Corneille Ewango: A hero of the Congo Basin forest

翻译人员: Peizhe Diao 校对人员: Zhu Jie

I don't speak English.

我不会说英文

I start speaking English, learning English, about a year ago.

我刚在一年前开始学说英语，学习英文

I speak French and I grew up with French, so my English is Franglais.

我从小说法语长大，所以我的英语是法式英语

I'm born in the Western Congo, in an area around here,

我出生在刚果西部一个离这不远的地方

and then went to university in Kisangani.

后来去念了基桑加尼大学

And after I finished, I went to this area, the Ituri Forest.

毕业后我就来到了这，伊图里森林

But what I've been doing --

但是我一直在从事的 -

when I was about 14, I grew in my uncle's house.

在我大约14岁的时候，我是在叔叔家长大

And my father was a soldier,

我的父亲是一个士兵

and my uncle was a fisherman and also a poacher.

我的叔叔是一个渔夫同时也是一个偷猎者

What I've been doing from 14 to 17 was,

我在14到17岁间一直做的是

I was assisting them collecting ivory tusk, meat

帮他们收集象牙和肉

and whatever they were killing, poaching, hunting in the forest,

还有任何他们在森林里所猎杀，偷盗，捕捉的猎物

bring it in the main city to get access to the market.

把这些所得带到大城里的集市上

But finally, I got myself involved.

但是最后，我自己也参与到了他们的行动中

Around 17 to 20 years, I became, myself, a poacher.

在约17到20岁时，我自己成为了一名偷猎者

And I wanted to do it, because -- I believed -- to continue my studies.

我从事的原因是我相信我的学业会得到继续

I wanted to go to university, but my father was poor, my uncle even.

我很想去上大学，但是我父亲很穷，叔叔更不用说了

So, I did it.

所以我就那么做了

And for three to four years, I went to university.

3到4年的时间里，我去了大学

For three times, I applied to biomedical science, to be a doctor.

我申请了生物医学3次，想成为一名医生

I didn't succeed.

我没有成功

I was having my inscriptions, my admission to biology.

我拿到了录取通知书，生物系收了我

And I said, "No way, I'm not doing it.

而我说，没门儿，我不会学它的

My family's poor, my area don't have better health care.

我的父亲穷，我生活的地方没有好的医疗服务

I want to be a doctor to serve them."

我想成为一名医生去给他们服务

Three times, that means three years, and I start getting old.

3次，也就是说3年，我开始慢慢长大了

I say, "Oh, no, I continue."

我说，噢，不，我要继续下去

So, I did tropical ecology and plant botany.

所以我学了热带生态学和栽培植物学

When I finished, I went to the Ituri Forest for my internship.

当我毕业的时候，我去了伊图里森林实习

It's where I really getting passion with what I'm doing

就是在那我开始对现在所从事的工作充满激情

right up to now -- I'm standing in front of you --

一直延续到现在出现在你们面前

doing botany and wildlife conservation.

还在做植物学和野生动物保护工作

That time the Ituri Forest was created as a forest reserve

那时伊图里森林建成了一个森林保护区

with some animals and also plants.

有一些动物及植物

And the training center there was built

还建了一个训练中心

around the scientific Congolese staff

有一些刚果的科研人员

and some American scientists also.

还有一些美国的科研人员

So, the Okapi Faunal Reserve protects number --

所以 Okapi 动物保护区防护数量 -

I think that is the largest number of elephants

我认为那时数量最多的象群

we have right now in protected areas in Congo.

我们现在正在一个刚果受保护的地区

It has also chimpanzees.

这里也有黑猩猩

And it has been named Okapi Faunal Reserve

它被命名为 Okapi 动物保护区

because of this beautiful creature.

是源于这种美丽的物种

That is a forest giraffe.

那是一个林地长颈鹿

I think you guys know it quite well.

我想大家对它都很了解

Here we have savanna giraffes,

这是草原长颈鹿

but through evolution we have this forest giraffe

但在进化过程中演变成林地长颈鹿

that lives only in Congo.

它们只生活在刚果

It has also some beautiful primates.

里面还有一些灵长类动物

Thirteen species -- highest diversity we can find in one single area in Africa.

有13种 - 是我们在非洲能找到密度最大的地方

And it has the Ituri Forest itself --

还有就是伊图里森林本身

about 1,300 species of plants, so far known.

据我所知有将近1300种植物

I joined the Wildlife Conservation Society, working there, in 1995,

我是在1995年加入野生动物保护协会的

but I started working with them as a student in 1991.

但是在1991年，当我还是学生的时候就开始为他们工作了

I was appointed as a teaching assistant at my university

我那时被任命为我大学的助教

because I accomplished with honor.

因为我获得了学位

But I didn't like the way -- the instruction I got was very poor.

但是我不喜欢那种低质的教学方式

And I wanted to be formed to a training center and a research center.

我想到训练中心和研究中心去

With the end of the dictatorship regime of Mobutu Sese Seko,

在Mobutu Sese Seko是独裁统治结束时

that most of you know, life became very, very difficult.

大家都知道，生活变得非常非常困难

And the work we have been doing

而我们的工作

was completely difficult to do and to achieve it.

完全无法完成

When Kabila started his movement to liberate Congo,

当 Kabila 开始他的解放刚果运动的时候

so Mobutu soldiers started moving and retreated.

Mobutu 的士兵开始转移和撤退

So they started fleeing from the east to the west.

所以他们开始从东往西撤

And the Okapi Faunal Reserve is there,

而 Okapi 动物保护区正好在那

so there was a road from Goma, somewhere here,

那有一条通往 Goma 的路，在这附近

and coming like this.

就是这样过来的

So they might go through, pass through the Okapi Faunal Reserve.

所以他们可能会从 Okapi 动物保护区通过

Congo has five of the world's richest sites of protected area,

刚果有5个世界上最丰富的保护区

and the Okapi Faunal Reserve is one of them.

而 Okapi 动物保护区就是其中之一

So soldier was fleeing in the Okapi Faunal Reserve.

那些士兵撤到了 Okapi 动物保护区里

On their way, they looted everything.

他们一路上掠劫所有的东西

Torture, wars -- oh, my God, you can't believe.

折磨，战争 - 噢，我的上帝，你们不会相信

Every person was looking his way -- where to go, we don't know.

每一人都在找寻出路，我们不得而知

And it was for us, the young, the first time really

特别是对我们这些第一次经历的年轻人

we hear the language of war, of guns.

我们感受到了枪林弹雨的滋味

And even people who faced the rebellion of 1963,

甚至所有经历1963年那场叛乱的人

after our independence, they didn't believe what was happening.

在我们独立后，他们都没有办法相信当年所发生的事

They were killing people. They were doing whatever they want

他们屠杀百姓，胡作非为

because they have power.

因为他们手中有权利

Who have been doing that?

是谁做了那些？

Young children. Child soldiers.

小孩子们，童子军

You can't ask him how old he is because he has guns.

你不能得知他们的年龄，因为他们手里有枪

But I was from the west, working in the east.

但我是从西部来的，工作在东部

I even [at] that time was not speaking Swahili.

在那时候我甚至不会说斯瓦希里语

And when they came, they looted everything.

他们来后掠夺了所有东西

You can't speak Lingala because Lingala was from Mobutu,

你不能说林格拉语，因为那是 Mobutu 所用的语言

and everyone speaking Lingala is soldier.

所有说林格拉语的都是士兵

And I was from the same area to him.

而我跟他来自同一个地方

All my friends said, we are leaving because we are a target.

我所有的朋友都说，我们最好还是离开，因为我们已经成为目标

But I'm not going to the east, because I don't know Swahili.

但是我是不会去东部的，因为去了那我不会说斯瓦希里语

I stay. If I go, I will be killed.

我要留下。如果我走了会被杀掉

I can't go back to my area -- it's more than 1,000 kilometers [away].

我不能再回到我的地盘 - 那有1000公里远

I stayed after they looted everything.

我再他们掠夺了所有东西后留下

We have been doing research on botany,

我们一直在开展植物学方面的研究

and we have a small herbarium of 4,500 sheets of plants.

我们有一个小干燥标本集，上边有4500种植物

We cut, we dry and we packed them,

我们采摘，干燥，然后把它们包好

we mounted them on a folder.

我们把它们附在一个夹子上

Purpose: so that we start them for agriculture,

目的 - 这样我们就能够用它们于农业

for medicine, for whatever, and for science,

于医药，于天气 - 还有于科学

for the study of the flora and the change of the forest.

于花卉和森林的变化方面的研究

That is people moving around, that's even Pygmies.

那是一些人在周围转悠，那甚至还有皮革米人

And this is a bright guy, hard-working person, and Pygmy.

这是一个聪明勤劳的人，皮革米

I've been working with him about 10 years.

我跟他一起共事大概有10年了

And with soldiers, they went to the forest for poaching elephants.

跟士兵一起，它们到森林里面从事盗猎大象的活动

Because he's Pygmy, he knows how to track elephants in the forest.

因为他是皮革米人，他知道怎样在森林里追踪大象

He has been attacked by a leopard and they abandon him in the forest.

他曾被豹袭击，那些人就把他抛弃在森林里

They came to told me, I have to save him.

他们来跟我说是我救了他们

And what I did, I gave him just antibiotics

而我所做的就是给他们一些抗生素而已

that we care for tuberculosis.

那时我们用来治疗肺结核的

And fortunately, I saved his life.

幸运的是，我救了他的命

And that was the language of the war.

那就是战争的模样

Everywhere there has been constant extraction of mineral,

所有的人都在不断的采伐资源

killing animals, the logging timbers and so on.

捕杀动物，砍伐树木等等

And what of important things --

而重要的是

I think all of you here have a cell phone.

我想再座的每一位都有一个手机

That mineral has killed a lot:

那个玩意已经让很多人丧命

five millions of Congolese have gone because of this

五百万的刚果人因为这个而丧生

Colombo-Tantalite -- they call it Coltan --

铜镍合金，他们叫做 Coltan

that they use it to make cell phones

他们就是用这个来制造手机

and it has been in that area, all over in Congo. Extraction,

这那个地区可以找到这种矿，开采，遍布刚果

and good, big business of the war.

这是引起战争的一个重要原因

And what I did for the first war, after we have lost everything,

在第一次战争过后我们失去了所有东西，我所做的是

I have to save something, even myself, my life and life of the staff.

我挽救了一些东西，包括我自己，我的生命和同事的生命

I buried some of our new vehicle engines, I buried it to save it.

我埋藏了一些我们的新的汽车引擎，以保护它们

And some of equipment went with them,

一些设备被他们带走

on the top of the canopy, to save it.

放在在天棚顶上，以保存它

He's not collecting plants, he's going to save our equipment

他不是在采摘植物，而是将要保护我们的设备

on the canopy.

在天棚上

And with the material that's left --

至于那些剩下的原料

because they wanted to destroy it, to burn it,

因为他们想销毁它，烧掉它

they didn't understand it, they didn't go to school --

他们不理解它，他们没有上过学

I packed it.

我把它们包起来

And that is me, going to, hurrying to Uganda,

那是我，将要，赶往乌干达

to try to save that 4,000 material,

设法保存那4000个标本

with people carrying them on the bikes, bicycles.

跟人们一起用摩托和单车运

And after that, we succeeded.

在我们成功以后

I housed that 4,000 material at the herbarium of Makerere University.

我把那4000个标本存放在 Makerere 大学的标本集里

And after the war, I have been able to bring it back home,

在战争过后，我可以将它们带回来

so that we continue our studies.

那样我们就能够继续我们的研究

The second war came while we didn't expect it.

而第二次战争在我们没有意识到的情况下爆发

With friends, we had been sitting and watching match football,

我们和朋友正坐在一起看足球比赛

and having some good music with WorldSpace radio,

在用Worldspace收音机收听一些美妙的音乐

when it started, I think.

当它爆发的时候，我想

So, it was so bad.

所以，那是很糟糕的

We heard that now from the east again the war started,

我们正听到那，在东部战争又爆发了

and it's going fast.

它来临得很快

This time I think Kabila will go in place of, as he did with Mobutu.

这次我想 Kabila 会去跟 Mobutu 相同的一个地方

And the reserve was a target to the rebels.

储备资源是反叛的目的

Three different movements and two militia acting in the same area

3个不同的运动和两支民兵队，在同一地区活动

and competing for natural resources.

争夺自然资源

And there was no way to work.

没有什么办法工作

They destroy everything.

他们破坏了所有东西

Poaching -- oh, no way.

盗猎 - 噢，难以置信

And that's the powerful men. We have to meet and to talk to them.

那是一些有权力的人，我们必须跟他们会谈

What's the regulation of the reserve

什么是储备规定

and what is the regulation of the parks?

什么是公园的规定？

And they can't do what they are doing.

他们不能这样干下去

So we went to meet them.

所以我去会见他们

That is Coltan extraction, gold mining.

那时铜镍开采，黄金开采

So, we started talking with them,

所以我开始跟他们谈

convincing them that we are in a protected area.

说服他们我们是在一个受保护的地区

There are regulations

这是规定

that it's prohibited to do logging, mining and poaching, specifically.

砍伐，开采和盗猎都是被特别禁止的

But they said, "You guys,

但是他们说：“你们”

you think that soldiers who are dying are not important,

你认为那些士兵的牺牲都不重要吗

and your animals you are protecting are most important.

而你们所保护的动物是最重要的

We don't think so.

我们不这么认为

We have to do it, because to let our movement advance."

我们必须这么做是因为这让我们的运动进步

I say, "No way, you are not going to do it here."

我说：“不行，你们不能在这这么做”

We started talking with them and I was negotiating.

我们开始和他们对话，我在谈判

Tried to protect our equipment, tried to protect our staff

试着保护我们的设备，试着保护我们的人员

and the villages of about 1,500 people.

这个村庄大概有1500人

And we continued.

我们在继续

But I was doing that, negotiating with them.

但我正在做的是，跟他们谈判

Sometimes we are having meeting

有时我们会开会

and they are talking with Jean-Pierre Bemba,

他们在跟 Jean-Pierre Bemba 对话

with Mbusa Nyamwisi, with Kabila, and I'm there.

和 Mbusa Nyamwisi， 和 Kabila， 那是和我

Sometimes, they talk to my own language, that is, Lingala.

有时他们说我的语言，林格拉语

I hear it and what strategy they are doing, what they are planning.

我听到他们的策略和他们的计划

Sometimes, they are having a helicopter

有时他们有直升机

to supply them with ammunition and so on.

来补给他们的弹药等等

They used me to carry that, and I was doing counting,

他们用我来搬运那些还有我在计算

what comes from where, and where, and where.

什么要来，是从哪来等等

I had only this equipment -- my satellite phone, my computer

这是我唯一的设备 - 我的卫星手机，我的电脑

and a plastic solar panel -- that I hide it in the forest.

和一个被我藏在森林里的太阳能板

And every time, daily, after we have meeting,

每一次，每天，当我们开会的时候

what compromise we have, whatever,

我们做出的任何妥协

I go, I write a short email, send it.

我去，写一个简短的邮件，发送

I don't know how many people I had on my address.

我不知道我的地址簿上有多少人

I sent the message: what is going about the progress of the war

我发送关于战争进展的消息

and what they are planning to do.

和那些人将要计划的事

They started suspecting that what we do on the morning,

他们开始怀疑我们在早上做的事

and the afternoon, it's on the news, BBC, RFI.

下午就发布在了BBC, RFI的新闻上了

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Something might be going on.

一些事可能会继续

And one day, we went for a meeting.

一天，我们去参加一个会议

(Applause)

（欢呼声）

Sorry.

对不起

One day, we went to meet the Chief Commander.

一天我们去会见总指挥官

He had the same iridium cell phone like me.

他有和我一样的铱制手机

And he asked me, "Do you know how to use this?"

他问我：“你知道怎么用这东西吗？”

I said, "I have never seen it.

我说：“我从来没有见过”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I don't know."

我不知道

And I had mine on my pocket.

而我的手机正在口袋里

So, it was a chance that they trusted me a lot.

所以那是一个他们给我很大信任的机会

They didn't -- they was not looking on me.

他们没有，他们没有看着我

So I was scared.

所以我害怕

And when we finished the meeting, I went to return it in the forest.

当我们会议结束的时候，我把它放回到森林里

And I was sending news, doing whatever,

我正在发新闻，和做一些其他事

reporting daily to the U.N., to UNESCO, to our institution in New York,

每天跟联合国，跟教科文组织，跟我的纽约机构汇报

what have been going.

这是一直在做的事

And for that, they have been having big pressure to leave, to free the area.

对于那些人来说离开和释放那个地方是压力巨大的

Because there was no way --

因为没有其他办法

whatever they do, it's known the same time.

任何他们做的事，都会在同一时间被公之于众

During the first two rebellions, they killed all animals in the zoo.

在前两次暴乱中，他们杀害了动物园里所有的动物

We have a zoo of 14 Okapis, and one of them was pregnant.

我们有14只霍加狓，其中有一只还怀孕了

And during the war, after a week of heavy war, fighting in the area,

在战争里，持续一个星期的斗争过后，在这个地区的争夺

we succeeded: we had the first Okapi.

我们胜利了 - 我们有了第一只霍加狓

This is the only trouser and shirt remind me of this.

这是唯一能够唤醒我这些的裤子和衬衫

This is not local population, this is rebels.

这不是当地居民，而是反叛者

They are now happy sending the news

他们现在很高兴发布消息

that they have protected the Okapi with the war,

他们在战争中保护了霍加狓

because we sent the news that they are killing

因为我们在战争中发布他们捕杀的消息

and poaching everywhere.

和到处偷猎

After a week, we celebrated the birthday of that Okapi,

一个星期后我们庆祝那只霍加狓的生日

they killed an elephant, just 50 meters to the area

他们捕杀大象，仅仅在50米之遥

where the zoo, where Okapi was born.

在那个动物园，就是那个霍加狓出生的地方

And I was mad.

我几乎要疯了

I oppose it -- that they are now going to dissect it,

我反对他们肢解它

until I do my report and then I see the Chief Commander.

一直到我发布报道和见到总指挥官

And I succeeded.

而我成功了

The elephant just decayed and they just got the tusks.

那只大象刚刚腐烂掉而那些人获得了象牙

What we are doing after that -- that was the situation of the war --

我们在那之后要做的，在那样的战争情况下

we have to rebuild.

我们必须重建

I had some money. I was paid 150 dollars.

我们有一些资金 - 我被支付了150美元

I devoted half of it to rebuild the herbarium,

我贡献出其中的一半来重建植物标本集

because we didn't have good infrastructure to start plants.

因为我们没有良好的基础设施来开展种植

Wildlife Conservation Society more dealing with plants.

野生动物保护协会做更多的种植工作

I started this with 70 dollars,

我以70美元开始工作

and start fundraising money to where I've been going.

开始在我所到的每一处募集资金

I had opportunity to go all over,

我有机会重新开始

where herbarium for my African material is.

在我的非洲标本收集的地方

And they supported me a bit, and I built this.

他们给我一些支持，我建了这个

Now, it's doing work to train young Congolese.

现在它被用来训练年轻的刚果人

And also, what one of the speciality we are doing,

同时，这也是我们所专长的

my design is tracking the global warming effect on biodiversity,

我的设计是在生物多样化方面跟踪全球温室效应

and what the impacts of the Ituri Forest is playing to uptake carbon.

而伊图里森林所起的影响是吸收二氧化碳

This is one of the studies we are doing on a 40-hectare plot,

这是我们40英亩计划的研究之一

where we have tagged trees and lianas from one centimeters,

这是我们以1厘米的距离标记树木和藤蔓植物

and we are tracking them.

我们会一直跟踪它们

We have now data of about 15 years,

我们现在有了将近15年的数据资料

to see how that forest is contributing to the carbon reductions.

来见证那片森林是怎样为碳减排做出贡献的

And that is -- I think it's difficult for me.

而那时 - 我认为对我来说是困难

This is a very embarrassing talk, I know.

这是一个很尴尬的演讲，我认为

I don't know where to start, where to finish it.

我不知道从哪开始，从哪结束

When I was thinking to come here,

当我考虑要到这来的时候

what best title I wanted to say to my talk, I didn't find this.

对于我要演讲的最佳话题，我没有想到这个

But now I think that I would have titled it, "The Language of Guns."

但是现在我想给它起个名字叫：“针锋相对”

Where are you people?

你们在听吗？

Now we are talking about reconstitution, rebuild Africa.

现在我们所讲的是关于改造，重建非洲

But is gun industries a tool to rebuild, or is it a game?

但是军火行业是一个重建的工具，或是一个游戏？

I think we see the war like a game --

我认为我们见证了战争的游戏法则

like soccer, football.

就像足球，橄榄球

Everybody is happy, but see what it's doing,

所有的人都很高兴，但是不想看到它的本质

see what is going in Darfur.

看看在达尔富尔发生了什么

Now we say, oh, my God.

现在我们说，噢，我的上帝

See what the wars in Rwanda.

看看在卢旺达的战争

That's because of the language of guns.

那时因为靠武力说话

I don't think that someone may blame Google,

我不认为有人会责备谷歌

because it's doing the right things,

因为它在做正确的事

even if people like Al-Qaeda are using Google

甚至连像奥凯伊德这样的人也用谷歌

to connect between them.

来联系彼此

But it's serving millions for the best.

但是它为千千万万人提供最好的服务

But what is doing with gun industries?

但是在军火行业发生了什么呢？

Thank you.

谢谢你

(Applause)

（掌声）

Chris Anderson: Thank you, thank you.

Chris Anderson 说：谢谢，谢谢

Just wait over there.

就在那边等着

It's an amazing story.

这是一个令人惊异的故事

I suspect a lot of people here have the same question I have.

我怀疑在座很多人都会和我有同样的问题

How can we help you?

我们怎么样才能帮助你呢？

Corneille Ewango: That's really embarrassing questions.

Corneille Ewango 说：这是一个很尴尬的问题

I think that now I feel nervous.

现在我感到紧张

And I think, helping us, people are acting sometimes by ignorance.

我认为，帮助我们，人们有时会无知地做出行动。

I did it myself.

我自己就做过

If I know when I was young,

如果我在小时候就知道

that [by] killing an elephant, I'm destroying biodiversity,

我捕杀大象是在破坏生物多样化

I would not have done it.

我是不会那么做的

Many, many of you have seen the talents of Africans,

在座很多，很多人已经看到了非洲人的智慧

but there are few who are going to school.

但是那里只有很少的人能上学

Many are dying because of all those kind of pandemics,

很多人死去是因为所有那些流行病

HIV, malaria, poverty, not going to school.

艾滋病，疟疾，贫困，无法上学

What you can assist us, it's by building capacities.

你们所能给我们的支持，就是建立各方面能力

How many have got opportunity like me

有多少人有像我一样的机会

to go to U.S., do a master's?

去到美国，读硕士研究生

And go -- now, I'm in the Netherlands to do a Ph.D.

再去到 - 现在我在荷兰念博士

But many of them are just here, because they don't have money.

但是现在他们中很多人在这是因为他们没有钱

And they can't go even to university.

他们甚至上不起大学

They can't even attain the bachelor's degree.

他们甚至念不起本科学位

Building capacities for the young generation

为年轻一代建立各方面能力

is going to make a better generation

将会让下一代更强

and a better future tomorrow for Africa.

将会让非洲的明天更美好

CA: Thank you, thank you.

Chris Anderson 讲：谢谢

(Applause)

（欢呼声）