Enric Sala: Glimpses of a pristine ocean

翻译人员: Ray Yang 校对人员: Zhi Chen

I'm going to tell you two things today:

今天我要讲两件事情

One is what we have lost,

第一是我们已经失去的东西

and two, a way to bring it back.

第二是如何把它找回来

And let me start with this.

我先从这开始

This is my baseline:

这是我思想的出发点

This is the Mediterranean coast

这是地中海的海岸

with no fish, bare rock

没有鱼，石头光秃秃的

and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae.

还有许多海胆，以藻类为食

Something like this is what I first saw

当我第一次潜水的时候

when I jumped in the water for the first time

首先看到的就是这些东西

in the Mediterranean coast off Spain.

那是在地中海的西班牙沿岸

Now, if an alien came to earth --

现在，如果有个外星人来了地球

let's call him Joe --

我们给它起名叫乔

what would Joe see?

他会看到什么？

If Joe jumped in a coral reef,

如果乔跳进一个珊瑚礁

there are many things the alien could see.

这位外星人可能见到很多不同的东西

Very unlikely, Joe would jump

很不可能的是

on a pristine coral reef,

乔跳进了一片原始珊瑚礁

a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles,

或者说一片“处女”珊瑚礁，那里有很多珊瑚、鲨鱼、鳄鱼

manatees, groupers,

海牛、石斑鱼

turtles, etc.

海龟什么的

So, probably, what Joe would see

所以，乔会看到的东西

would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture.

可能就在图上绿色的部分

Here we have the extreme with dead corals,

这里是最坏的地方，到处是死珊瑚

microbial soup and jellyfish.

微生物和水母

And where the diver is,

这个画着潜水员的地方

this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now,

也许是世界上大多数珊瑚礁现在的状况

with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals,

这些地方珊瑚很少，而藻类的数量超过珊瑚

lots of bacteria,

还有很多细菌

and where the large animals are gone.

大型动物都不见了

And this is what most marine scientists have seen too.

这是大多数的海洋科学家都见过的情况

This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural

这是他们的出发点，他们认为这一情形很正常

because we started modern science

因为我们借助潜水工具

with scuba diving long after

开始现代海洋科学研究

we started degrading marine ecosystems.

已经是海洋生态系统开始退化之后很久的事情

So I'm going to get us all on a time machine,

所以我要带大家坐上时间机器

and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past

去图左边那样的地方，回到过去的世界

to see what the ocean was like.

去看看海洋曾经的面貌

And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands,

让我们开动的时间机器吧。第一站是列岛群岛 (夏威夷附近）

where we have conducted a series

在这儿，国家地理杂志已经进行了

of National Geographic expeditions.

一系列考察

This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati

这片属于基里巴斯的群岛

that spans across the equator

横跨赤道

and it has several uninhabited,

其中有一些岛屿无人居住

unfished, pristine islands

也没人捕鱼，处于原始状态

and a few inhabited islands.

另一些岛上则有人

So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people.

首先，第一个要介绍的是圣诞节岛，居民超过五千人

Most of the reefs are dead,

这里大多数的珊瑚礁都死掉了

most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae --

大多数珊瑚在藻类的排挤下都死了

and most of the fish are smaller than

而大多数鱼类比那些

the pencils we use to count them.

我们用来给鱼计数的铅笔还要小

We did 250 hours of diving here

2005年我们在那里潜水了250小时

in 2005.

。

We didn't see a single shark.

连一只鲨鱼也没见到

This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777

1777年库克船长就发现了这个地方

and he described a huge abundance of sharks

他描述有一大群鲨鱼

biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats

在他们靠岸的时候

while they were going ashore.

撕咬着他们小船的舵和桨

Let's move the dial a little bit to the past.

我们再把时间机器的表盘向过去拨一点点

Fanning Island, 2,500 people.

范宁岛，居民2500人

The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.

这里珊瑚的情况要好一些，有很多小型鱼类

This is what many divers would consider paradise.

按现在的标准，很多潜水者都会把这里看成天堂

This is where you can see most

这样的景象你可以在

of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

佛罗里达群岛海洋保护区的大部分地方见到

And many people think this is really, really beautiful,

很多人都觉得这里真的，真的很美

if this is your baseline.

如果这是你的出发点

If we go back to a place

那我们再回去看另一个地方

like Palmyra Atoll,

巴尔米拉岛环礁

where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago,

几年前我在那儿和杰里米 杰克逊 一起工作

the corals are doing better and there are sharks.

那里的珊瑚的情况很好，还有鲨鱼

You can see sharks in every single dive.

每次潜水都能看见鲨鱼

And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs.

这在今天的珊瑚礁就很难见到了

But then, if we shift the dial

不过，如果我们回到

200, 500 years back,

200或500年前

then we get to the places where the corals

那我们就会看见

are absolutely healthy and gorgeous,

极其健康而美丽的珊瑚

forming spectacular structures,

形成了壮观的建筑

and where the predators

食肉动物

are the most conspicuous thing,

是这里最显眼的东西

where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive.

每次在这里潜水都能看到25到50只鲨鱼

What have we learned from these places?

我们从这样的地方学到了什么？

This is what we thought was natural.

这些是我们认为很正常的东西

This is what we call the biomass pyramid.

这是生物量金字塔

If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them,

如果我们把一片珊瑚礁中的所有鱼类进行称重

this is what we would expect.

我门会预料到以下的结果

Most of the biomass is low on the food chain, the herbivores,

大部分生物量都处在食物链的低端，即植食性鱼类

the parrotfish, the surgeonfish that eat the algae.

包括鹦嘴鱼，吃藻类的鲟鱼

Then the plankton feeders, these little damselfish,

接下来是以浮游生物为食的鱼，比如小雀鲷

the little animals floating in the water.

一种在水里飘来飘去的小动物

And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores,

接下来食肉类的生物量要少一些

and a lower biomass of top head,

数量更少的是食物链顶端的生物

or the sharks, the large snappers, the large groupers.

如鲨鱼、鲷鱼、大石斑鱼

But this is a consequence.

但是这只是一种研究结论

This view of the world is a consequence

这种观点来源于

of having studied degraded reefs.

对退化的珊瑚礁进行研究的结果

When we went to pristine reefs,

如果我们去看看原始的珊瑚礁

we realized that the natural world

我们就会意识到自然世界

was upside down;

其实正好相反

this pyramid was inverted.

生物量金字塔倒过来了

The top head does account for most of the biomass,

顶端的生物占据了大部分生物量

in some places up to 85 percent,

在某些地方，可达百分之85

like Kingman Reef, which is now protected.

比如目前已经得到保护的金曼珊瑚礁

The good news is that, in addition to having more predators,

好消息是，除了食肉类动物的数量多了

there's more of everything.

这里的每一样东西都多了

The size of these boxes is bigger.

金字塔的每一层的面积更大

We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers,

更多的鲨鱼，更多鲷鱼

more biomass of herbivores, too,

植食性鱼类的生物量也更多

like these parrot fish that are like marine goats.

比如这只鹦嘴鱼，好像海里的山羊

They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen,

他们吃掉所有长得大到可以看见的东西

they eat, and they keep the reef clean

让珊瑚礁变干净

and allow the corals to replenish.

并且让珊瑚更好的繁殖

Not only do these places --

这些

these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish,

古老、原始的地方不仅有很多鱼

but they also have other important components

而且还有其他生态系统中重要的组成部分

of the ecosystem like the giant clams;

比如大蛤

pavements of giant clams in the lagoons,

环礁湖中大蛤聚集生长

up to 20, 25 per square meter.

每平方米最多可以有20、25个

These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world,

这些已经从所有有人居住的珊瑚礁中消失了

and they filter the water;

它们可以过滤水体

they keep the water clean from

去掉水中的

microbes and pathogens.

微生物和病原体

But still, now we have global warming.

但是，由于现在全球变暖（影响了这些生物的生存）

If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law

如果我们因为这些珊瑚礁受法律保护，或者离我们距离太远，

or their remoteness, this is great.

而不在这里捕鱼，那么情况会好得多。

But the water gets warmer for too long

但是（你会问），水体变暖持续了太长时间

and the corals die.

使珊瑚死掉

So how are these fish,

那么有这些鱼

these predators going to help?

这些食肉动物们能有什么帮助呢？

Well, what we have seen is that

我们已经知道

in this particular area

在这个地区

during El Nino, year '97, '98,

在97、98年的厄尔尼诺期

the water was too warm for too long,

海水过热持续的时间过长

and many corals bleached

很多珊瑚失去了颜色

and many died.

并且死亡

In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down,

在圣诞节岛，食物链被剪短

where the large animals are gone,

大的动物都不见了

the corals have not recovered.

这里的珊瑚至今还没有恢复过来。

In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.

在方宁岛，珊瑚也还没有恢复。

But you see here

但是，你可以注意到

a big table coral that died and collapsed.

一个圆桌状的大珊瑚死掉而且倒下了

And the fish have grazed the algae,

鱼儿们已经吃掉了一些海藻

so the turf of algae is a little lower.

所以这里的海藻没有长得这么高

Then you go to Palmyra Atoll

接着让我们来到巴尔米拉岛环礁

that has more biomass of herbivores,

这里有更多的食肉动物

and the dead corals are clean,

这里的珊瑚是干净的

and the corals are coming back.

珊瑚已经恢复过来了

And when you go to the pristine side,

让我们再看保持原始状态的一边

did this ever bleach?

这里褪色过吗？

These places bleached too, but they recovered faster.

这里的珊瑚也褪色过。但是它们恢复得快一些

The more intact, the more complete,

越原始的地方，恢复得越快。

[and] the more complex your food web,

食物链越复杂

the higher the resilience, [and] the more likely

生态环境越有抵抗力

that the system is going to recover

也越可能从

from the short-term impacts of warming events.

短期的变暖变化中恢复。

And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure.

这是个好消息。所以我们应该恢复这样的结构

We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there

我们需要保证生态系统的各个部分都健全

so the ecosystem can adapt

这样生态系统才能

to the effects of global warming.

适应全球变暖

So if we have to reset the baseline,

所以如果我们要重设基准线

if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left,

要把生态环境推回左边去的话

how can we do it?

我们该怎么做呢？

Well, there are several ways.

有几种方法

One very clear way is the marine protected areas,

一种很明显的办法是设立海洋保护区

especially no-take reserves

特别是“非捕鱼”区

that we set aside

。

to allow for the recovery for marine life.

这样可以让海洋生物恢复过来

And let me go back to that image

让我们回到

of the Mediterranean.

地中海的画面

This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid.

这是我的基准线。这是我还是小孩时看到的。

And at the same time I was watching

同时我在看

Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV,

雅克 · 库斯托的电视节目

with all this richness and abundance and diversity.

电视中显示如此丰富，多样的生物

And I thought that this richness

我以为这样的丰富性只能

belonged to tropical seas,

在热带海区才能有

and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea.

地中海不是这么一个地方

But, little did I know,

但是直到我第一次跳进

until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve.

一个海洋保护区之前我都不知道我错了

And this is what I saw, lots of fish.

我看见很多的鱼

After a few years, between five and seven years,

五到七年之间

fish come back, they eat the urchins,

鱼回来了。它们吃海胆

and then the algae grow again.

海藻又长出来了

So you have this little algal forest,

在一个小小的

and in the size of a laptop

笔记本电脑大小的区域

you can find more than 100 species of algae,

你能发现一百多种藻类植物

mostly microscopic fit

大都是微小的植物

hundreds of species of little animals

成百条鱼

that then feed the fish,

和吃鱼的小动物

so that the system recovers.

生态系统就这样恢复了

And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve,

这个保护区

is only 94 hectares,

只有94公顷

and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy,

但是它给本地带来了6百万欧元的价值

20 times more than fishing,

是捕鱼价值的20倍

and it represents 88 percent

这是百分之88

of all the tourist revenue.

的旅游收入

So these places not only help the ecosystem

这些地方不仅有助于生态环境

but also help the people

也有益于民

who can benefit from the ecosystem.

。

So let me just give you a summary

让我总结一下

of what no-take reserves do.

“禁捕”保护区的益处

These places, when we protect them,

。

if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby, this is what happens.

与附近没有保护的区域比较，受保护的地区

The number of species increases 21 percent;

物种增加百分之21

so if you have 1,000 species

如果这里有1000种生物

you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve.

你可以预计在保护区里有额外200种生物

This is very substantial.

这是很大的不同

The size of organisms increases a third,

生物的大小增加三分之一

so your fish are now this big.

所以你的鱼现在有这么大

The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter,

每平方米的鱼数量

increases almost 170 percent.

增加近 170 ％。

And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change --

生物量 增加4.5倍

4.5 times greater biomass

这-是最大的变化

on average, just after five to seven years.

平均而言，变化只需要5至7年

In some places up to 10 times

在保护区的有些地方，

larger biomass inside the reserves.

生物量增加高达10倍

So we have all these things

保护区里有这么多的东西都在增加

inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do?

它们都干什么呢？

They reproduce. That's population biology 101.

他们繁殖。这是基本生物学。

If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die,

如果你不杀鱼,它们会活得更久

they grow larger and they reproduce a lot.

他们变得越来越大，而且繁殖很快

And same thing for invertebrates. This is the example.

无脊椎动物也是一样。举个例子。

These are egg cases

这是些

laid by a snail off the coast of Chile,

在智利海岸的蜗牛产的蛋

and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom.

这是在保护区之外蛋的数量

Outside the reserve,

。

you cannot even detect this.

少到你都检测不到

One point three million eggs per square meter

在保护区里面有很多蜗牛。

inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant.

它们产了每平方米130万个蛋

So these organisms reproduce,

这些生物繁殖开来

the little larvae juveniles spill over,

小幼虫游到保护区外

they all spill over,

它们都会到外面去

and then people can benefit from them outside too.

保护区外的人也因此受益

This is in the Bahamas: Nassau grouper.

这是在巴哈马拿骚石斑鱼。

Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve,

保护区内有非常多的石斑鱼

and the closer you get to the reserve,

而且越接近保护区

the more fish you have.

鱼越多

So the fishermen are catching more.

因此，渔民捕获更多。

You can see where the limits of the reserve are

你可以根据船在那里

because you see the boats lined up.

看出保护区的边界在哪里

So there is spill over;

。

there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves

保护区给周边的人们提供了

that help people around them,

各种好处

while at the same time

同时

the reserve is protecting

保护区保护了

the entire habitat. It is building resilience.

整个栖息地. 提高了它的抵抗力

So what we have now --

我们现在

or a world without reserves --

没有保护区的世界

is like a debit account

像是一个转帐帐户

where we withdraw all the time

只取

and we never make any deposit.

不存

Reserves are like savings accounts.

保护区像储蓄账户

We have this principal that we don't touch;

我们不动本金

that produces returns,

本金产生

social, economic and ecological.

社会，经济和生态的效益

And if we think about the increase of biomass inside the reserves,

保护区里的生物量的增加

this is like compound interest.

就好象利滚利

Two examples, again,

再举两个

of how these reserves can benefit people.

保护区如何让人受益的例子

This is how much fishermen get

这是肯尼亚捕鱼人

everyday in Kenya, fishing

几年来

over a series of years,

一天的收入

in a place where

在没有保护的地方

there is no protection; it's a free-for-all.

大家都不择手段，能捞多少捞多少

Once the most degrading fishing gear,

一旦最有破坏力的渔具

seine nets, were removed,

大围网，被废弃后

the fishermen were catching more.

渔民们抓到了更多的鱼

If you fish less, you're actually catching more.

如果你捕的次数越少，你实际上捕获更多。

But if we add the no-take reserve on top of that,

如果你再加上一个保护区

the fishermen are still making more money

渔民们可以通过在保护区周围打渔

by fishing less around an area that is protected.

而收入更多

Another example:

另一个例子是关于

Nassau groupers in Belize in the Mesoamerican Reef.

伯利兹Mesoamerican珊瑚礁拿骚石斑鱼™

This is grouper sex,

这是石斑鱼在交配

and the groupers aggregate around the full moons

它们在十二月和一月月圆的时候聚集在一起

of December and January for a week.

一 个星期

They used to aggregate up to the

以前多达几万，30000 条这么大的石斑鱼

tens of thousands, 30,000 groupers about this big

一次聚在

in one hectare, in one aggregation.

一公顷的地方

Fishermen knew about these things; they caught them, and they depleted them.

渔民知道这些。他们把鱼一网打尽。

When I went there for the first time in 2000,

在2000年我第一次到那的时候

there were only 3,000 groupers left.

只有3000之石斑鱼剩下了

And the fishermen were authorized to catch 30 percent

政府允许渔民们每年捕捉

of the entire spawning population every year.

整个产卵鱼群的百份３０.

So we did a simple analysis,

做个简单的计算

and it doesn't take rocket science

你不需要是个高深的科学家

to figure out that, if you take 30 percent every year,

就能预计如果你每年捕30%的话

your fishery is going to collapse very quickly.

整个鱼群会很快灭绝

And with the fishery, the entire reproductive ability

整个物种的繁殖能力也会

of the species goes extinct.

跟着灭绝

It happened in many places around the Caribbean.

这种事在很多加勒比海的地方都发生过

And they would make 4,000 dollars per year,

整个几艘船的船队一整年

total, for the entire fishery,

只能挣4000美元

several fishing boats.

。

Now, if you do an economic analysis

现在，如果你做个经济分析

and project what would happen

预测

if the fish were not cut,

如果鱼群没有被破坏

if we brought just 20 divers

如果我们每年每月

one month per year,

只吸引20个潜水游客

the revenue would be more than 20 times higher

旅游利润将会是现在的20倍

and that would be sustainable over time.

而且这是可以持续的

So how much of this do we have?

那我们现在有多少保护区呢？

If this is so good, if this is such a no-brainer, how much of this do we have?

如果保护区是这么显而易见得好，我们现在有多少呢？

And you already heard that

你们已经听说了

less than one percent of the ocean's protected.

少于1%的海洋现在受到保护

We're getting closer to one percent now,

多亏了对查戈斯群岛的保护

thanks to the protections of the Chagos Archipelago,

这个比例正接近1%

and only a fraction of this is fully protected from fishing.

而且其中只有一小部分完全禁捕

Scientific studies recommend that at least 20 percent

科学研究建议至少20%

of the ocean should be protected.

的海洋该被保护起来

The estimated range is between 20 and 50 percent

如果想要达到增强生物多样性

for a series of goals of biodiversity

鱼的数量和对环境变化的抵抗力

and fishery enhancement and resilience.

估计要保护的面积要在20%到50%之间

Now, is this possible? People would ask: How much would that cost?

这可能吗？人们会问：这要花多少钱啊？

Well, let's think about

好，让我们想想

how much we are paying now

我们现在花多少钱

to subsidize fishing:

补助捕鱼业

35 billion dollars per year.

一年350亿美元

Many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices.

很多补助被用于破坏性的捕鱼行为

Well, there are a couple estimates

如果我们要建立一个

of how much it would cost to create

20%海洋区域的保护区网络

a network of protected areas

。

covering 20 percent of the ocean

按现在的几个估计

that would be only a fraction

费用只会是

of what we are now paying;

现在政府

the government hands out to a fishery

给捕鱼业的补助的一小部分

that is collapsing.

这样的补助还是不能挽救捕鱼业

People are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing.

人们在失去工作因为鱼群正在快速消失

A creation of a network of reserves

建立保护区网络将会

would provide direct employment for more than a million people

直接雇佣多于一百万的人

plus all the secondary jobs and all the secondary benefits.

而且间接提供工作和许多其他间接好处

So how can we do that?

那我们该怎么做呢？

If it's so clear that these savings accounts

如果这些“储蓄帐号”

are good for the environment and for people,

对环境和人这么好

why don't we have 20, 50 percent of the ocean?

为什么我们至今还没有保护到20%到50%的海洋面积呢？

And how can we reach that goal?

我们怎么才能达到这个目标呢？

Well, there are two ways of getting there.

有两种方法

The trivial solution is to create really large protected areas

简单的是建立巨大的保护区

like the Chagos Archipelago.

象查戈斯群岛保护区

The problem is that we can create these large reserves

问题是我们只能在没有人居住，

only in places where there are no people, where there is no social conflict,

没有环境和人类冲突，

where the political cost is really low

政治，经济代价很低的地方

and the economic cost is also low.

建立这样的大保护区

And a few of us, a few organizations in this room and elsewhere

我们在座的和在其他地方的一些人和组织

are working on this.

正在做这件事

But what about the rest of the coast of the world,

但是其他有人居住

where people live and make a living out of fishing?

捕鱼的沿海地方怎么办呢？

Well, there are three main reasons why

我们没有数以万计的小保护区

we don't have tens of thousands of small reserves:

有三个主要原因

The first one is that people have no idea

第一是人们不知道

what marine reserves do,

海洋保护区做什么

and fishermen tend to be really, really defensive

渔民们往往是很抵触

when it comes to regulating or closing

限制或关闭捕鱼海域

an area, even if it's small.

即使是一个很小的区域

Second, the governance is not right

其次，管理方式也不对

because most coastal communities around the world

因为全球绝大多数的海边社区

don't have the authority

没有权力去

to monitor the resources to create the reserve and enforce it.

监测资源，建立保护区并执行有效的保护

It's a top down hierarchical structure

这是个从上至下的组织结构

where people wait for

人们等着

government agents to come

政府人员来做

and this is not effective. And the government doesn't have enough resources.

这是不是有效的方法。政府没有足够的资源。

Which takes us to the third reason,

最后第三个

why we don't have many more reserves,

我们没有更多保护区的原因

is that the funding models have been wrong.

是我们的融资方法不对

NGOs and governments

非政府组织和政府

spend a lot of time and energy and resources

通常花很多钱，精力和资源

in a few small areas, usually.

在很少的几个地区

So marine conservation and coastal protection

因此，海洋和沿海保护

has become a sink for government or philanthropic money,

已成为政府或慈善机构的烧钱机器

and this is not sustainable.

这是不可能长久的

So the solutions are just

所以解决

fixing these three issues.

这三个问题的办法是：

First, we need to develop a global awareness campaign

首先，，我们需要展开一个全球性的教育宣传

to inspire local communities and governments

来激励当地社区和政府

to create no-take reserves

建立

that are better than what we have now.

比现在好的保护区

It's the savings accounts

这是储蓄帐户

versus the debit accounts with no deposits.

不是没有存款的转帐帐户

Second, we need to redesign our governance

其次，我们需要重新设计我们的管理方式

so conservation efforts can be decentralized,

从而保护工作可以被分工合作

so conservation efforts don't depend on

保护工作从此不再依赖于

work from NGOs

非政府机构

or from government agencies

或者政府

and can be created by the local communities,

地方社区就可以建立保护机制

like it happens in the Philippines and a few other places.

就像是在菲律宾和其他地方发生例子一样

And third, and very important,

第三，非常重要的是

we need to develop new business models.

我们需要开发新的商业模式

The philanthropy sink as the only way to create reserves

依靠慈善捐助来维持保护区的方法是

is not sustainable.

没法永久维持的

We really need to develop models, business models,

我们真的需要发展基于

where coastal conservation

海洋环保为投资

is an investment,

的商业模式

because we already know

因为我们已经知道

that these marine reserves provide

这些海洋保护区提供

social, ecological and economic benefits.

社会，生态和经济效益

And I'd like to finish with one thought,

最后我想以以下的一点结束我的演讲

which is that no one

没有一个组织可以

organization alone

独立地

is going to save the ocean.

拯救海洋

There has been a lot of competition in the past,

过去有许多组织互相竞争

and we need to develop

我们需要建立一个新的

a new model of partnership,

基于真诚合作

truly collaborative,

的模式

where we are looking for complementing,

互补

not substituting.

而不是互相取代

The stakes are just too high

我们不能再继续我们现在的方法了

to continue the way we are going.

因为我们失败的代价实在是太高了

So let's do that. Thank you very much.

因此让我么大家行动起来吧。非常感谢

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Chris Anderson: Thank you Enric.

克里斯安德森 （主持人）：谢谢你安瑞科。

Enric Sala: Thank you.

安瑞科萨拉：谢谢你。©

CA: That was a masterful job

主持人： 能把这么复杂的事讲得头头是道

of pulling things together.

真不简单

First of all, your pyramid, your inverted pyramid,

首先，你的金字塔，你的倒金字塔理论，

showing 85 percent biomass in the predators,

显示食肉动物占85%的生物量

that seems impossible.

这似乎是不可能的

How could 85 percent

85%的生物量怎么可能

survive on 15 percent?

靠15% 的生物量存活呢？

ES: Well, imagine that you have two gears

安瑞科：嗯，想象一下你有两个齿轮

of a watch, a big one and a small one.

一个大一个小

The big one is moving very slowly, and the small one is moving fast.

大的那个转得很慢，小的则转得飞快

That's basically it.

基本上就是这个道理

The animals at the lower parts of the food chain,

在食品链下游的动物

they reproduce very fast; they grow really fast; they produce millions of eggs.

繁殖得很快，长大也非常快，他们产的蛋以数百万计。

Up there, you have sharks and large fish that live 25, 30 years.

上面，鲨鱼和大的鱼可以活25，30年

They reproduce very slowly; they have a slow metabolism;

它们繁殖很慢。新陈代谢也很慢

and, basically, they just maintain their biomass.

基本上，它们只是维持它们的生物量

So, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there

所以，基本上，下面这些生物生产的盈余

is enough to maintain this biomass

就足够维持

that is not moving.

这些生长缓慢的生物

They are like capacitors of the system.

它们就像该系统的电容

CA: That's very fascinating.

主持人：真神奇啊！

So, really, our picture of a food pyramid

我们真的要完全改变我们

is just -- we have to change that completely.

现在食物金字塔的概念

ES: At least in the seas.

安瑞科：至少在海里是这样。

What we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid

我们发现在珊瑚礁倒金字塔模型

is the equivalent of the Serengeti,

就像是非洲塞伦盖蒂草原

with five lions per wildebeest.

一条羚羊养五条狮子一样

And on land, this cannot work.

在陆地上，这是行不通的

But at least on coral reefs are systems

但至少对底层有这种结构的

where there is a bottom component with structure.

珊瑚礁系统而言

We think this is universal.

我们认为这是很普遍的

But we have started studying pristine reefs

但是，我们也只是最近才开始研究

only very recently.

原始珊瑚礁

CA: So the numbers you presented really are astonishing.

主持人：您提出的数字确实很惊人

You're saying we're spending 35 billion dollars

你说我们花350亿美元

now on subsidies.

用于补助

It would only cost 16 billion to set up

而设立20%

20 percent of the ocean as

海洋的保护区

marine protected areas

只要花160亿美元

that actually give new living choices

而且这些保护区可以给渔民们

to the fishermen as well.

新的生活方式选择

If the world was a smarter place,

如果这个世界是个聪明点的地方

we could solve this problem for negative 19 billion dollars.

我们可以少花190亿美元解决这个问题。

We've got 19 billion to spend on health care or something.

我们光在医疗上已花费了190亿美元

ES: And then we have the under-performance of fisheries

安瑞科：这还不包括增加的500亿美元的

that is 50 billion dollars.

鱼业收入

So again, one of the big solutions is

所以，最好的解决办法之一就是

have the World Trade Organization shifting the subsidies

让世界贸易组织把现有的补贴转移到

to sustainable practices.

可以持久的做法上去

CA: Okay, so there's a lot of examples that I'm hearing out there

主持人：好。我今天听到了很多

about ending this subsidies madness.

有关结束这场疯狂的补贴列子

So thank you for those numbers.

谢谢你提供了这些数字。

The last one's a personal question.

最后一个是一个个人的问题

A lot of the experience of people here

在座的很多人都在海洋中

who've been in the oceans for a long time

泡过很长一段时间

has just been seeing this degradation, the places they saw that were beautiful

他们看到曾经美丽的地方环境一天天恶化

getting worse, depressing.

令人非常沮丧

Talk to me about the feeling that you must have experienced

能不能讲一讲你看到

of going to these pristine areas

原始海域

and seeing things coming back.

看到美好的东西回来的感受？

ES: It is a spiritual experience.

安瑞科： 这是一种精神体验

We go there to try to understand the ecosystems,

我们去那里尝试了解生态系统

to try to measure or count fish and sharks

尝试测量鱼和鲨鱼的数量

and see how these places are different from the places we know.

看看这些地方是如何与我们知道的地方有什么不同

But the best feeling

E.O.威尔逊的

is this biophilia that E.O. Wilson talks about,

这么一段描述最能表达我的感受

where humans have this sense of awe and wonder

人类在未被该变的大自然之前

in front of untamed nature, of raw nature.

会感觉到一种敬畏和惊奇的感觉

And there, only there,

而且，只有在那里

you really feel that you are part of a larger thing

你真的觉得你是一个

or of a larger global ecosystem.

一个更大的全球生态系统的一部分

And if it were not for these places that show hope,

如果不是这些带给人希望地方

I don't think I could continue doing this job.

我会因为太沮丧而不能

It would be just too depressing.

继续做我现在的工作

CA: Well, Enric, thank you so much for sharing

主持人:安瑞科，非常感谢你

some of that spiritual experience with us all. Thank you.

与我们分享你的精神体验

ES: Thank you very much.

安瑞科：非常感谢