Enric Sala: Glimpses of a pristine ocean

譯者: Xiaoqing Chen 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang

I'm going to tell you two things today:

今天我將談兩點

One is what we have lost,

一是我們失去了什麼

and two, a way to bring it back.

二是怎樣找回它

And let me start with this.

讓我從這兒開始

This is my baseline:

這是我的底線

This is the Mediterranean coast

這裡是地中海海岸

with no fish, bare rock

沒有魚，只有光禿禿的岩石

and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae.

有許多喜歡吃海藻的海膽

Something like this is what I first saw

當我第一次在西班牙的

when I jumped in the water for the first time

地中海海岸潛入水下

in the Mediterranean coast off Spain.

看到的是這樣的景象

Now, if an alien came to earth --

假設﹐一個外星人來到地球

let's call him Joe --

我們就叫他喬

what would Joe see?

喬會看到什麼?

If Joe jumped in a coral reef,

如果喬在一個珊瑚礁潛水

there are many things the alien could see.

這個外星人會看到很多

Very unlikely, Joe would jump

但是不大可能的是﹐ 喬會

on a pristine coral reef,

跳入一片原始珊瑚礁

a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles,

未被人類造訪過﹐ 有著許多珊瑚、鯊魚、鱷魚

manatees, groupers,

海牛、石班魚、

turtles, etc.

海龜等等

So, probably, what Joe would see

所以﹐ 喬很可能看到的

would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture.

是在這一部份﹐ 圖中綠色的部份

Here we have the extreme with dead corals,

這是一個極端的例子: 死亡的珊瑚

microbial soup and jellyfish.

充滿微生物的粘稠水域和海蜇

And where the diver is,

潛水者所處的區域

this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now,

很可能是今天世界上大部份珊瑚礁存在的地方

with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals,

珊瑚所剩不多﹐而且長滿藻類

lots of bacteria,

大量的細菌

and where the large animals are gone.

大型動物已經消失

And this is what most marine scientists have seen too.

這也是大部份海洋科學家所看到的

This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural

這是他們的底線, 是他們認為正常的狀態

because we started modern science

因為我們依靠水肺潛水開始的現代科學

with scuba diving long after

遠遠晚於

we started degrading marine ecosystems.

人類對海洋生態系統的破壞

So I'm going to get us all on a time machine,

所以我現在要讓各位登上時間旅行機器

and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past

我們要向左邊,向過去出發

to see what the ocean was like.

去看看海洋往日的情形

And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands,

讓我們從這臺時間旅行機器開始,蘭島

where we have conducted a series

我們在這裡進行了一系列的

of National Geographic expeditions.

國家地理探險

This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati

這片海洋是屬於基里巴斯共和國的一個群島

that spans across the equator

跨越赤道

and it has several uninhabited,

包括好幾個無人居住的

unfished, pristine islands

尚未發展漁業的原始島嶼

and a few inhabited islands.

以及幾個有人居住的島嶼

So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people.

讓我們首先從聖誕島開始-這裡有5千居民

Most of the reefs are dead,

大部份珊瑚礁已經死亡

most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae --

大部份珊瑚也已經死亡,長滿海藻

and most of the fish are smaller than

大部份魚類都比

the pencils we use to count them.

我們用來計算他們數量的鉛筆還小

We did 250 hours of diving here

我們在此地潛水了250小時

in 2005.

那是2005年

We didn't see a single shark.

我們沒有見到一條鯊魚

This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777

這個地方是庫克船長於1777年發現的

and he described a huge abundance of sharks

他描述了大量鯊魚的存在

biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats

撕咬他們小船上的舵和槳

while they were going ashore.

當時他們正在著陸

Let's move the dial a little bit to the past.

讓我們把時光再倒回去一些

Fanning Island, 2,500 people.

范寧島有兩千五百居民

The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.

這裡的珊瑚狀況稍好﹐有大量小魚

This is what many divers would consider paradise.

許多潛水員會認為這里可以算是天堂了

This is where you can see most

在這裡你可以看到

of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

是大部份佛羅裡達國家海洋保護區的景象

And many people think this is really, really beautiful,

許多人認為這裡非常非常美麗

if this is your baseline.

如果這是你的底線的話。

If we go back to a place

如果我們回到一個地方

like Palmyra Atoll,

比如巴爾米拉環礁

where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago,

我同傑里米.傑克遜幾年前去過

the corals are doing better and there are sharks.

珊瑚狀況更好, 還有鯊魚

You can see sharks in every single dive.

你每次潛水都會看到鯊魚

And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs.

這在今天的珊瑚礁很少見

But then, if we shift the dial

但是﹐如果我們把時光指針

200, 500 years back,

撥回到200年或500年以前

then we get to the places where the corals

那麼我們到達的地方珊瑚

are absolutely healthy and gorgeous,

非常健康,光彩奪目

forming spectacular structures,

呈現出各種壯觀的造型

and where the predators

這里捕食動物

are the most conspicuous thing,

最為顯眼

where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive.

你每次潛水都能看到25到50條鯊魚

What have we learned from these places?

我們從這些地方了解了什麼?

This is what we thought was natural.

這些地方是我們所認為的自然狀態

This is what we call the biomass pyramid.

這就是我們所稱的生物量金字塔

If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them,

如果我們把一處珊瑚礁所有的魚類集中起來稱重

this is what we would expect.

這就是我們所期望的﹕

Most of the biomass is low on the food chain, the herbivores,

大部份的生物量處在食物鏈的下端,他們是食草魚

the parrotfish, the surgeonfish that eat the algae.

比如食藻類的鸚哥魚,鱘魚

Then the plankton feeders, these little damselfish,

然後是吃浮遊生物的魚類,小雀鯛

the little animals floating in the water.

等漂浮在水中的小生物

And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores,

然後還有數量較少些的食肉魚類

and a lower biomass of top head,

以及數量更少的處在頂端的

or the sharks, the large snappers, the large groupers.

鯊魚,大型笛鯛,大型石班魚

But this is a consequence.

但是這是一個後果

This view of the world is a consequence

這種觀點是一個後果

of having studied degraded reefs.

是研究被破壞的珊瑚礁之後得出的結論

When we went to pristine reefs,

當我們到達原始珊瑚礁以後

we realized that the natural world

我們意識到自然世界

was upside down;

是上下顛倒的

this pyramid was inverted.

金字塔是倒過來的

The top head does account for most of the biomass,

頂層佔生物量的大部份

in some places up to 85 percent,

在某些地方﹐高達85%

like Kingman Reef, which is now protected.

比如現在受到保護的金曼礁

The good news is that, in addition to having more predators,

一個好消息就是﹐除了它有更多的捕食魚﹐

there's more of everything.

它也有更多其他各種生物

The size of these boxes is bigger.

這些框框的面積更大

We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers,

這裡有更多鯊魚,更大的笛鯛群

more biomass of herbivores, too,

也有更大的草食魚群

like these parrot fish that are like marine goats.

這種鸚哥魚好像海洋里的山羊

They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen,

他們清理珊瑚礁;上面所有看得見的生物

they eat, and they keep the reef clean

他們都吃,這樣保持珊瑚礁的清潔

and allow the corals to replenish.

使珊瑚可以更新換代

Not only do these places --

這些地方不僅

these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish,

這些古老的﹐原始的水域不僅有大量魚類

but they also have other important components

他們還有其他重要的

of the ecosystem like the giant clams;

生態系統的成份,比如巨蛤

pavements of giant clams in the lagoons,

巨蛤在瀉湖里成片生長

up to 20, 25 per square meter.

多達每平方米20或25只

These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world,

他們已經從所有有人居住的珊瑚礁消失了

and they filter the water;

他們過濾水質

they keep the water clean from

他們保持水質清潔

microbes and pathogens.

防止微生物和病原體滋生

But still, now we have global warming.

但是﹐目前全球變暖

If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law

如果我們因為這些珊瑚礁受法律保護

or their remoteness, this is great.

或者因為他們位置偏遠而停止捕魚,那會很好

But the water gets warmer for too long

但是如果海水長時間變暖

and the corals die.

珊瑚死亡

So how are these fish,

那麼這些魚類

these predators going to help?

這些捕食魚類能起什麼作用呢?

Well, what we have seen is that

我們所看到的是

in this particular area

就在這裡

during El Nino, year '97, '98,

在97、98年的厄爾尼諾氣候期間

the water was too warm for too long,

海水溫度過高太長時間

and many corals bleached

很多珊瑚出現白化現象

and many died.

進而死亡

In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down,

在聖誕島﹐ 食物網被簡化

where the large animals are gone,

大型動物消失

the corals have not recovered.

珊瑚還未恢復到從前

In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.

范寧島的珊瑚也是一樣

But you see here

但是在這裡你可以看到

a big table coral that died and collapsed.

這個巨大的鹿角珊瑚死掉了

And the fish have grazed the algae,

魚吃掉了藻類

so the turf of algae is a little lower.

因此藻類的領域稍微低一些

Then you go to Palmyra Atoll

但是如果你去巴爾米拉環礁

that has more biomass of herbivores,

那裡有更多的食草魚類

and the dead corals are clean,

那裡的珊瑚很乾淨

and the corals are coming back.

他們正在逐漸恢復

And when you go to the pristine side,

如果你去原始海洋那邊

did this ever bleach?

那裡的珊瑚會白化嗎?

These places bleached too, but they recovered faster.

他們也會有白化發生,但是他們能更迅速地恢復

The more intact, the more complete,

食物網越完整,越完備

[and] the more complex your food web,

越複雜

the higher the resilience, [and] the more likely

就越堅韌﹐

that the system is going to recover

生態系統從氣候變暖的短期影響下

from the short-term impacts of warming events.

恢復的可能性就越大

And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure.

這是好消息。所以我們有必要恢復生態結構

We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there

我們需要保證生態系統的所有部份齊全

so the ecosystem can adapt

這樣生態系統能夠應對

to the effects of global warming.

全球變暖的影響

So if we have to reset the baseline,

如果我們必須重設底線

if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left,

如果我們要把生態系統推回到左邊

how can we do it?

我們怎樣才能做到?

Well, there are several ways.

有好幾種途徑

One very clear way is the marine protected areas,

一種顯而易見的辦法是海洋保護區

especially no-take reserves

特別是“不取”保護區

that we set aside

我們設立這些區域

to allow for the recovery for marine life.

使得海洋生物能夠修養生息

And let me go back to that image

讓我回到前面那張

of the Mediterranean.

地中海的圖片

This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid.

這是我的底線。這是我兒時所看到的情景。

And at the same time I was watching

與此同時我正在看

Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV,

雅克.庫斯托的電視節目

with all this richness and abundance and diversity.

他展示了海洋的博大﹐豐富﹐和多樣性

And I thought that this richness

我以為這種豐富性

belonged to tropical seas,

是屬于熱帶海洋的特性

and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea.

地中海是一個資源缺乏的海洋

But, little did I know,

但是,我當時根本不知道

until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve.

一直到我第一次在一處海洋保護區潛水

And this is what I saw, lots of fish.

這就是我看到的﹐大量的魚類

After a few years, between five and seven years,

幾年後﹐5到7年左右

fish come back, they eat the urchins,

魚兒回來了, 他們吃海膽

and then the algae grow again.

然後海藻也開始生長

So you have this little algal forest,

先是一小片海藻

and in the size of a laptop

只有筆記本電腦大小的面積上

you can find more than 100 species of algae,

你可以找到一百多種海藻種類

mostly microscopic fit

大部份極其微小

hundreds of species of little animals

幾百種魚類,小動物

that then feed the fish,

成為魚類的食物

so that the system recovers.

就這樣整個生態體系得以恢復

And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve,

這個地方﹐馬代群島海洋保護區

is only 94 hectares,

只有94公頃大

and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy,

它帶給當地經濟6百萬歐元的收入

20 times more than fishing,

超過漁業收入的20倍

and it represents 88 percent

佔全部旅遊業收入的

of all the tourist revenue.

百分之八十八

So these places not only help the ecosystem

所以這些保護區不僅有助於生態系統

but also help the people

還能幫助到居民

who can benefit from the ecosystem.

他們也能夠受益於生態系統

So let me just give you a summary

那麼讓我來總結一下

of what no-take reserves do.

“不取”的保護區有什麼好處

These places, when we protect them,

當我們保護起這些地方

if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby, this is what happens.

我們把它們跟附近未保護地區比較一下﹐這就是結果

The number of species increases 21 percent;

生物種類增加21%

so if you have 1,000 species

假設你有一千種物種

you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve.

那麼在海洋保護區你會期待多出200種

This is very substantial.

這是很大的差別

The size of organisms increases a third,

生物體的體積也會增加三分之一

so your fish are now this big.

那麼你看到的魚會有這麼大

The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter,

豐富度﹐即一平方米內魚的數量

increases almost 170 percent.

幾乎增加170%

And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change --

生物量-這是最讓人驚嘆的變化 -

4.5 times greater biomass

會增加4.5倍

on average, just after five to seven years.

平均5到7年之後

In some places up to 10 times

在一些地方,保護區內

larger biomass inside the reserves.

的生物量會增加10倍

So we have all these things

那麼我們有這麼多的生物

inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do?

在保護區內生長﹐它們的作用是什麼?

They reproduce. That's population biology 101.

它們繁殖。這是群種生物學常識

If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die,

如果我們不殺死魚,它們就會活得久一些

they grow larger and they reproduce a lot.

它們會長得更大,繁殖更多后代

And same thing for invertebrates. This is the example.

無脊椎動物也是一樣。這是一個例子

These are egg cases

這是卵鞘

laid by a snail off the coast of Chile,

是生活在智利海岸的一種蝸牛下的

and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom.

這是它們在海底產卵的數量

Outside the reserve,

在保護區之外

you cannot even detect this.

你根本看不到這個

One point three million eggs per square meter

一平方米有一百三十萬個卵

inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant.

這是在蝸牛數量眾多的海洋保護區裡面

So these organisms reproduce,

所以這些生物體繁殖

the little larvae juveniles spill over,

這些幼蟲擴散出保護區

they all spill over,

它們都會擴散出去

and then people can benefit from them outside too.

保護區之外的居民也因此受益

This is in the Bahamas: Nassau grouper.

這是巴哈馬群島的拿騷石班魚

Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve,

保護區之內有大量的石班魚

and the closer you get to the reserve,

而且離保護區越近

the more fish you have.

石班魚越多

So the fishermen are catching more.

漁民捕到的也越多

You can see where the limits of the reserve are

你可以看到保護區的邊界

because you see the boats lined up.

因為漁船都在那裡排隊

So there is spill over;

所以存在效益擴散

there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves

保護區的效益超越了它的邊界

that help people around them,

給週圍的居民帶來益處

while at the same time

與此同時

the reserve is protecting

保護區在保護

the entire habitat. It is building resilience.

整個棲息地,增強堅韌性

So what we have now --

我們現在所有的

or a world without reserves --

或者一個沒有保護區的世界

is like a debit account

就像一個轉帳帳戶

where we withdraw all the time

我們總是在取款

and we never make any deposit.

而從不存款

Reserves are like savings accounts.

保護區就像儲蓄帳戶

We have this principal that we don't touch;

我們有不動用的原則

that produces returns,

它會產生回報﹐

social, economic and ecological.

不論是社會,經濟,還是生態的回報

And if we think about the increase of biomass inside the reserves,

如果我們考慮到保護區生物量的增長

this is like compound interest.

那就如同利滾利,對吧

Two examples, again,

再看兩個例子

of how these reserves can benefit people.

保護區如何對居民有利

This is how much fishermen get

這是肯尼亞漁民

everyday in Kenya, fishing

每天捕到的魚的數量

over a series of years,

好多年以來

in a place where

在這個地方

there is no protection; it's a free-for-all.

沒有保護,完全放任自流

Once the most degrading fishing gear,

當最具破壞性的捕魚工具

seine nets, were removed,

圍網被取締後

the fishermen were catching more.

漁民們能夠補到更多的魚

If you fish less, you're actually catching more.

如果減少捕魚﹐ 你反而能夠捕到更多的魚

But if we add the no-take reserve on top of that,

如果我們在此基礎上加上“不取”保護區

the fishermen are still making more money

漁民們仍然可以在保護區週邊

by fishing less around an area that is protected.

少捕魚但能賺到更多錢

Another example:

另一個例子﹕

Nassau groupers in Belize in the Mesoamerican Reef.

在中美洲礁的伯利茲生長的拿騷石班魚

This is grouper sex,

這是石班魚交配

and the groupers aggregate around the full moons

石班魚在十二月和一月月圓

of December and January for a week.

前後匯合一周

They used to aggregate up to the

過去它們常常

tens of thousands, 30,000 groupers about this big

成千上萬的聚集在一起,三萬條這麼大的石班魚

in one hectare, in one aggregation.

聚集在一公頃大的水域內﹐匯合在一處

Fishermen knew about these things; they caught them, and they depleted them.

漁民們知道這個規律;他們捕殺到石班魚耗盡

When I went there for the first time in 2000,

當我2000年第一次到那兒去

there were only 3,000 groupers left.

那裡僅剩下三千條石班魚

And the fishermen were authorized to catch 30 percent

漁民們獲准

of the entire spawning population every year.

捕每年產卵魚群的30%

So we did a simple analysis,

簡單的分析一下

and it doesn't take rocket science

用不著高深的理論

to figure out that, if you take 30 percent every year,

就可以明白﹐如果每年捕殺30%

your fishery is going to collapse very quickly.

你的漁業不久就會垮掉

And with the fishery, the entire reproductive ability

隨之而來的是整個種群的

of the species goes extinct.

繁殖力消亡

It happened in many places around the Caribbean.

這在加勒比海的很多地方發生過

And they would make 4,000 dollars per year,

他們一年賺四千美元

total, for the entire fishery,

這是整個漁場的總收入

several fishing boats.

好幾艘漁船的收入

Now, if you do an economic analysis

如果做個經濟分析

and project what would happen

預測一下如果

if the fish were not cut,

魚群沒有滅絕會怎樣

if we brought just 20 divers

如果我們只帶入20個潛水員

one month per year,

一年只潛水一個月

the revenue would be more than 20 times higher

收入將會超過以前的20倍

and that would be sustainable over time.

而且長遠來講更有可持續性

So how much of this do we have?

那麼我們現在有多少海洋保護區?

If this is so good, if this is such a no-brainer, how much of this do we have?

如果這個主意很好﹐如果這是個顯而易見的好主意﹐我們現在有多少了呢?

And you already heard that

你已經聽到了

less than one percent of the ocean's protected.

不到百分之一的海洋受到保護

We're getting closer to one percent now,

我們現在正在接近百分之一

thanks to the protections of the Chagos Archipelago,

多虧了對查戈群島的保護

and only a fraction of this is fully protected from fishing.

這其中的很小一部分是完全禁止捕魚的

Scientific studies recommend that at least 20 percent

科學研究建議至少百分之二十

of the ocean should be protected.

的海洋應當受到保護

The estimated range is between 20 and 50 percent

百分之二十到五十是達到

for a series of goals of biodiversity

一系列生物多樣性﹐

and fishery enhancement and resilience.

魚類優化﹐和堅韌性目標的估計範圍

Now, is this possible? People would ask: How much would that cost?

那麼﹐這可能嗎? 人們會問﹕這要花多少錢?

Well, let's think about

讓我們來考慮一下

how much we are paying now

我們目前花費

to subsidize fishing:

在漁業補貼上的數字

35 billion dollars per year.

每年350億美元

Many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices.

很多這些補貼投入到破壞性捕魚行為中去

Well, there are a couple estimates

有兩個估算

of how much it would cost to create

顯示了創造一個

a network of protected areas

覆蓋百分之二十海洋的

covering 20 percent of the ocean

保護區網絡所需的成本

that would be only a fraction

那將只是我們目前所

of what we are now paying;

支付的一小部份

the government hands out to a fishery

政府仍然發補貼給

that is collapsing.

即將垮掉的漁場

People are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing.

人們因為漁場關閉而失業

A creation of a network of reserves

創造一個保護區網

would provide direct employment for more than a million people

將會直接提供給超過一百萬人就業機會

plus all the secondary jobs and all the secondary benefits.

再加上間接的工作以及間接的福利

So how can we do that?

那麼我們應該怎樣做?

If it's so clear that these savings accounts

如果顯而易見這樣的儲蓄帳戶

are good for the environment and for people,

對環境和人類都有好處

why don't we have 20, 50 percent of the ocean?

我們為什麼不把20%到50%的海洋保護起來呢?

And how can we reach that goal?

我們如何達到目標?

Well, there are two ways of getting there.

有兩個途徑到達

The trivial solution is to create really large protected areas

一個不痛不癢的辦法是設立大型的保護區

like the Chagos Archipelago.

像查戈斯群島

The problem is that we can create these large reserves

這個辦法的問題是我們只能在

only in places where there are no people, where there is no social conflict,

無人居住﹐沒有社會衝突的地方設立大型保護區

where the political cost is really low

這些地方政治成本低

and the economic cost is also low.

經濟成本也低

And a few of us, a few organizations in this room and elsewhere

我們當中一些人﹐在座的﹐和其他地方的一些組織

are working on this.

正在進行這項工作

But what about the rest of the coast of the world,

但是世界上其他的海岸線怎麼辦?

where people live and make a living out of fishing?

人們在那裡生活或者以捕魚為生

Well, there are three main reasons why

有三個主要原因

we don't have tens of thousands of small reserves:

能解釋我們為什麼沒有成千上萬個小型保護區

The first one is that people have no idea

第一個原因是人們不知道

what marine reserves do,

海洋保護區的作用

and fishermen tend to be really, really defensive

漁民們有強烈的自我保護意識

when it comes to regulating or closing

當涉及到管理或關閉

an area, even if it's small.

一個水域,即使面積很小

Second, the governance is not right

第二﹐ 治理不合理

because most coastal communities around the world

因為世界各地的沿海社區

don't have the authority

沒有權力

to monitor the resources to create the reserve and enforce it.

監督設立保護區和執行管理所牽扯的資源

It's a top down hierarchical structure

自上而下的等級結構

where people wait for

導致人們等待

government agents to come

政府部門的到來

and this is not effective. And the government doesn't have enough resources.

這很沒有成效。 政府也沒有充足的資源

Which takes us to the third reason,

下面引入第三個原因

why we don't have many more reserves,

我們之所以沒有更多的保護區

is that the funding models have been wrong.

是因為錯誤的資金模式

NGOs and governments

非政府組織和政府

spend a lot of time and energy and resources

花費大量的時間﹐精力和資源

in a few small areas, usually.

通常在少數幾個很小的地區

So marine conservation and coastal protection

這樣海洋保護和沿海地區的保護

has become a sink for government or philanthropic money,

就成為政府或慈善資金的下水道

and this is not sustainable.

沒有可持續性

So the solutions are just

所以出路是

fixing these three issues.

解決這三個問題

First, we need to develop a global awareness campaign

第一﹐ 我們需要開展全球宣傳運動

to inspire local communities and governments

來號召本地社區和政府

to create no-take reserves

設立比現有的更好的

that are better than what we have now.

“不取”保護區

It's the savings accounts

這是儲蓄帳戶

versus the debit accounts with no deposits.

而非沒有存款的轉帳帳戶

Second, we need to redesign our governance

第二﹐我們需要重新設計我們的治理方式

so conservation efforts can be decentralized,

使保育工作分權化

so conservation efforts don't depend on

使保育工作不用

work from NGOs

依靠非政府組織

or from government agencies

或者政府部門來做

and can be created by the local communities,

而由地方社區開展

like it happens in the Philippines and a few other places.

正如菲律賓和一些其他地區所作的那樣

And third, and very important,

第三﹐這點非常重要

we need to develop new business models.

我們需要開發新的商業模式

The philanthropy sink as the only way to create reserves

慈善下水道作為設立保護區的唯一方式

is not sustainable.

是沒有可持續性的

We really need to develop models, business models,

我們非常需要開發商業模式

where coastal conservation

使沿海保育

is an investment,

成為一種投資

because we already know

因為我們已經知道

that these marine reserves provide

這些海洋保護區能

social, ecological and economic benefits.

提供社會﹐生態﹐和經濟效益

And I'd like to finish with one thought,

我想用最後用一個想法作結

which is that no one

那就是沒有一個

organization alone

單獨的組織

is going to save the ocean.

能夠拯救海洋

There has been a lot of competition in the past,

過去曾經有過很多的競爭

and we need to develop

我們需要建設

a new model of partnership,

一種新的合作關係

truly collaborative,

真正富有協作精神

where we are looking for complementing,

以便我們尋找互補

not substituting.

而不是替代

The stakes are just too high

繼續走我們的老路

to continue the way we are going.

賭注太大了

So let's do that. Thank you very much.

那麼讓我們開始努力吧。謝謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Chris Anderson: Thank you Enric.

克里斯.安德森﹕ 謝謝你,恩里克

Enric Sala: Thank you.

恩里克﹕謝謝

CA: That was a masterful job

克﹕你非常出色

of pulling things together.

地把這些信息綜合在一起

First of all, your pyramid, your inverted pyramid,

首先﹐你的金字塔﹐倒金字塔

showing 85 percent biomass in the predators,

顯示捕食魚類佔生物群的85%

that seems impossible.

這看起來似乎不可能

How could 85 percent

85%如何

survive on 15 percent?

靠15%生存呢?

ES: Well, imagine that you have two gears

假如你有一隻有兩個齒輪的手錶

of a watch, a big one and a small one.

一個大齒輪﹐一個小齒輪

The big one is moving very slowly, and the small one is moving fast.

大齒輪轉的速度慢﹐而小齒輪速度快

That's basically it.

基本上就是這個道理

The animals at the lower parts of the food chain,

食物鏈上位置較低的動物

they reproduce very fast; they grow really fast; they produce millions of eggs.

繁殖速度很快﹔生長得快﹔產數百萬卵

Up there, you have sharks and large fish that live 25, 30 years.

在食物鏈的上端,鯊魚﹐以及其他大型魚類壽命可達25﹐30年

They reproduce very slowly; they have a slow metabolism;

他們繁殖得很慢﹔ 新陳代謝緩慢

and, basically, they just maintain their biomass.

他們的生物量基本上維持穩定

So, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there

那麼﹐食物鏈下端的產能過剩

is enough to maintain this biomass

足夠來維持食物鏈上端

that is not moving.

不變的生物量

They are like capacitors of the system.

他們就好像整個系統的電容器

CA: That's very fascinating.

克﹕真是太奇妙了

So, really, our picture of a food pyramid

那麼實際上﹐ 我們想象中的食物金字塔

is just -- we have to change that completely.

需要徹底改變

ES: At least in the seas.

恩﹕至少在海洋里是這樣的

What we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid

我們在珊瑚礁發現的倒金字塔

is the equivalent of the Serengeti,

就好比在塞倫蓋蒂國家公園

with five lions per wildebeest.

獅子與角馬的比例是5比1

And on land, this cannot work.

在陸地上這是不可能存在的

But at least on coral reefs are systems

但至少在珊瑚礁這樣的生態體系

where there is a bottom component with structure.

底層部份有這樣的結構

We think this is universal.

我們認為倒金字塔很普遍

But we have started studying pristine reefs

但是我們對原始珊瑚礁的研究

only very recently.

最近才開始

CA: So the numbers you presented really are astonishing.

克﹕你所舉出的數字令人震驚

You're saying we're spending 35 billion dollars

你說我們花350億美元

now on subsidies.

用于補貼

It would only cost 16 billion to set up

而只需160億元

20 percent of the ocean as

我們就可以把20%的海洋設立為

marine protected areas

海洋保護區

that actually give new living choices

這實際上也能夠提供給漁民

to the fishermen as well.

新的生活選擇

If the world was a smarter place,

如果這個世界是一個更智慧的地方

we could solve this problem for negative 19 billion dollars.

我們可以少花190億美元解決這個問題

We've got 19 billion to spend on health care or something.

我們可以把這190億美元花在衛生保健或其他地方

ES: And then we have the under-performance of fisheries

恩﹕另外業績不佳的漁場也是個問題

that is 50 billion dollars.

那又是500億美元

So again, one of the big solutions is

因此﹐解決問題的一個重要辦法

have the World Trade Organization shifting the subsidies

是由世界貿易組織把補貼

to sustainable practices.

轉到更可持續的做法上去

CA: Okay, so there's a lot of examples that I'm hearing out there

克﹕我聽到許多

about ending this subsidies madness.

結束這種不合理補貼的例子

So thank you for those numbers.

感謝你給出的數字

The last one's a personal question.

最後我想問一個個人問題

A lot of the experience of people here

許多在座的人們

who've been in the oceans for a long time

在海上工作多年

has just been seeing this degradation, the places they saw that were beautiful

他們目睹了環境惡化﹐過去曾經美麗的地方

getting worse, depressing.

正在變糟﹐讓人沮喪

Talk to me about the feeling that you must have experienced

請描述一下當你造訪這些原始海域

of going to these pristine areas

看到它們正在恢復

and seeing things coming back.

你所經歷的感受

ES: It is a spiritual experience.

恩﹕那是一種心靈體驗

We go there to try to understand the ecosystems,

我們去那裡試圖了解生態系統

to try to measure or count fish and sharks

試圖測量魚和鯊魚的大小和數目

and see how these places are different from the places we know.

我們看到這些地方和我們熟知的其他地方不同

But the best feeling

但是最棒的感受

is this biophilia that E.O. Wilson talks about,

是愛德華威爾遜所說的人和其他生物的感情紐帶

where humans have this sense of awe and wonder

當人類面對未經改造過的﹐原始的自然

in front of untamed nature, of raw nature.

那種敬畏和驚奇之心

And there, only there,

只有在那裡﹐

you really feel that you are part of a larger thing

你真的能體會到你是某種更大事物的一部分

or of a larger global ecosystem.

是一個全球生態體系的一部分

And if it were not for these places that show hope,

如果沒有這些昭示希望的地方

I don't think I could continue doing this job.

我很可能不會繼續從事這項工作

It would be just too depressing.

那將會非常令人沮喪

CA: Well, Enric, thank you so much for sharing

克﹕恩里克﹐感謝你和我們分享

some of that spiritual experience with us all. Thank you.

你的心靈感受。謝謝。

ES: Thank you very much.

恩﹕非常感謝。