Corneille Ewango: A hero of the Congo Basin forest

譯者: Claire Kao 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang

I don't speak English.

英語不是我的母語。

I start speaking English, learning English, about a year ago.

我大約在一年前才開始學習說英語。

I speak French and I grew up with French, so my English is Franglais.

我說法語，而且是與法國人一起長大，所以我說的英語是法式英語。

I'm born in the Western Congo, in an area around here,

我是在西剛果出生，大約是在這個地區，

and then went to university in Kisangani.

然後到基桑加尼上大學。

And after I finished, I went to this area, the Ituri Forest.

畢業後，我到了這個地區，伊圖里森林。

But what I've been doing --

我那時在做的是...

when I was about 14, I grew in my uncle's house.

我十四歲的時候，是在我叔叔家長大的。

And my father was a soldier,

我父親是軍人，

and my uncle was a fisherman and also a poacher.

我叔叔是漁夫，同時也是個盜獵者。

What I've been doing from 14 to 17 was,

我在十四歲到十七歲間，

I was assisting them collecting ivory tusk, meat

協助他們採集象牙，肉，

and whatever they were killing, poaching, hunting in the forest,

以及所有他們在森林裡殺、盜獵、獵取到的任何東西，

bring it in the main city to get access to the market.

再將這些物品帶到大城市的市場上去賣。

But finally, I got myself involved.

最終，我也參予其中。

Around 17 to 20 years, I became, myself, a poacher.

約在十七到二十歲的時候，我自己成為了盜獵者。

And I wanted to do it, because -- I believed -- to continue my studies.

我願意當盜獵者是因為我想繼續念書。

I wanted to go to university, but my father was poor, my uncle even.

我想上大學，但我父親和叔叔都很窮困...

So, I did it.

所以只好盜獵賺錢。

And for three to four years, I went to university.

三四年後，我上了大學。

For three times, I applied to biomedical science, to be a doctor.

申請過生醫科學系三次，因為我想當醫生。

I didn't succeed.

但我沒有被錄取。

I was having my inscriptions, my admission to biology.

我申請進的是生物系。

And I said, "No way, I'm not doing it.

我說：才不要，我才不念生物系。

My family's poor, my area don't have better health care.

我家裡很窮，那地區根本沒有好的醫療設備。

I want to be a doctor to serve them."

我想成為醫生，為他們看病。

Three times, that means three years, and I start getting old.

我申請過三次，這表示花了三年的時間，年紀也開始大了。

I say, "Oh, no, I continue."

我想：喔，糟糕，只好念吧。

So, I did tropical ecology and plant botany.

所以，我念了熱帶生態學和植物學。

When I finished, I went to the Ituri Forest for my internship.

畢業後，我到伊圖里森林去實習。

It's where I really getting passion with what I'm doing

在那裡，我才開始對我的工作燃起熱情，

right up to now -- I'm standing in front of you --

現在，站在你們面前的我，

doing botany and wildlife conservation.

做的是植物和野生生物的保育工作。

That time the Ituri Forest was created as a forest reserve

那時候，伊圖里森林是作為森林保護區，

with some animals and also plants.

裡面有些動物以及植物。

And the training center there was built

接著，那裡的訓練所開始被建立起來，

around the scientific Congolese staff

並招募剛果當地的技術人員

and some American scientists also.

和一些美國的科學家。

So, the Okapi Faunal Reserve protects number --

就這樣，霍加狓動物保護區中有

I think that is the largest number of elephants

我想目前剛果的保護地區中，

we have right now in protected areas in Congo.

最多數量的大象。

It has also chimpanzees.

保護區中也有黑猩猩。

And it has been named Okapi Faunal Reserve

這個保護區是因為這種美麗的生物

because of this beautiful creature.

而被命名為霍加狓（Okapi）動物保護區。

That is a forest giraffe.

這是隻森林長頸鹿。

I think you guys know it quite well.

我想你們大家應該都認識它。

Here we have savanna giraffes,

原本的大草原長頸鹿，

but through evolution we have this forest giraffe

經過演化變成這種只存在於

that lives only in Congo.

剛果的森林長頸鹿。

It has also some beautiful primates.

保護區中也有一些美麗的靈長類動物。

Thirteen species -- highest diversity we can find in one single area in Africa.

一共13種，是非洲擁有最高多樣性的的單一區域。

And it has the Ituri Forest itself --

保護區也包括伊圖里森林 --

about 1,300 species of plants, so far known.

目前所知就有約1300種植物。

I joined the Wildlife Conservation Society, working there, in 1995,

我在1995年加入野生生物保育協會，

but I started working with them as a student in 1991.

但其實我早在1991年，就以學生的身分和他們共事。

I was appointed as a teaching assistant at my university

因為我是以優等成績畢業，

because I accomplished with honor.

所以被指派為大學的助教。

But I didn't like the way -- the instruction I got was very poor.

不過，我獲得的教導太貧乏了。

And I wanted to be formed to a training center and a research center.

我想去訓練所或是研究中心。

With the end of the dictatorship regime of Mobutu Sese Seko,

在蒙博托(剛果前總統)的獨裁政權遭到推翻後，

that most of you know, life became very, very difficult.

大部分人的生活開始變得十分艱難。

And the work we have been doing

而且很難繼續完成

was completely difficult to do and to achieve it.

我們一直在進行的工作。

When Kabila started his movement to liberate Congo,

卡比拉(剛果民主共和國前總統)開始解放剛果的行動後，

so Mobutu soldiers started moving and retreated.

蒙博托的士兵開始移動和撤退，

So they started fleeing from the east to the west.

他們從東邊逃竄到西邊。

And the Okapi Faunal Reserve is there,

也就是霍加皮動物保護區的所在地，

so there was a road from Goma, somewhere here,

他們走這條從戈馬來的路，大概是在這附近，

and coming like this.

再一路逃到這邊來。

So they might go through, pass through the Okapi Faunal Reserve.

因此，他們可能會經過霍加狓動物保護區。

Congo has five of the world's richest sites of protected area,

剛果擁有五個世界上最富饒的自然保護區，

and the Okapi Faunal Reserve is one of them.

而霍加狓動物保護區就是其中之一。

So soldier was fleeing in the Okapi Faunal Reserve.

那時，士兵們逃到霍加狓動物保護區，

On their way, they looted everything.

並掠奪他們在途中看到的所有東西。

Torture, wars -- oh, my God, you can't believe.

我的天啊，你無法想像我們經歷的折磨和戰爭。

Every person was looking his way -- where to go, we don't know.

每個人都在找可以避難的地方，我們也不知道可以躲到哪裡去。

And it was for us, the young, the first time really

那時我們年輕人還是第一次遇到戰爭。

we hear the language of war, of guns.

我們聽過戰爭的語言，槍支的語言。

And even people who faced the rebellion of 1963,

但就算是曾經歷過1963年叛亂的人，

after our independence, they didn't believe what was happening.

在剛果獨立之後，也還是無法相信那時正在發生的事。

They were killing people. They were doing whatever they want

士兵們濫殺無辜，為所欲為，

because they have power.

因為他們擁有權力。

Who have been doing that?

是誰在做這些事呢？

Young children. Child soldiers.

年幼的孩子們。娃娃兵。

You can't ask him how old he is because he has guns.

你不能問他幾歲，因為他手裡拿著槍。

But I was from the west, working in the east.

我是從西邊來，在東邊工作，

I even [at] that time was not speaking Swahili.

在那時，我連斯華西里語(非洲語)都不會說。

And when they came, they looted everything.

軍隊來了，也搶走了一切。

You can't speak Lingala because Lingala was from Mobutu,

你不能講林加拉語，因為林加拉語是蒙博托的主要語言，

and everyone speaking Lingala is soldier.

所有說林加拉語的都是士兵。

And I was from the same area to him.

而我和他們是從同一個地方來的。

All my friends said, we are leaving because we are a target.

我所有的朋友都說他們要離開了，因為我們是攻擊目標。

But I'm not going to the east, because I don't know Swahili.

但我不能去東部，因為我不會講斯華西里語。

I stay. If I go, I will be killed.

我留下了。如果跟著他們去，我會被殺掉的。

I can't go back to my area -- it's more than 1,000 kilometers [away].

我無法回到家鄉- 我家遠在一千公里之外。

I stayed after they looted everything.

他們掠奪走一切後，我留下了。

We have been doing research on botany,

我們一直在進行植物研究，

and we have a small herbarium of 4,500 sheets of plants.

還有個包括4,500片植物的植物標本室。

We cut, we dry and we packed them,

我們切，曬乾，並包起這些植物，

we mounted them on a folder.

將它們固定在檔案夾上。

Purpose: so that we start them for agriculture,

目的是要開始農耕這些植物，

for medicine, for whatever, and for science,

將其用於醫學，其他領域，以及用於科學，

for the study of the flora and the change of the forest.

以研究植物群和森林的改變。

That is people moving around, that's even Pygmies.

我們的研究人員四處勘查，人員裡還包括俾格米人。

And this is a bright guy, hard-working person, and Pygmy.

其中，有一位聰明又努力的俾格米人。

I've been working with him about 10 years.

我已經和他一起共事約十年了。

And with soldiers, they went to the forest for poaching elephants.

他和士兵們一起進入森林偷獵大象。

Because he's Pygmy, he knows how to track elephants in the forest.

因為他是俾格米人，他知道如何在森林中追蹤大象。

He has been attacked by a leopard and they abandon him in the forest.

但他遭到豹的攻擊，而士兵們將他丟在森林中。

They came to told me, I have to save him.

士兵們來找我，要我救他。

And what I did, I gave him just antibiotics

我也只能給他我們用來醫治

that we care for tuberculosis.

肺結核的抗生素。

And fortunately, I saved his life.

幸運的是，我救回了他一命。

And that was the language of the war.

而那，就是戰爭的語言。

Everywhere there has been constant extraction of mineral,

挖掘礦物，屠殺動物，濫伐林木等，

killing animals, the logging timbers and so on.

都持續在每個地方發生。

And what of important things --

其中最嚴重的是，

I think all of you here have a cell phone.

我想在座的大家都有一隻手機，

That mineral has killed a lot:

製作手機的礦物害死了很多人-

five millions of Congolese have gone because of this

五百萬的剛果人因為這種礦物而死。

Colombo-Tantalite -- they call it Coltan --

這礦物是鈳鐵礦-鉭鐵礦，簡稱為鈳鉭鐵礦(Coltan)。

that they use it to make cell phones

鈳鉭鐵礦可用來製作手機，

and it has been in that area, all over in Congo. Extraction,

他們便在剛果到處採掘鈳鉭鐵礦，

and good, big business of the war.

這是戰爭中的賺錢好方法。

And what I did for the first war, after we have lost everything,

在第一次戰爭結束後，我們什麼都沒有了。

I have to save something, even myself, my life and life of the staff.

為了我自己，我的生命和其他工作人員的生命，我必須保全一些東西。

I buried some of our new vehicle engines, I buried it to save it.

我將部分的新車引擎埋了起來以保全它。

And some of equipment went with them,

同時也埋了一些設備，

on the top of the canopy, to save it.

再以帆布蓋住來保全他們。

He's not collecting plants, he's going to save our equipment

他不是在收集植物，而是

on the canopy.

在以帆布挽救我們的裝備。

And with the material that's left --

士兵們想要毀掉，燒掉

because they wanted to destroy it, to burn it,

剩下的資料。

they didn't understand it, they didn't go to school --

他們沒有受過教育，因此不了解資料的內容，

I packed it.

所以，我將這些資料打包起來。

And that is me, going to, hurrying to Uganda,

照片裡的是我，急忙要逃到烏干達，

to try to save that 4,000 material,

試圖保全那4,000筆資料，

with people carrying them on the bikes, bicycles.

人們以單車和摩托車運輸這些資料。

And after that, we succeeded.

最後，我們成功了！

I housed that 4,000 material at the herbarium of Makerere University.

我將那4,000筆資料收藏到馬凱雷雷大學的植物標本室。

And after the war, I have been able to bring it back home,

我也在戰後，將這些資料帶回霍加狓動物保護區，

so that we continue our studies.

繼續我們的研究。

The second war came while we didn't expect it.

第二次戰爭的發生，完全不在我們的預料中。

With friends, we had been sitting and watching match football,

我記得在戰爭發生時，

and having some good music with WorldSpace radio,

我們還與朋友坐在一起看足球比賽，

when it started, I think.

聽Worldspace播放的音樂。

So, it was so bad.

結果，後來變得很糟糕。

We heard that now from the east again the war started,

我們之後聽到，戰爭又從東部開始，

and it's going fast.

而且擴散得很快。

This time I think Kabila will go in place of, as he did with Mobutu.

這次，我想卡比拉會與蒙博托有同樣的下場。

And the reserve was a target to the rebels.

而保護區則是叛軍的目標。

Three different movements and two militia acting in the same area

三種不同的活動以及兩支軍隊在同一區域中，

and competing for natural resources.

爭奪天然資源。

And there was no way to work.

但是沒有辦法可以解決。

They destroy everything.

他們破壞了一切。

Poaching -- oh, no way.

盜獵 -- 喔，我的天啊。

And that's the powerful men. We have to meet and to talk to them.

我們必須去見那些大人物 -- 跟他們溝通。

What's the regulation of the reserve

講解保護區的規章

and what is the regulation of the parks?

和園地的規章。

And they can't do what they are doing.

告訴他們，他們必須停止現在正在做的事情。

So we went to meet them.

我們去見了大人物們。

That is Coltan extraction, gold mining.

有關採掘鈳鉭鐵礦和開採金礦的事。

So, we started talking with them,

我們開始跟他們溝通，

convincing them that we are in a protected area.

說服他們，我們所處是一個保護區。

There are regulations

有規章指出

that it's prohibited to do logging, mining and poaching, specifically.

伐木、採礦和盜獵是明令禁止的。

But they said, "You guys,

但他們說：

you think that soldiers who are dying are not important,

"你們這些人，都認為那些將死的士兵不重要，

and your animals you are protecting are most important.

你們保護的動物才重要，

We don't think so.

我們不這麼認為。

We have to do it, because to let our movement advance."

我們這樣做是為了要使我們的行動前進。"

I say, "No way, you are not going to do it here."

我說："不行，你們不能在這裡進行。"

We started talking with them and I was negotiating.

我們開始跟他們交談，我與他們談判。

Tried to protect our equipment, tried to protect our staff

試著保住我們的裝備，保護我們的人員，

and the villages of about 1,500 people.

以及有1,500名村民的村子。

And we continued.

我們繼續跟他們勸說。

But I was doing that, negotiating with them.

但我在和他們談判時，

Sometimes we are having meeting

有時候我們正在開會，

and they are talking with Jean-Pierre Bemba,

他們在與班巴(剛果民主共和國前副總統)，

with Mbusa Nyamwisi, with Kabila, and I'm there.

尼亞姆維西(領土整治部長)和卡比拉通話，而我在現場。

Sometimes, they talk to my own language, that is, Lingala.

他們有時會以我的母語，林加拉，對話。

I hear it and what strategy they are doing, what they are planning.

我知道他們要採取的策略以及接下來的計畫。

Sometimes, they are having a helicopter

有時候，他們會以直升機

to supply them with ammunition and so on.

補充軍火和其他物資。

They used me to carry that, and I was doing counting,

他們利用我幫他們運輸，我則偷偷的數軍火的數量，

what comes from where, and where, and where.

數這些東西分別是從哪裡運來等等。

I had only this equipment -- my satellite phone, my computer

我只有一個配備- 我藏在森林裡的衛星電話，

and a plastic solar panel -- that I hide it in the forest.

電腦，跟一個塑膠太陽能面板。

And every time, daily, after we have meeting,

每天我們開完會以後，

what compromise we have, whatever,

不管達成什麼協議，

I go, I write a short email, send it.

我都會馬上寫並寄出一封短電子信。

I don't know how many people I had on my address.

我不知道我有幾個聯絡人，

I sent the message: what is going about the progress of the war

我將戰爭的進度

and what they are planning to do.

和他們接下來的計畫傳達出去。

They started suspecting that what we do on the morning,

他們開始懷疑我們，因為早上才剛討論的事情，

and the afternoon, it's on the news, BBC, RFI.

下午就已經在BBC，RFI等新聞台播出。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Something might be going on.

他們知道事情有些不對勁。

And one day, we went for a meeting.

有一天，我們去開會。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Sorry.

不好意思。

One day, we went to meet the Chief Commander.

有一天，我們去見總指揮。

He had the same iridium cell phone like me.

他有和我同款的銥衛星電話。

And he asked me, "Do you know how to use this?"

他問我： "你會用這個東西嗎?"

I said, "I have never seen it.

我說: "我從來沒看過這東西。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I don't know."

我不知道這是什麼。"

And I had mine on my pocket.

但其實，我的衛星電話就在口袋裡。

So, it was a chance that they trusted me a lot.

僥倖的是，他們非常信任我，

They didn't -- they was not looking on me.

他們沒有來搜我。

So I was scared.

當然，我很害怕。

And when we finished the meeting, I went to return it in the forest.

我們開完會後，我跑到森林將電話放回去。

And I was sending news, doing whatever,

我那時偷傳新聞，做所有我能力所及的事，

reporting daily to the U.N., to UNESCO, to our institution in New York,

每天向聯合國，聯合國教育科學暨文化組織和

what have been going.

我們在紐約的研究機構報告現況。

And for that, they have been having big pressure to leave, to free the area.

因此，他們受到輿論的壓力，要他們離開，解放我們那地方。

Because there was no way --

因為他們沒有辦法 --

whatever they do, it's known the same time.

不管他們做什麼，都會馬上被全世界知道。

During the first two rebellions, they killed all animals in the zoo.

軍隊在前兩次的叛亂中，屠殺動物園裡所有的動物。

We have a zoo of 14 Okapis, and one of them was pregnant.

我們的動物園裡原有14隻霍加狓，且其中一隻已懷孕。

And during the war, after a week of heavy war, fighting in the area,

在戰爭期間，經過在我們地區的一週混戰後，

we succeeded: we had the first Okapi.

我們成功的培育出第一隻霍加狓。

This is the only trouser and shirt remind me of this.

就是這些衣褲，提醒了我當時情景。

This is not local population, this is rebels.

這位不是當地居民，他是叛軍。

They are now happy sending the news

他們很開心的到處散播

that they have protected the Okapi with the war,

他們以戰爭保護霍加狓的新聞。

because we sent the news that they are killing

這是因為我們之前以新聞報導

and poaching everywhere.

他們到處濫殺和盜獵的事蹟。

After a week, we celebrated the birthday of that Okapi,

一週後，我們慶祝這隻霍加狓的生日，

they killed an elephant, just 50 meters to the area

士兵們卻在距離霍加狓出生的動物園

where the zoo, where Okapi was born.

50公尺處，殺了一隻大象。

And I was mad.

我很生氣。

I oppose it -- that they are now going to dissect it,

我要他們在我向總指揮報告前，

until I do my report and then I see the Chief Commander.

都不許解剖那隻大象。

And I succeeded.

而我成功了。

The elephant just decayed and they just got the tusks.

他們只取了它的象牙，而讓它的身體自然腐爛。

What we are doing after that -- that was the situation of the war --

戰爭後，我們要面對的處境

we have to rebuild.

則是要重建。

I had some money. I was paid 150 dollars.

我手上有一些錢 -- 他們付了我150塊。

I devoted half of it to rebuild the herbarium,

我將一半用於重建植物標本室，

because we didn't have good infrastructure to start plants.

因為我們沒有良好的基礎建設來培養植物。

Wildlife Conservation Society more dealing with plants.

植物較多是由野生生物協會處理。

I started this with 70 dollars,

我用70元開始重建，

and start fundraising money to where I've been going.

並且在我所到之處募款。

I had opportunity to go all over,

我有到各地收集植物標本室

where herbarium for my African material is.

所需非洲素材的機會。

And they supported me a bit, and I built this.

他們也贊助了一點錢，讓我蓋了這個。

Now, it's doing work to train young Congolese.

現在，我們在這裡訓練剛果的年輕人。

And also, what one of the speciality we are doing,

我們其中一個強項，

my design is tracking the global warming effect on biodiversity,

我的計畫是追蹤全球暖化對於生物多樣性的影響，

and what the impacts of the Ituri Forest is playing to uptake carbon.

以及伊圖里森林在吸收二氧化碳的作用。

This is one of the studies we are doing on a 40-hectare plot,

這是我們在一塊40公頃的地進行的其中一項研究，

where we have tagged trees and lianas from one centimeters,

我們以公分標示樹和藤類，

and we are tracking them.

藉以追蹤。

We have now data of about 15 years,

現在，我們已有約15年的數據，

to see how that forest is contributing to the carbon reductions.

可知森林對減碳所做出的貢獻。

And that is -- I think it's difficult for me.

而這是 -- 我想這對我來說有點困難。

This is a very embarrassing talk, I know.

我知道這是個有點尷尬的題目-

I don't know where to start, where to finish it.

我不知道該從哪裡開始或從哪裡結束。

When I was thinking to come here,

當我考慮要來演講時，

what best title I wanted to say to my talk, I didn't find this.

我無法想到符合我演講的好標題。

But now I think that I would have titled it, "The Language of Guns."

但現在，我想我會將標題取為"槍支的語言"。

Where are you people?

你們在哪裡?

Now we are talking about reconstitution, rebuild Africa.

我們現在在討論非洲的改編與重建。

But is gun industries a tool to rebuild, or is it a game?

但，軍火業是重建的工具還是一場競賽呢?

I think we see the war like a game --

我想我們將戰爭看為一場競賽 --

like soccer, football.

像是足球賽，橄欖球賽。

Everybody is happy, but see what it's doing,

大家都很開心，但看看造成了什麼後果。

see what is going in Darfur.

看看發生在達佛(Darfur)的事。

Now we say, oh, my God.

我們現在才會說： "喔，我的老天啊！"

See what the wars in Rwanda.

看盧安達發生的事，

That's because of the language of guns.

那也是由槍枝的語言所引起。

I don't think that someone may blame Google,

我不認為任何人會怪罪Google，

because it's doing the right things,

因為Google做的是正確的事，

even if people like Al-Qaeda are using Google

連蓋達組織都在用Google

to connect between them.

進行聯繫。

But it's serving millions for the best.

Google是為了大眾的福祉服務。

But what is doing with gun industries?

那麼，軍火業又是為了誰服務呢？

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Chris Anderson: Thank you, thank you.

克里斯·安德森：謝謝，謝謝。

Just wait over there.

請在這裡稍候一下。

It's an amazing story.

這是個非常驚人的故事。

I suspect a lot of people here have the same question I have.

我想大部分的聽眾都和我有同樣的疑問。

How can we help you?

我們能怎樣幫助你？

Corneille Ewango: That's really embarrassing questions.

康乃爾·伊旺格：這是個很尷尬的問題。

I think that now I feel nervous.

我現在有點緊張了。

And I think, helping us, people are acting sometimes by ignorance.

我想，要幫助我們的話，人們有時是因無知而做出他們做的事。

I did it myself.

我也是一樣。

If I know when I was young,

如果我年輕時知道

that [by] killing an elephant, I'm destroying biodiversity,

獵殺大象會破壞生物多樣性，

I would not have done it.

我是不會做的。

Many, many of you have seen the talents of Africans,

你們許多人都知道非洲有很多有才華的人，

but there are few who are going to school.

但只有一些人才能接受教育。

Many are dying because of all those kind of pandemics,

許多因為流行病，愛滋病，瘧疾，

HIV, malaria, poverty, not going to school.

貧窮，沒有受到教育就將步入死亡。

What you can assist us, it's by building capacities.

你可以做的是，幫助我們培養能力。

How many have got opportunity like me

有多少人能有像我一樣的機會

to go to U.S., do a master's?

到美國念碩士，

And go -- now, I'm in the Netherlands to do a Ph.D.

再到- 我現在在荷蘭讀博士。

But many of them are just here, because they don't have money.

很多人留在剛果是因為沒有錢，

And they can't go even to university.

連大學都沒辦法上，

They can't even attain the bachelor's degree.

也無法獲得學士學位。

Building capacities for the young generation

為年輕一代培養能力

is going to make a better generation

會讓我們的下一代更好，

and a better future tomorrow for Africa.

也會讓非洲的未來更好。

CA: Thank you, thank you.

克里斯·安德森：謝謝，謝謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)