How to teach kids to talk about taboo topics | Liz Kleinrock

145,277 views ・ 2019-03-15

TED


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翻译人员: Y H 校对人员: Yinchun Rui
00:12
So, a few years ago,
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几年前
00:14
I was beginning a new unit on race with my fourth-graders.
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我要开始教四年级学生新的课程, 是关于种族的。
00:18
And whenever we start a new unit,
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每次开始新的课程前,
00:20
I like to begin by having all the students list everything they know about it,
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我会让学生们列举一下 他们对其内容已有的认知,
00:23
and then we also list questions we have.
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也会让他们聊聊对这一课的疑问。
00:26
And I had the type of moment that every teacher has nightmares about.
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有一次我遇到一个问题, 那简直是所有老师的噩梦,
00:31
One of my students had just asked the question,
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我的一个学生问我,
00:34
"Why are some people racist?"
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“为什么有人是种族主义者?”
00:36
And another student, let's call her Abby,
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另一个学生,我们叫她Abby吧,
00:39
had just raised her hand and volunteered:
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Abby主动举手回答说,
00:41
"Maybe some people don't like black people because their skin is the color of poop."
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“有些人不喜欢黑人,可能是因为 他们的肤色像粪便一样。”
00:47
Yeah, I know.
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没错。。。
00:48
So, as if on cue, my entire class exploded.
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果然,全班就炸翻天了
00:53
Half of them immediately started laughing,
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一半的学生笑了起来,
00:55
and the other half started yelling at Abby
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另一半的学生开始朝Abby大喊
00:57
and shouting things like,
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比如,
00:59
"Oh, my God, you can't say that, that's racist!"
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“天哪,你不能说这种话, 那是种族歧视!”
01:01
So just take a second to freeze this scene in your mind.
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你可以在脑海中定格这一幕吗?
01:04
There's a class of nine- and ten-year-olds,
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一个班上都是九岁十岁的孩子,
01:07
and half of them are in hysterics
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一半人笑疯了
01:08
because they think Abby has said something wildly funny,
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因为他们觉得Abby刚才说的话 超级好笑,
01:12
and the other half are yelling at her for saying something offensive.
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另一半人被她的话冒犯到了, 正朝着她大声嚷嚷。
01:16
And then you have Abby, sitting there completely bewildered
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而Abby自己呢,坐在那里完全懵掉了
01:19
because, in her mind, she doesn't understand the weight of what she said
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她并不理解自己刚才说的话的份量,
01:22
and why everybody is reacting this way.
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也不明白为什么其他人的反应。
01:25
And then you have me, the teacher,
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还有作为老师的我,
01:27
standing there in the corner, like, about to have a panic attack.
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我站在角落里,快要晕过去了。
01:30
So as a classroom teacher,
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不过,作为老师必须具备的素养是
01:32
I have to make split-second decisions all the time.
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在一刹那间快速做决定的能力,
01:35
And I knew I needed to react, but how?
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所以我知道我必须立刻采取行动, 但是我应该怎么做?
01:38
Consider your fight-or-flight instincts.
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想一下战斗或逃跑反应。
01:42
I could fight by raising my voice and reprimanding her for her words.
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我可以选择“战斗”, 也就是提高我的音量训斥她,
01:47
Or flight -- just change the subject
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我也可以选择“逃跑”, 也就是转移话题
01:50
and quickly start reaching for another subject,
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赶紧聊聊其他的话题,
01:52
like anything to get my students' minds off the word "poop."
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好让学生们不要再去想 跟粪便有关的事。
01:57
However, as we know, the right thing to do is often not the easy thing to do.
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但是众所周知,正确的选项往往不是 容易的选项
02:01
And as much as I wanted this moment to be over,
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尽管我非常希望这一刻快快结束,
02:04
and that I knew both of these options would help me escape the situation,
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且这两个选项都可以让我 逃避这个局面,
02:08
I knew that this was far too important of a teachable moment to miss.
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我深知这是一个不容错过的 重要的教学时刻。
02:13
So after standing there for what felt like an eternity,
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我在那里站着的时候, 时间仿佛冻结了,
02:17
I unfroze and I turned to face my class, and I said,
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但我终于打破僵局, 面向全班的学生说,
02:22
"Actually, Abby makes a point."
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“其实呢,Abby说得有些道理。”
02:26
And my students kind of looked at each other, all confused.
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学生们面面相觑,很困惑的样子
02:29
And I continued,
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我接着说,
02:31
"One reason why racism exists
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“种族歧视存在的原因之一,
02:33
is because people with light skin have looked at people with dark skin
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是因为浅色皮肤的人们 看着深色皮肤的人们说
02:37
and said that their skin was ugly.
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他们的肤色太丑了。
02:39
And even use this reason as an excuse to dehumanize them.
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甚至用这个理由 来贬低他们的人性。
02:44
And the reason why we're learning about race and racism in the first place
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我们之所以要学习 有关种族和种族歧视的知识,
02:47
is to educate ourselves to know better.
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是要让自己知道得更多一些,
02:50
And to understand why comments like this are hurtful,
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去了解为什么这样的言论很伤人,
02:53
and to make sure that people with dark skin
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去保证深色皮肤的人
02:55
are always treated with respect and kindness."
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都能获得尊重和友善。”
02:59
Now, this was a truly terrifying teachable moment.
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这是一个骇人的教学时刻,
03:03
But as we moved forward in the conversation,
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但是随着讨论的进行,
03:05
I noticed that both Abby and the rest of the kids
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我注意到Abby和其他的孩子们
03:08
were still willing to engage.
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还是表现地很积极。
03:09
And as I watched the conversation really marinate with my students,
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我看着学生们沉浸在这些对话中,
03:13
I began to wonder how many of my students have assumptions just like Abby.
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我开始猜想,有多少学生会有 Abby有的假设。
03:19
And what happens when those assumptions go unnoticed and unaddressed,
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而这些假设若没有被注意到, 没有被讨论,
03:22
as they so often do?
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那将会怎么样呢?
03:25
But first, I think it's important to take a step back
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让我们退一步来想一想,
03:27
and even consider what makes a topic taboo.
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是什么使得一个话题成为禁忌?
03:30
I don't remember receiving an official list of things
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我不记得有哪一张清单上面
03:32
you're not supposed to talk about.
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列出了所有你不应该讨论的事情。
03:34
But I do remember hearing, over and over, growing up:
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但我却记得在我长大的过程中,
03:38
there are two things you do not talk about at family get-togethers.
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有两件事你不能 在家庭聚会的时候讨论,
03:41
And those two things are religion and politics.
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那就是宗教和政治。
03:46
And I always thought this was very curious
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而我总是挺好奇这是为什么的,
03:49
because religion and politics often are such huge influencing factors
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因为宗教和政治往往对于 每一个人的自我定位和信念
03:53
over so many of our identities and beliefs.
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有着举足轻重的影响。
03:56
But what makes a topic taboo
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是什么使得一个话题成为禁忌呢?
03:59
is that feeling of discomfort that arises when these things come up in conversation.
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是在这些对话中产生的不舒服感。
04:04
But some people are extremely fluent in the language of equity,
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有些人很擅长聊有关公正公平的话题,
04:09
while other people fear being PC-shamed
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有些人却担心自己的观点 不够政治正确而遭到嘲讽
04:12
or that their ignorance will show as soon as they open their mouths.
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或是担心他们一开口 就暴露了他们的无知。
04:15
But I believe that the first step towards holding conversations
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我认为,要展开有关公平公正的对话
04:19
about things like equity
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第一步是需要
04:20
is to begin by building a common language.
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建立一个共同的语言。
04:23
And that actually starts with destigmatizing topics
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而这个共同的语言,首先需要建立在
04:25
that are typically deemed taboo.
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打破禁忌话题的基础上。
04:28
Now, conversations around race, for example,
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举个例子:关于种族的话题
04:31
have their own specific language
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有其独特的语言,
04:33
and students need to be fluent in this language
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学生们需要擅长这门语言,
04:35
in order to have these conversations.
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才能顺利地开展对话。
04:38
Now, schools are often the only place
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学校往往是唯一一个
04:41
where students can feel free and comfortable
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使学生们觉得自由和安全,
04:43
to ask questions and make mistakes.
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是让他们敢于提问和犯错误的地方。
04:45
But, unfortunately, not all students feel that sense of security.
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不幸的是,不是所有学生都觉得有安全感。
04:50
Now, I knew that day in front of my fourth-graders
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那一天,我知道在我的四年级学生面前,
04:53
that how I chose to respond could actually have life-long implications
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我采取怎样的回应,很可能对Abby, 还有其他学生
04:57
not only for Abby, but for the rest of the students in my class.
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产生终身的影响。
05:01
If I had brushed her words aside,
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如果我把她的话置之不理,
05:05
the rest of the class could actually infer that this type of comment is acceptable.
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会让学生们产生错觉, 以为这样的言论是可以接受的。
05:09
But if I had yelled at Abby
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如果我训斥她,
05:12
and embarrassed her in front of all of her friends,
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让她在全班同学面前难堪,
05:15
that feeling of shame associated with one of her first conversations on race
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这是她第一次有有关种族的谈话, 如果是伴随着这样的耻辱感
05:19
could actually prevent her from ever engaging on that topic again.
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可能会使得她以后再也不愿意 参与到这个话题中了。
05:23
Now, teaching kids about equity in schools is not teaching them what to think.
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在学校教育孩子公正公平 不是给他们灌输思想,
05:30
It is about giving them the tools and strategies and language
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而是赋予他们工具、计策、语言、 和机会
05:33
and opportunities to practice how to think.
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让他们可以操练自己的思想。
05:36
For example, think about how we teach kids how to read.
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举个例子,想一下我们 是怎么教孩子读书的。
05:40
We don't start by giving them books.
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我们不是直接丢一本书过去,
05:41
We start by breaking down words into letters and sounds
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我们是逐字逐句地 教他们字母和读音,
05:44
and we encourage them to practice their fluency by reading every single day,
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而且我们鼓励他们 和小伙伴们一起
05:49
with a partner or with their friends.
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每天读书,日益精通。
05:52
And we give them lots of comprehension questions
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我们给他们出很多阅读理解题目
05:55
to make sure that they're understanding what they're reading.
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以确保他们读懂了。
05:58
And I believe that teaching kids about equity
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我认为,教育孩子公正公平,
06:00
should be approached in the exact same way.
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也需要采取这样的方法。
06:04
I like to start by giving my students a survey every year,
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我每年都给学生们出一个问卷, 有关公平和包容,
06:07
about different issues around equity and inclusion.
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考察他们对于这些话题的认知。
06:11
And this is a sample survey from one of my kids,
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这是其中一个孩子写的问卷
06:13
and as you can see, there's some humor in here.
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其中还有些小幽默,
06:16
For under the question, "What is race?"
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这个题目是“种族是什么?” (注:race也可以指赛跑)
06:18
she has written, "When two or more cars, people and animals
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她的回答是,“当多于或等于两辆车, 两个人和两只动物
06:21
run to see who is fastest and who wins."
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一起赛跑,比谁跑得快,比谁赢。”
06:25
However, if you look at her question, "What is racism?"
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但你再看下一个问题“种族歧视是什么?”
06:28
it says, "When somebody says or calls someone dark-skinned a mean name."
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她的回答是,“当某人用坏名字 称呼一个深色皮肤的人。”
06:32
So, she's young, but she's showing that she's beginning to understand.
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她很年幼,却已经懂一些了。
06:36
And when we act
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如果我们表现得好像
06:37
like our students aren't capable of having these conversations,
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我们的学生不能够胜任这样的对话,
06:41
we actually do them such a disservice.
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那我们其实是在帮倒忙。
06:46
Now, I also know that these types of conversations
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我知道这一类的话题
06:50
can seem really, really intimidating with our students,
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对于我们的学生来说 可能挺吓人的,
06:53
especially with young learners.
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特别是年幼的学生。
06:55
But I have taught first through fifth grades,
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但是,从一年级到五年级的学生 我都教过了,
06:57
and I can tell you, for example,
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我可以告诉你们,
06:59
that I'm not going to walk into a first-grade classroom
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我不会走进一个一年级班,
07:02
and start talking about things like mass incarceration.
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一上来就讨论大规模监禁的话题。
07:05
But even a six-year-old first-grader can understand the difference
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但一个六岁的一年级学生 已经可以听懂公平和平等的区别了,
07:10
between what is fair -- people getting what they need.
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什么是公平:人们各取所需
07:15
We identified a lot of these things in class together.
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这些都是我们会在班上一起讨论的。
07:19
And the difference between fair and equal --
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以及什么是平等:人们获得一样的东西
07:22
when everybody gets the same thing,
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07:24
especially goody bags at birthday parties.
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特别是生日派对上的礼包。
07:27
Now, first-graders can also understand the difference
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同样的,一年级学生也可以听懂 惩罚和后果的区别。
07:30
between a punishment and a consequence.
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07:34
And all of these things are foundational concepts
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这些都是最基础的概念
07:36
that anyone needs to understand
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是所有人都需要理解的,
07:38
before having a conversation
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是展开有关大规模监禁 话题讨论的基础。
07:39
about mass incarceration in the United States.
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07:42
Some people might think that kindergarteners or first-graders
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有人可能会觉得幼儿园 和一年级学生还太年轻,
07:45
are too young to have conversations around racism,
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不能跟他们聊有关种族的话题,
07:48
but also tell you that young kids
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那我也可以告诉你们,
07:50
understand that there are many different components
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这些孩子知道有很多不同的因素
07:53
that make up our identities
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构建了他们的身份,
07:54
and how people are similar and different,
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他们也知道人们都有相似和不同之处,
07:56
and what it means to have power when other people don't.
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他们也知道有些人有权势, 有些人没有。
08:01
When we have these conversations with students at a young age,
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如果我们从小就让孩子 参与到这些话题中,
08:04
it actually takes away some of that taboo feeling
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就可以带走这些话题的禁忌感
08:06
when those topics come up at a later age.
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他们长大后遇到这些话题时 不会觉得难以启齿。
08:09
I also know that teaching about these things in schools
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我也知道在学校教这些东西,
08:12
can feel like navigating a minefield.
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好像是在跨越雷区。
08:15
For example, what happens if parents or families
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如果家长或抚养人不认可 在学校里开展这些话题呢?
08:18
aren't on board with having these conversations in schools?
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08:22
But to these people, I can say:
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面对这些人,我会说,
08:23
these are some examples of things that students have said to me
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我会举一些例子, 是学生们告诉我的事。
08:27
and brought to my attention.
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08:29
For example, I had a student come in and whisper to me,
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比如,有个学生走过来悄悄地对我说,
08:33
"I've heard all these people use the term LGBTQ,
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“我听到很多人说到LGBTQ这个词,
08:36
but I don't know what it means and I'm too embarrassed to admit it."
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我不知道那是什么意思, 但我不好意思说我不知道。“
08:40
I had a student come in over a weekend and come up to me and say,
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有个学生周末来告诉我,
08:44
"You know, I just watched this movie about Australia,
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“你知道吗,我刚看了一个 有关澳大利亚的电影,
08:47
and it made me wonder if they have racism there, too."
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我在想他们那儿 是不是也有种族歧视。“
08:51
And I always want my students to be comfortable having these conversations
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我一直都很希望我的学生们 可以自然地参与到这些话题中,
08:55
because when they're comfortable talking about it and asking questions,
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因为当他们可以自然地讨论 这些话题时,
08:59
they also build comfort in bringing in their own lives and experiences
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他们才有可能把自己的生活经历 带入其中,
09:02
in how they relate to these big topics.
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与这些更大的话题产生联系。
09:05
Also, some teachers might be kind of nervous
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有些老师可能会感到紧张,
09:08
if a student brings up a topic or asks a question
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若学生提出一个问题,
09:11
and they don't know the answer to it.
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可是老师不知道怎么回答, 怎么办?
09:13
But if a student ever brings something to my attention
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每当学生问我一件事,
09:16
and I don't know the answer,
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我不知道答案的时候,
09:18
I will always admit it and own it
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我总是承认说,我不知道。
09:20
because I'm not going to pretend to be an expert in something
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当我缺少某方面的经历, 或者不是权威的时候
09:23
that I don't have experience in or I'm not an authority on.
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我不会假装我是专家。
09:26
That same year, I had a student come in
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同一年,有个学生来问我
09:28
and ask a question about the LGBTQ community.
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一个有关LGBTQ社群的问题,
09:31
And I just didn't know enough to give them an appropriate answer.
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我确实了解得不够多, 所以不能很好地回答。
09:35
So instead, I encouraged that student
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所以,我鼓励那个学生去问另一个人,
09:37
to reach out and ask that question to a representative of a nonprofit
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那个人是一个非营利组织的代表
09:40
who had come to speak to our class about that very same issue.
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之前来过班上聊过这个话题。
09:44
When we admit to our students that we don't have all the answers,
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当我们向学生承认自己 没有所有问题的答案时,
09:47
not only does it humanize us to them,
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不仅拉近了我们和他们的距离,
09:50
it also shows them that adults have a long way to go, too,
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更是向他们展示 了,
09:53
when it comes to learning about issues of equity.
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关于公平公正的话题, 成年人也有很长的路要走。
09:56
Now, a little while back, I wrote a lesson about consent.
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不久前我写了一节课的教学方案, 是有关“征得同意”的
10:01
And, to some people, this was very exciting
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对一些人来说,这是令人激动的
10:03
because I took this topic that seemed very taboo and scary
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因为这个看起来很禁忌, 很吓人的话题,
10:06
and I broke it down into a way that was accessible for young learners.
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我用年轻的学生可以 理解的方式呈现了出来
10:10
However, to other people,
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但是另一些人,
10:12
the idea of consent is so strongly tied to sex,
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他们觉得“征得同意”和 “性行为”的关联太紧密了
10:15
and sex is often considered a taboo subject,
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而性行为通常被认为是一个禁忌话题,
10:18
that it made them very uncomfortable.
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所以他们觉得很不舒服。
10:20
But my students are third-graders,
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但我的学生们才三年级,
10:22
so we're not talking about sex in class.
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我们不是要在课上讨论性行为。
10:25
Rather, I wanted them to understand
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我需要他们理解的是,
10:27
that everybody has different physical boundaries
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每一个人都有不同的肢体上的界限
10:29
that make them feel comfortable.
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在这个界限以内,他们会感到舒适的。
10:31
And the social and emotional intelligence it takes
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通过察言观色 来理解某个人的肢体语言,
10:34
to read somebody's words and tone and body language
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这样的社交和感知能力
10:37
are skills that often need to be explicitly taught,
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是需要被明确教导的,
10:39
the same way we teach things like reading and math.
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和教导阅读和数学一样。
10:42
And this lesson is not reserved for students of one single demographic.
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这样的课程不仅仅是 某一类的学生才需要的,
10:47
Things like questioning and making observations
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有关提问、观察、和辩证思考的课程
10:49
and critical thinking
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10:50
are things that any student of any race or ethnicity
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是任何一个学生,无论种族、背景、语言、 收入、地理位置
10:53
or background or language or income or zip code should be learning in schools.
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需要在学校里学习的。
10:59
Also, deliberate avoidance of these conversations
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还有,如果刻意逃避这些话题,
11:03
speaks volumes to our students
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对于学生来说,是体现出一些问题的。
11:05
because kids notice when their teachers, when their textbooks
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因为当老师和教科书遗漏了 女性和有色人群的声音和经历,
11:10
leave out the voices and experiences of people like women or people of color.
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孩子们是会注意到的,
11:15
Silence speaks volumes.
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问题是不言而喻的。
11:18
I recently asked my class of third-graders
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我最近问了我的三年级班
11:21
what they would say to adults who think they're too young
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问他们想对轻视他们的成年人说些什么
11:23
to learn about issues of equity.
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这些成年人觉得他们还太年轻, 学不了有关公平公正的话题。
11:26
And while this is a small sample of my 25 students,
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这是很小的一个样本,25个学生,
11:31
all of them agreed
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但他们一致同意,
11:32
that not only are they capable of having these conversations,
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他们不仅能够开展相关的对话, 在他们看来,
11:35
but they view it, the right to learn it, as a right and not as a privilege.
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他们有权利学习这些话题, 权利,而不是特权。
11:41
And, in their words:
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用他们的原话说,
11:43
"We're big enough to know about these things
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“我们的年纪够大了,可以理解这些事情了,
11:46
because these problems are happening where we live.
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因为这些问题就发生在我们身边,
11:48
And we have the right to talk about them
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我们有权利谈论,
11:51
because it will be our life in the future."
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因为这将是我们的未来。”
11:54
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:55
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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