
14:34
But densification
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把地区变得更致密拥挤
14:36
is not going to work everywhere.
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并不适用于每一个地方.
14:38
Sometimes re-greening
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有时候重建绿色
14:40
is really the better answer.
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也是真的更好的办法.
14:43
There's a lot to learn from successful
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我们能学很多东西从成功的
14:45
landbanking programs
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土地储备项目里,
14:47
in cities like Flint, Michigan.
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比如密歇根州Flint那里的项目.
14:49
There's also a burgeoning suburban farming movement --
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还有生机勃勃的市郊改为农场的运动
14:51
sort of victory gardens meets the Internet.
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类似于胜利的花园遇见了互联网.
14:54
But perhaps one of the most important re-greening aspects
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但可能关于重建绿色的最重要的一个方面是
14:57
is the opportunity to restore
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能有机会修复
14:59
the local ecology,
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当地的生态.
15:01
as in this example outside of Minneapolis.
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就像密西西比外围的例子里一样.
15:03
When the shopping center died,
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当商场停用以后,
15:05
the city restored the site's
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这个城市把这里重新
15:07
original wetlands,
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恢复了以前的湿地,
15:09
creating lakefront property,
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并发展了湖边的房地产,
15:11
which then attracted private investment,
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吸引了私人投资,
15:14
the first private investment to this very low-income neighborhood
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这是这个收入特别低的区域里
15:17
in over 40 years.
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四十年里的头一桩投资.
15:19
So they've managed to both restore the local ecology
382
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所以他们不仅恢复了原来的生态环境,
15:22
and the local economy at the same time.
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并在同时促进了地区经济的发展.
15:25
This is another re-greening example.
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这是另一个重回绿色的例子.
15:27
It also makes sense in very strong markets.
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在强大的市场中,这样的方法也能适用.
15:29
This one in Seattle
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这是在西雅图,
15:31
is on the site of a mall parking lot
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本来这里是一个商场的停车场,
15:33
adjacent to a new transit stop.
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挨着一个新的运输中转站.
15:35
And the wavy line
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这条波浪线
15:37
is a path alongside a creek that has now been daylit.
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是一条小河边的路,现在这条小河是暴露在阳光下的.
15:40
The creek had been culverted under the parking lot.
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这条小河以前曾被改成停车场下的水渠.
15:43
But daylighting our creeks
392
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但把小河暴露出来
15:45
really improves their water quality
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真的能改进河水的质量
15:47
and contributions to habitat.
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并且对附近动物的栖息地有好处.
15:49
So I've shown you some of
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所以,我向你们展示了一些
15:51
the first generation of retrofits.
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第一代的改造工程.
15:53
What's next?
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以后的会是什么样呢?
15:55
I think we have three challenges for the future.
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我想对于以后的改造我们要面对三个挑战
15:58
The first is to plan retrofitting
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第一个是从整个城市的角度
16:01
much more systemically
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更系统的
16:03
at the metropolitan scale.
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规划改造过程.
16:05
We need to be able to target
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我们要能够指出来
16:07
which areas really should be re-greened.
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哪个地区应该重建绿色.
16:09
Where should we be redeveloping?
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哪个区域应该重新发展?
16:11
And where should we be encouraging re-inhabitation?
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还有在哪个地方我们应该鼓励人们重新去居住?
16:14
These slides just show two images
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这里有一个大工程的
16:16
from a larger project
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两幅图
16:18
that looked at trying to do that for Atlanta.
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他们要试图在亚特兰大实施的工程.
16:20
I led a team that was asked to imagine
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别人问我们的团队
16:22
Atlanta 100 years from now.
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亚特兰大一百年后会是什么样子.
16:25
And we chose to try to reverse sprawl
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我们选择试图不再用向外扩张的方法
16:28
through three simple moves -- expensive, but simple.
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有三个简单的改变----造价很高,但很简单.
16:31
One, in a hundred years,
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第一条, 在一百年后,
16:33
transit on all major
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公共交通要能到所有主要的
16:35
rail and road corridors.
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铁路和道路干道.
16:37
Two, in a hundred years,
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第二条,一百年后,
16:39
thousand foot buffers
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要有一千尺的缓冲带
16:41
on all stream corridors.
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在所有河流旁边.
16:43
It's a little extreme, but we've got a little water problem.
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这是略显得有点多,但水这一方面有些小问题.
16:46
In a hundred years,
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在一百年后,
16:48
subdivisions that simply end up too close to water
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离得水太近的小区域
16:50
or too far from transit won't be viable.
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或者是离得公共交通太远的小区域都不能发展下去.
16:53
And so we've created the eco-acre
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所以我们发明了生态生产运输方式
16:56
transfer-to-transfer development rights
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来把开发区的人
16:58
to the transit corridors
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运送到公共交通的干道上
17:00
and allow the re-greening
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并且同时允许对那些原有的
17:02
of those former subdivisions
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进行食品和能源生产的小区域
17:04
for food and energy production.
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进行重建绿色的改造.
17:08
So the second challenge
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第二个挑战是
17:11
is to improve the architectural design quality
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提高重新改造过程中
17:14
of the retrofits.
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那些建筑设计的质量.
17:16
And I close with this image
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我来用这幅"民主进行时"的图
17:18
of democracy in action:
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作为结束.
17:21
This is a protest that's happening
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这是发生在Silver Spring, 马里兰州的
17:23
on a retrofit in Silver Spring, Maryland
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一个游行.内容是关于Astroturf这个镇的
17:26
on an Astroturf town green.
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绿色问题.
17:30
Now, retrofits are often accused
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现在,重新改造经常被指责为
17:32
of being examples of faux downtowns
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就是人造的市中心
17:35
and instant urbanism,
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和瞬间发展的城市地区.
17:38
and not without reason; you don't get much more phony
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这也不是没有原因,比起Astroturf 镇的绿色,
17:40
than an Astroturf town green.
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是没有几个例子能比它更适合被称作"冒牌货"了.
17:43
I have to say, these are very hybrid places.
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我得说, 这些都是非常混杂的例子.
17:46
They are new but trying to look old.
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他们都是新的,但试图显得旧些.
17:49
They have urban streetscapes,
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他们有城市的景色,
17:51
but suburban parking ratios.
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但却有着市郊地区的停车率.
17:53
Their populations are
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这里的人口组成
17:55
more diverse than typical suburbia,
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比一般的市郊地区更多元化,
17:58
but they're less diverse than cities.
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但还没有到城市的程度.
18:00
And they are
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而且他们是
18:02
public places,
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公共地区,
18:04
but that are managed by private companies.
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却由私人企业进行管理.
18:07
And just the surface appearance
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就像表面上看到的一样
18:10
are often -- like the Astroturf here --
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就像Astroturf这里
18:13
they make me wince.
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他们让我很为难.
18:16
So, you know, I mean I'm glad that
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所以,我很高兴
18:18
the urbanism is doing its job.
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城市化有所作为.
18:20
The fact that a protest is happening
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这样的游行发生的事实
18:23
really does mean
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其实说明
18:25
that the layout of the blocks, the streets and blocks, the putting in of public space,
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这种街区,街道和公共空间里的各种设施的格局
18:28
compromised as it may be,
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虽然有一些妥协,
18:30
is still a really great thing.
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但仍是一个好的事物.
18:32
But we've got to get the architecture better.
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但我们得尽力把建筑建得更好.
18:34
The final challenge is for all of you.
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最后一个挑战是对我们所有人的.
18:37
I want you to join the protest
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我想让你们加入到游行的队伍里
18:39
and start demanding
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并且开始要求一个
18:41
more sustainable suburban places --
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更合理规划的市郊环境
18:43
more sustainable places, period.
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更合理的地方.
18:46
But culturally,
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但从文化角度看,,
18:48
we tend to think that downtowns
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我们习惯于认为市中心
18:50
should be dynamic, and we expect that.
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应该是充满活力的,并且我们期待它这样.
18:52
But we seem to have an expectation
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但我们似乎有一种期待,
18:54
that the suburbs should forever remain frozen
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市郊地区应该永远保持"冷冻"
18:56
in whatever adolescent form
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保持它从"诞生"起就有的
18:58
they were first given birth to.
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那种青涩的状态.
19:00
It's time to let them grow up,
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现在是时候让他们长大了.
19:03
so I want you
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所以我希望你们
19:05
to all support the zoning changes,
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都能来支持地区的改变,
19:07
the road diets, the infrastructure improvements
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支持把道路变窄, 改进基础设施
19:10
and the retrofits that are coming soon to a neighborhood near you.
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还有那些很快将要到你周边的改造工程.
19:13
Thank you.
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谢谢.
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