New nanotech to detect cancer early | Joshua Smith

88,355 views ・ 2017-03-01

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Diana Li 校对人员: Elvis Liu
00:16
"You have cancer."
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“你患上了癌症。”
00:20
Sadly, about 40 percent of us will hear those three words within our lifetime,
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不幸的是,大约有百分之四十的人 在他们的一生中会听到这几个字,
00:25
and half will not survive.
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这些人中的一半最终不治身亡。
00:28
This means that two out of five of your closest friends and relatives
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这意味你的亲朋好友中 , 五个有两个
00:32
will be diagnosed with some form of cancer,
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会被诊断出某种癌症,
00:35
and one will die.
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其中一个会死去。
00:39
Beyond the physical hardships,
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除了身体上的痛苦之外,
00:40
roughly one-third of cancer survivors here in the US
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美国差不多三分之一的癌症幸存者
00:43
will go into debt from treatment.
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会因为治疗负债累累,
00:45
And they're at least two and a half times more likely to declare bankruptcy
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他们申报破产的几率
00:49
than those without cancer.
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是没有得过癌症的人的2.5倍。
00:51
This disease is pervasive.
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这种疾病随处可见。
00:53
It's emotionally draining
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它使人承受感情上的痛苦,
00:55
and, for many,
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对很多人来说,
00:56
financially destructive.
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会对财政状况带来毁灭性的影响。
00:59
But a cancer diagnosis doesn't have to be a death sentence.
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但是被诊断为癌症 并不是死亡判决书。
01:03
Finding cancer early,
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越早发现,
01:05
closer its genesis,
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越靠近它的发生和起源,
01:06
is one of the critical factors to improving treatment options,
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就有越多治疗手段可以采取,
01:10
reducing its emotional impact
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减少精神冲击,
01:12
and minimizing financial burdens.
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并且最小化经济负担。
01:15
Most importantly,
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最重要的是,
01:16
finding cancer early --
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尽早发现癌症——
01:17
which is one of the primary aims of my research --
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这就是我研究的根本目标——
01:20
greatly enhances your odds of survival.
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极大增加了存活下来的可能。
01:23
If we just look at the case of breast cancer for example,
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如果拿乳腺癌来举例,
01:26
we find that those who are diagnosed and treated at stage one
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我们发现在第一阶段 诊断并治疗的患者,
01:30
have a five-year survival rate of nearly 100 percent --
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几乎全部都能继续生活五年以上——
01:34
odds that decrease to just 22 percent if treated at stage four.
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如果停留到第四阶段才开始治疗, 该事件的几率就只有22%。
01:39
And similar trends are found for colorectal and ovarian cancer.
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在结肠癌和卵巢癌中也存在相似的规律。
01:45
Now, we're all aware that an early diagnosis that is accurate
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现在,我们都知道, 在早期得到准确的检测结果
01:51
is critical for survival.
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是存活的决定性因素。
01:55
The problem is that many cancer diagnostic tools are invasive,
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问题在于,很多检验癌症的工具 会对患者带来很大伤害,
01:59
costly,
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价格昂贵,
02:00
often inaccurate
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经常不准确,
02:01
and they can take an agonizing amount of time to get the results back.
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并且它们耗时很久。
02:06
Still worse, when it comes to some forms of cancer,
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更不好的是,对于某些癌症,
02:08
such as ovarian, liver or pancreatic cancer,
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比如说卵巢癌、肝癌和胰腺癌,
02:13
good screening methods simply don't exist,
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我们甚至缺少有效的检测手段,
02:16
meaning that often people wait until physical symptoms surface,
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这意味着人们只能等到病情表露时,
02:20
which are themselves already indicators of late-stage progression.
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这同时也意味着病情已经进入晚期。
02:25
Like a tornado strike in an area without an early warning system,
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就好像飓风来之前没有有效的预警,
02:29
there is no alarm to warn,
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癌症没有警告信号,
02:31
for the danger is already at your doorstep
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因为在你的生存几率被大幅降低的同时,
02:34
when your odds of survival are greatly reduced.
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危险已经近在咫尺。
02:39
Having the convenience and accessibility of regular screening options
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因此,我们必须要尽快研发出一种
02:43
that are affordable, noninvasive and could provide results much sooner,
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方便可行、能够负担且 不会造成伤害的常规检验方式,
02:48
would provide us with a formidable weapon in the fight against cancer.
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这种检验方式就是我们对抗癌症的强大武器。
02:54
An early warning would allow us to get out ahead of the disease
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提早发现能够使我们在治疗中抢占先机
02:57
instead of merely following in its relentless wake.
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而非仅仅追赶它的步伐,
03:00
And this is exactly what I've been doing.
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这就是我一直以来尝试去做的。
03:02
For the past three years, I've been developing technologies
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在过去的三年中,
03:05
that could ultimately aid clinicians
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我一直在研发能够为诊疗师带来
03:07
with rapid, early-stage cancer diagnostics.
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早期、即时癌症诊疗的科技。
03:10
And I've been fueled by a deep scientific curiosity,
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促使我坚持下去的是强烈的科学好奇心,
03:14
and a passion to change these statistics.
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以及改变现有数据的激情。
03:18
Last year however,
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去年,
03:20
this fight became much more personal
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当我的妻子被诊断出乳腺癌时,
03:23
when my wife was diagnosed with breast cancer.
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这种奋斗增加了更多的个人因素。
03:27
It was an experience that added a strong and unexpected emotional dimension
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这个经历为我的研究增加了
空前强烈的感情维度。
03:31
to these efforts.
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03:35
I know firsthand how life-altering treatment can be,
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我亲身经历了治疗手段对人生轨迹的改变,
03:39
and I'm keenly aware of the emotional havoc
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并且我十分清楚它带来的精神灾难,
03:42
that cancer can wreak on a family,
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癌症会使圆满的家庭经历浩劫,
03:44
which in our case included our two young daughters.
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对我们来说,还包括了两个年幼的女儿。
03:48
Because we found it early during a routine mammogram,
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因为我们在定期乳房检查中及早发现,
03:51
we were able to focus primarily on treatment options
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我们能够采取各种治疗手段,
03:55
for the localized tumor,
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定位肿瘤,
03:56
reaffirming to me how important an early diagnosis is.
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又一次是使我意识到早期诊断的重要性。
04:02
Unlike other forms of cancer,
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与其他癌症种类不同,
04:05
mammograms do offer an early-stage screening option for breast cancer.
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乳房X光为乳腺癌提供了一种早期的检查方式。
04:08
Still, not everyone has this done,
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但并非所有人都会接受检查,
04:11
or they may develop breast cancer
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或者她们在中年之前, 也就是推荐接受检查的时间,
04:12
before the middle age recommendation for having a mammogram.
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就已经患上乳腺癌。
04:17
So, there's still a lot of room for improvement,
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所以,我们还有很大前进的空间,
04:19
even for cancers that do have screening options,
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即便是那些有检查方式的癌症,
04:21
and, of course, considerable benefits for those that don't.
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另外,这对发现当今未知的诊断手法 也有极大的作用。
04:25
A key challenge then for cancer researchers
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对癌症研究者最重要的挑战在于
04:28
is to develop methods
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找到一种可行的,
04:29
that make regular screening for many types of cancers
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能够用于
多种癌症检查的途径。
04:33
much more accessible.
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04:35
Imagine a scenario where during your regular checkup,
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想象一下,在常规体检中,
04:38
your doctor can take a simple, noninvasive urine sample,
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医生能够简单地取一份尿液样本,
04:42
or other liquid biopsy,
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或者其他一份活细胞样本,
04:44
and present you with the results before you even leave the doctor's office.
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在你离开诊所之前就能够给你结果。
04:48
Such a technology could dramatically reduce the number of people
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这样一种科技能够极大程度上减少
04:52
who slip through the net of an early-stage cancer diagnosis.
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错过早期诊断的人数。
04:56
My research team of engineers and biochemists
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我研究队伍中的工程师和生化学家,
04:59
is working on exactly this challenge.
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就在向该目标努力。
05:02
We're working on ways to frequently activate an early-stage cancer alarm
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我们想要找到一种能够频繁触发 早期癌症诊断的方式,
05:07
by enabling regular screenings that would start when a person is healthy
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在人们仍处于健康状态时 就开始定期检查,
05:11
so that action could be taken to stop cancer the moment it emerges,
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所以一旦产生癌症征兆, 人们就可以马上采取行动,
05:15
and before it can progress beyond its infancy.
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而不是等到过了初期治疗阶段。
05:20
The silver bullet in this case are tiny vesicles,
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这里的杀手锏是一种极小的囊泡,
05:23
little escape pods regularly shed by cells called exosomes.
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是一种名为外泌体的 由细胞发散的茧状物。
05:28
Exosomes are important biomarkers
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外泌体作为重要的生物标记
05:31
that provide an early-warning system for the development of cancer.
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在癌症发展过程中起到了早期警告作用。
05:35
And because they're abundantly present in just about every bodily fluid,
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因为它们在体液中大量存在,
05:38
including blood, urine and saliva,
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包括血液、尿液和唾液,
05:41
they're extremely attractive for noninvasive liquid biopsies.
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它们可以被用于 不对人体造成伤害的活组织检查。
05:46
There's just one problem.
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但是有一个问题。
05:48
An automated system for rapidly sorting these important biomarkers
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能够将生物标记快速分类的
05:52
is not currently available.
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自动机制当下并不存在。
05:55
We've created a technology that we call nano-DLD
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我们称这个科技为nano-DLD,
05:58
that is capable of precisely this:
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它的功能是:
06:01
automated exosome isolation
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通过自动的将外泌体分离,
06:04
to aid rapid cancer diagnostics.
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实现快速癌症诊断。
06:07
Exosomes are the newest early-warning weapon, if you will,
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外泌体是出现在活体细胞中
06:11
to emerge on the liquid biopsy front.
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最新发现的早期预警武器。
06:13
And they're really, really small.
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它们十分微小。
06:15
They measure just 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter.
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它们的直径仅仅是30到150纳米。
06:20
This is so tiny
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它们太小,
06:21
that you could fit about a million of them into a single red blood cell.
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以至于你能够在一个红细胞里放一百万个。
06:25
That's roughly the difference between a golf ball
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差不多是一个高尔夫球
06:27
and a fine grain piece of sand.
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和一粒沙子大小的区别。
06:30
Once thought to be little bins for unwanted cellular waste,
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虽然它们曾经被认为是储存细胞废物的容器,
06:34
it has been found that cells actually communicate
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但有发现证明 , 细胞通过
06:37
by producing and absorbing these exosomes
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产生和吸收外泌体进行沟通交流,
06:40
which contain surface receptors,
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因为外泌体里面含有表面接收器,
06:43
proteins and other genetic material collected from their cell of origin.
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蛋白质和从产生细胞中收集的遗传信息。
06:48
When absorbed by a neighboring cell,
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当被临近的细胞吸收之后,
06:51
exosomes release their contents into the receiving cell,
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外泌体会将内部物质释放出来,
06:54
and can set in motion fundamental changes in gene expression --
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造成大幅度的遗传信息改变——
06:58
some good,
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有些是好的,
06:59
and this is where cancer comes in,
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有些是不好的,
07:01
some bad.
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这就是癌症的成因。
07:02
Because they are clothed in the material of the mother cell,
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因为它们被包裹在母细胞里,
07:06
and contain a sample of its environment,
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并且包含一份环境样本,
07:08
they provide a genetic snapshot of that cell's health and its origin.
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它们为细胞的健康和起源 提供了一份参考信息。
07:15
All of these qualities make exosomes invaluable messengers
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这些特质使得它们 成为有效的信息来源,
07:18
that potentially allow physicians
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让医生发现了
07:19
to eavesdrop on your health at the cellular level.
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去从细胞层面检测健康水平的可能性。
07:23
To catch cancer early, however,
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但是要想尽早发现癌症,
07:25
you have to frequently intercept these messages
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你必须要频繁拦截查看这些信息,
07:28
to determine when cancer-causing troublemakers within your body
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看体内的致癌物质,
07:32
decide to start staging a coup,
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有没有打算发生癌变,
07:33
which is why regular screening is so critical
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这也是为什么定期体检十分重要,
07:36
and why we're developing technologies to make this possible.
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以及为什么我们要发展 能够察觉癌症的科技。
07:40
While the first exosome-based diagnostics emerged on the market just this year,
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第一个外泌体检验 仅仅是今年才在市场上出现,
07:46
they are not yet part of mainstream healthcare options.
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它们还不是体检的主流选择。
07:51
In addition to their recent emergence,
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除了出现的时间过短以外,
07:53
another factor that's limiting their widespread adoption
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另外一个影响普及的因素是
07:56
is that currently, no automated exosome isolation system exists
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现在还没有发现合适的 自发分离系统,
08:00
to make regular screening economically accessible.
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来降低定期检查的价格。
08:04
The current gold standard for exosome isolation
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当下外泌体分离的最佳途径,
08:07
includes ultracentrifugation,
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比如超速离心法,
08:09
a process requiring expensive laboratory equipment,
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这个过程需要昂贵的实验器材,
08:12
a trained lab tech
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经过专业培训的技术人才,
08:13
and about 30 hours of time to process a sample.
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以及差不多30个小时来 处理一份样本。
08:18
We've come up with a different approach for achieving automated exosome isolation
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我们想到了一种不同的途径达到同样的目的,
08:23
from a sample such as urine.
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利用一份样本,比如尿液。
08:25
We use a chip-based, continuous flow separation technique
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我们使用芯片基础的流动分离技术,
08:29
called deterministic lateral displacement.
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这个技术名为确定性侧向位移。
08:32
And we have done with it
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通过这种技术我们达到了
08:34
what the semiconductor industry has done so successfully for the past 50 years.
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半导体产业过去50年试图达到的目标。
08:38
We shrunk the dimensions of this technology
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我们将这种技术的维度
08:40
from the micron scale to the true nanoscale.
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从微米降到了真正的纳米。
08:44
So how does it work?
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它的工作原理是什么呢?
08:46
In a nutshell,
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简单来说,
08:47
a set of tiny pillars separated by nanoscopic gaps
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许多之间有纳米级空隙的极小柱子,
08:51
are arranged in such a way
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组成一种能将
08:52
that the system divides the fluid into streamlines,
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流体分离开的形式,
08:55
with the larger cancer-related nanoparticles being separated
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在这种模式下 , 与癌症相关的纳米粒子
08:59
through a process of redirection from the smaller, healthier ones,
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会在改道过程中与较小的健康粒子分开,
09:02
which can in contrast
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比较之下,
09:04
move around the pillars in a zigzag-type motion
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健康的粒子会顺着流向,
09:07
in the direction of fluid flow.
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在柱子周围沿着Z字形移动。
09:09
The net result is a complete separation of these two particle populations.
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最后就得到完全分开的两种粒子。
09:15
You can visualize this separation process
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你能够直观地看到这个分离过程,
09:18
similar to traffic on a highway that separates into two roads,
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就好像高速路上的车分成两路一样,
09:22
with one road going into a low-clearance tunnel under a mountain,
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一条路连到低高度的穿山隧道,
09:26
and the other road going around it.
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另一条绕过山脉。
09:28
Here, smaller cars can go through the tunnel
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小车可以走隧道,
09:31
while larger trucks, carrying potentially hazardous material,
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带有危险品的卡车
09:34
are forced to take the detour route.
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就只能绕路。
09:37
Traffic is effectively separated by size and contents
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通过区分大小和负载的物质种类, 在不影响车流的前提下
09:41
without impeding its flow.
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交通就有效地被分离了。
09:43
And this is exactly how our system works on a much, much smaller scale.
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把这缩小很多倍, 就得到我们的系统的工作原理。
09:49
The idea here is that the separation process for screening
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这里用到的理念是, 癌症检查用到的分离
09:53
could be as simple as processing a sample of urine, blood or saliva,
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可以只是简单地分析尿液、血液或者唾液,
09:57
which is a near-term possibility within the next few years.
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这是在很近的未来就有希望解决的问题。
10:00
Ultimately, it could be used to isolate and detect target exosomes
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我们希望 最终能够用这种手段分离出
10:06
associated with a particular type of cancer,
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与特定癌症相关的外泌体,
10:09
sensing and reporting their presence within minutes.
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并且在几分钟之内就生成检验结果。
10:12
This would make rapid diagnostics virtually painless.
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这样就能够使快速检验完全无痛。
10:16
Broadly speaking,
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大体来说,
10:17
the ability to separate and enrich biomarkers
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有了自动化的途径以及纳米层面的精准
10:20
with nanoscale precision in an automated way,
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分离的手段与对生物标记的使用,
10:24
opens the door to better understanding diseases such as cancer,
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为我们打开了解癌症等疾病的大门,
10:27
with applications ranging from sample preparation to diagnostics,
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这种技术有各种各样的应用, 从样品准备到诊断学,
10:31
and from drug resistance monitoring to therapeutics.
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从抗药性检测到治疗学。
10:35
Even before my wife's bout with cancer,
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在我妻子患上癌症之前,
10:37
it was a dream of mine to facilitate the automation of this process --
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实现检验自动化就是我的梦想——
10:41
to make regular screening more accessible,
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希望能使得常规检查更加亲民,
10:44
similar to the way Henry Ford made the automobile accessible
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就像是亨利·福特
10:47
to the general population
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通过发展流水线,
10:49
through development of the assembly line.
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让汽车能够进入平常百姓的生活。
10:51
Automation is the key to accessibility.
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自动化是实现亲民的根本。
10:56
And in the spirit of the Hoover dream,
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就好像胡佛之梦的中心,
10:57
"a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage,"
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“炖锅里有鸡肉,车库里有汽车,”
11:00
we're developing a technology
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我们在发展的这项技术
11:02
that could ultimately place an early-warning cancer detection system
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最终能够将早期癌症检测系统
11:06
in every home.
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带给每个人。
11:07
This would allow every man, woman and child
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这能够给男性、女性和小孩
11:09
the opportunity to be regularly tested while they're still healthy,
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在健康时就开始定期检测的机会,
在癌症的萌芽阶段及时采取措施。
11:14
catching cancer when it first emerges.
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11:17
It is my hope and dream
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我的希望和梦想,
11:18
to help people around the world avoid the high costs --
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就是帮助全世界的人 省去高昂的开支——
11:22
physical, financial and emotional --
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以及免去癌症患者所面对的——
我十分熟悉的
11:25
faced by today's cancer patients,
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物质、经济和精神灾难。
11:27
hardships that I'm well acquainted with.
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11:31
I'm also happy to report that because we caught my wife's cancer early,
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我还想高兴地告诉大家, 因为我们发现得早,
11:35
her treatment was successful,
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我妻子的癌症治疗十分有效,
11:37
and she is now, thankfully, cancer-free.
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万幸,她现在已经被完全治愈。
11:39
(Applause)
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(掌声)
11:47
It is an outcome that I would like to see for everyone with a cancer diagnosis.
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对于每一个癌症患者, 我都希望能看到同样的结果。
11:53
With the work that my team has already done
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对于我们正在进行的
11:55
on separation of nanoscale biomarkers
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快速、早期癌症诊疗的
11:57
for rapid, early-stage cancer diagnostics,
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纳米生物标记分离的研究结果,
12:00
I am optimistic that within the next decade,
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在接下来十年中,
12:03
this type of technology will be available,
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我相信这种技术一定会被实现,
12:06
helping protect our friends, our family and future generations.
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被用来保护我们的朋友、家人和子孙后代。
12:10
Even if we are so unlucky as to be diagnosed with cancer,
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即便我们不幸被诊断出癌症,
12:14
that early-stage alarm will provide a strong beacon of hope.
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早期诊断会带来更大治愈的希望。
12:18
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
12:19
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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