Enric Sala: Glimpses of a pristine ocean

33,768 views ใƒป 2010-05-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:15
I'm going to tell you two things today:
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:17
One is what we have lost,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื•,
00:19
and two, a way to bring it back.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•.
00:21
And let me start with this.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื–ื”.
00:23
This is my baseline:
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื™.
00:25
This is the Mediterranean coast
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™
00:28
with no fish, bare rock
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ืœืœื ื“ื’ื™ื, ืกืœืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื
00:31
and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™-ื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช.
00:35
Something like this is what I first saw
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™
00:37
when I jumped in the water for the first time
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ื›ืฉืงืคืฆืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ื
00:40
in the Mediterranean coast off Spain.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืกืคืจื“.
00:43
Now, if an alien came to earth --
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ืื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ--
00:46
let's call him Joe --
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื’'ื•--
00:48
what would Joe see?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื• ืจื•ืื”?
00:50
If Joe jumped in a coral reef,
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ืื ื’'ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
00:53
there are many things the alien could see.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:56
Very unlikely, Joe would jump
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ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’'ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืœืœ
00:58
on a pristine coral reef,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”,
01:00
a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles,
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ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ืชื ื™ื ื™ื,
01:02
manatees, groupers,
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ืชื—ืฉื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื“ืงืจื™ื,
01:04
turtles, etc.
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ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:06
So, probably, what Joe would see
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ืžื” ืฉื’'ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืจื•ืื”
01:08
would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:12
Here we have the extreme with dead corals,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:15
microbial soup and jellyfish.
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ืžืจืง ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:17
And where the diver is,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ,
01:19
this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now,
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:22
with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืืฆื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืคืจื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:24
lots of bacteria,
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:26
and where the large animals are gone.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•.
01:29
And this is what most marine scientists have seen too.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:31
This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
01:34
because we started modern science
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ืข ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
01:36
with scuba diving long after
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™
01:38
we started degrading marine ecosystems.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:41
So I'm going to get us all on a time machine,
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืืงื— ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ื–ืžืŸ,
01:44
and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื ื™ืกืข ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
01:46
to see what the ocean was like.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื.
01:50
And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืืœื” ืื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืŸ,
01:52
where we have conducted a series
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ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืกื™ื“ืจื”
01:54
of National Geographic expeditions.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื "ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง".
01:56
This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™
01:58
that spans across the equator
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
02:00
and it has several uninhabited,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:02
unfished, pristine islands
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ื•ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ื’. ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื.
02:04
and a few inhabited islands.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:06
So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“-- ืžืขืœ 5,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:09
Most of the reefs are dead,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช.
02:12
most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ืืฆื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืคืจื.
02:15
and most of the fish are smaller than
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:17
the pencils we use to count them.
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ืžื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:20
We did 250 hours of diving here
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ืฆื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืืŸ 250 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื”
02:22
in 2005.
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ื‘-2005.
02:24
We didn't see a single shark.
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ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“.
02:26
This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงืคื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘-1777.
02:29
and he described a huge abundance of sharks
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืฉืคืข ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
02:32
biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats
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ืฉื ืฉื›ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
02:35
while they were going ashore.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
02:37
Let's move the dial a little bit to the past.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
02:39
Fanning Island, 2,500 people.
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ื”ืื™ ืคืื ื™ื ื’, 2,500 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:41
The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:43
This is what many divers would consider paradise.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื”ื• ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ.
02:45
This is where you can see most
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ืืช ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช
02:47
of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ืงื™ื– ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
02:49
And many people think this is really, really beautiful,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”,
02:52
if this is your baseline.
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ืื ื–ื” ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื.
02:54
If we go back to a place
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
02:56
like Palmyra Atoll,
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื˜ื•ืœ ืคืœืžื™ืจื”,
02:58
where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืขื ื’'ืจืžื™ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
03:01
the corals are doing better and there are sharks.
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
03:04
You can see sharks in every single dive.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
03:06
And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืื“ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:09
But then, if we shift the dial
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ืืš ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื”
03:11
200, 500 years back,
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ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ 200 ืื• 500 ืฉื ื”,
03:14
then we get to the places where the corals
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
03:16
are absolutely healthy and gorgeous,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื,
03:18
forming spectacular structures,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
03:20
and where the predators
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ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
03:22
are the most conspicuous thing,
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:25
where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 25 ืœ-50 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
03:30
What have we learned from these places?
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ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
03:33
This is what we thought was natural.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœื˜ื‘ืขื™.
03:37
This is what we call the biomass pyramid.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”.
03:39
If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them,
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ืื ื ืืกื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
03:42
this is what we would expect.
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื.
03:44
Most of the biomass is low on the food chain, the herbivores,
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ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืœื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
03:47
the parrotfish, the surgeonfish that eat the algae.
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ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™, ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช.
03:50
Then the plankton feeders, these little damselfish,
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ืžืขืœื™ื”ื - ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
03:53
the little animals floating in the water.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
03:56
And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ,
03:58
and a lower biomass of top head,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
04:00
or the sharks, the large snappers, the large groupers.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื“ืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:03
But this is a consequence.
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ืืš ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื”.
04:05
This view of the world is a consequence
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื”
04:07
of having studied degraded reefs.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:09
When we went to pristine reefs,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
04:11
we realized that the natural world
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
04:13
was upside down;
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš;
04:15
this pyramid was inverted.
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ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
04:17
The top head does account for most of the biomass,
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ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”,
04:20
in some places up to 85 percent,
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ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ 85%
04:22
like Kingman Reef, which is now protected.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืงื™ื ื’ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื›ืขืช.
04:25
The good news is that, in addition to having more predators,
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
04:27
there's more of everything.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.
04:29
The size of these boxes is bigger.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:31
We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
04:34
more biomass of herbivores, too,
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ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
04:36
like these parrot fish that are like marine goats.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื–ื™-ื™ื.
04:39
They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen,
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ื”ื ืžื ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ื•ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช.
04:42
they eat, and they keep the reef clean
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช
04:45
and allow the corals to replenish.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ.
04:47
Not only do these places --
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ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”,
04:49
these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื,
04:51
but they also have other important components
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ืืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
04:53
of the ecosystem like the giant clams;
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืขื ืง.
04:55
pavements of giant clams in the lagoons,
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ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืขื ืง ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:57
up to 20, 25 per square meter.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 20, 25 ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
04:59
These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world,
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ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:02
and they filter the water;
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื:
05:04
they keep the water clean from
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื
05:06
microbes and pathogens.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™-ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:08
But still, now we have global warming.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
05:11
If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law
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ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
05:14
or their remoteness, this is great.
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ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
05:16
But the water gets warmer for too long
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™
05:18
and the corals die.
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ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
05:20
So how are these fish,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:22
these predators going to help?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
05:24
Well, what we have seen is that
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื
05:26
in this particular area
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ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
05:28
during El Nino, year '97, '98,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ "ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•", 97', 98',
05:30
the water was too warm for too long,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™,
05:32
and many corals bleached
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ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื•
05:34
and many died.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื•.
05:36
In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down,
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ื‘ืื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืžืื“ ืžืืจื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
05:39
where the large animals are gone,
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•,
05:41
the corals have not recovered.
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื•.
05:43
In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.
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ื‘ืื™ ืคืื ื™ื ื’, ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื•.
05:46
But you see here
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
05:49
a big table coral that died and collapsed.
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ืืœืžื•ื’ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžืช ื•ืงืจืก.
05:52
And the fish have grazed the algae,
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
05:54
so the turf of algae is a little lower.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆืข ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:56
Then you go to Palmyra Atoll
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ื›ืขืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื˜ื•ืœ ืคืœืžื™ืจื”
05:58
that has more biomass of herbivores,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™-ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
06:01
and the dead corals are clean,
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ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืงื™ื™ื.
06:04
and the corals are coming back.
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ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืงืžื™ื.
06:06
And when you go to the pristine side,
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ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™,
06:08
did this ever bleach?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ?
06:11
These places bleached too, but they recovered faster.
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ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื•, ืืš ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื• ืžื”ืจ,
06:13
The more intact, the more complete,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื’ื•ืขื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:15
[and] the more complex your food web,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
06:17
the higher the resilience, [and] the more likely
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:20
that the system is going to recover
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ื›ืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ืœื™ื
06:22
from the short-term impacts of warming events.
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ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
06:25
And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure.
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ื•ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
06:28
We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ,
06:32
so the ecosystem can adapt
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ
06:34
to the effects of global warming.
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ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
06:37
So if we have to reset the baseline,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก,
06:40
if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left,
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ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืžืืœื”,
06:42
how can we do it?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
06:44
Well, there are several ways.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
06:46
One very clear way is the marine protected areas,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื,
06:48
especially no-take reserves
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”"ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื"
06:50
that we set aside
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืกื’ืจื ื•,
06:52
to allow for the recovery for marine life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
06:54
And let me go back to that image
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:56
of the Mediterranean.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:59
This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื™. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“.
07:02
And at the same time I was watching
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ื•ืื– ื’ื ืฆืคื™ืชื™
07:04
Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV,
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–'ืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
07:07
with all this richness and abundance and diversity.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”.
07:09
And I thought that this richness
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืื– ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:11
belonged to tropical seas,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
07:13
and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•.
07:15
But, little did I know,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’,
07:17
until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve.
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ืขื“ ืฉืฆืœืœืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื™ืžื™ืช.
07:20
And this is what I saw, lots of fish.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™: ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื,
07:23
After a few years, between five and seven years,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืœืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
07:25
fish come back, they eat the urchins,
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื,
07:27
and then the algae grow again.
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ื•ื”ืืฆื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
07:29
So you have this little algal forest,
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ืื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
07:31
and in the size of a laptop
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ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“,
07:34
you can find more than 100 species of algae,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขืœ 100 ืžื™ื ื™ ืืฆื”,
07:36
mostly microscopic fit
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื,
07:38
hundreds of species of little animals
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ืžืื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
07:41
that then feed the fish,
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ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
07:43
so that the system recovers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
07:45
And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve,
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืžื“ืก,
07:48
is only 94 hectares,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืจืง 940 ื“ื•ื ื,
07:50
and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
07:53
20 times more than fishing,
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ืคื™ 20 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื™ื’.
07:55
and it represents 88 percent
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 88 ืื—ื•ื–
07:57
of all the tourist revenue.
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ืžืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช.
07:59
So these places not only help the ecosystem
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
08:02
but also help the people
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
08:04
who can benefit from the ecosystem.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
08:06
So let me just give you a summary
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกื›ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
08:08
of what no-take reserves do.
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืจืช "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื",
08:10
These places, when we protect them,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:12
if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby, this is what happens.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื-ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
08:15
The number of species increases 21 percent;
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘-21 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:17
so if you have 1,000 species
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 1,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื,
08:19
you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• 200 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
08:21
This is very substantial.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื“.
08:23
The size of organisms increases a third,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ.
08:26
so your fish are now this big.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”.
08:28
The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter,
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ื”ืฉืคืข, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
08:31
increases almost 170 percent.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘-170 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:34
And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change --
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”-- ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจืชืง ืžื›ืœ--
08:37
4.5 times greater biomass
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ืคื™ 4.5 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”,
08:39
on average, just after five to seven years.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:41
In some places up to 10 times
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 10
08:43
larger biomass inside the reserves.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
08:46
So we have all these things
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:49
inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do?
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
08:52
They reproduce. That's population biology 101.
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ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ื"ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:54
If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die,
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ืื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื•ืช,
08:57
they grow larger and they reproduce a lot.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
09:00
And same thing for invertebrates. This is the example.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
09:02
These are egg cases
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืืจื–ื™-ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื
09:04
laid by a snail off the coast of Chile,
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ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”.
09:06
and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom.
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
09:09
Outside the reserve,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืžื•ืจื”,
09:11
you cannot even detect this.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš.
09:13
One point three million eggs per square meter
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1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
09:16
inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:20
So these organisms reproduce,
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
09:23
the little larvae juveniles spill over,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
09:25
they all spill over,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”,
09:27
and then people can benefit from them outside too.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ืžื”ื.
09:29
This is in the Bahamas: Nassau grouper.
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ืืœื• ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืื”ืžื”, ื–ื”ื• ื“ืงืจ ื ืกืื•.
09:31
Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve,
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ืฉืคืข ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช.
09:33
and the closer you get to the reserve,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจื”,
09:35
the more fish you have.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ื™ื.
09:37
So the fishermen are catching more.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:39
You can see where the limits of the reserve are
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”,
09:41
because you see the boats lined up.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช.
09:43
So there is spill over;
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืฉ.
09:45
there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
09:47
that help people around them,
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ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
09:49
while at the same time
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ื•ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช,
09:51
the reserve is protecting
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืžื’ื™ื ื”
09:53
the entire habitat. It is building resilience.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ; ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช.
09:57
So what we have now --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช,
09:59
or a world without reserves --
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ืื• ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
10:01
is like a debit account
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก
10:03
where we withdraw all the time
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžืžื ื•,
10:05
and we never make any deposit.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•.
10:07
Reserves are like savings accounts.
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ;
10:09
We have this principal that we don't touch;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืจืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื,
10:11
that produces returns,
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ื•ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช
10:13
social, economic and ecological.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
10:16
And if we think about the increase of biomass inside the reserves,
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ื•ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช,
10:19
this is like compound interest.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.
10:22
Two examples, again,
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ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
10:24
of how these reserves can benefit people.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
10:27
This is how much fishermen get
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ื–ื• ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’
10:30
everyday in Kenya, fishing
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
10:32
over a series of years,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:34
in a place where
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
10:36
there is no protection; it's a free-for-all.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื ื”; ืคืจื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
10:39
Once the most degrading fishing gear,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื“ื’ื”,
10:42
seine nets, were removed,
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ื”ืœื ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืกื•ืœืง,
10:44
the fishermen were catching more.
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:46
If you fish less, you're actually catching more.
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ืื ื“ื’ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:49
But if we add the no-take reserve on top of that,
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ืืš ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”"ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื",
10:51
the fishermen are still making more money
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:53
by fishing less around an area that is protected.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
10:56
Another example:
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
10:58
Nassau groupers in Belize in the Mesoamerican Reef.
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ื“ืงืจ ื ืกืื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
11:01
This is grouper sex,
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ื–ื” ืกืงืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ ื“ืงืจ.
11:03
and the groupers aggregate around the full moons
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ื”ื“ืงืจื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืžืœื
11:05
of December and January for a week.
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ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
11:08
They used to aggregate up to the
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
11:11
tens of thousands, 30,000 groupers about this big
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื, 30,000 ื“ื’ื™ ื“ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”,
11:13
in one hectare, in one aggregation.
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ืขืœ 10 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช.
11:16
Fishermen knew about these things; they caught them, and they depleted them.
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš; ื”ื ื“ื’ื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ื“ืœื“ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
11:19
When I went there for the first time in 2000,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ืœืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-2000,
11:22
there were only 3,000 groupers left.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจืง 3,000 ื“ื’ื™ ื“ืงืจ.
11:24
And the fishermen were authorized to catch 30 percent
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ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ 30 ืื—ื•ื–
11:27
of the entire spawning population every year.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
11:30
So we did a simple analysis,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืฉื•ื˜,
11:32
and it doesn't take rocket science
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ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:34
to figure out that, if you take 30 percent every year,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
11:36
your fishery is going to collapse very quickly.
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ื”ื“ื’ื” ืชื™ืขืœื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
11:38
And with the fishery, the entire reproductive ability
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื” ืชื™ื—ื›ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
11:40
of the species goes extinct.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
11:42
It happened in many places around the Caribbean.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™.
11:45
And they would make 4,000 dollars per year,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื 4,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”,
11:47
total, for the entire fishery,
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’,
11:49
several fishing boats.
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ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช.
11:52
Now, if you do an economic analysis
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ืื ืชืขืฉื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
11:54
and project what would happen
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ื•ืชื ืกื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
11:56
if the fish were not cut,
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ืื ื”ื“ื’ื” ืœื ืชื•ืฉืžื“,
11:58
if we brought just 20 divers
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืง 20 ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื
12:00
one month per year,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
12:02
the revenue would be more than 20 times higher
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 20.
12:05
and that would be sustainable over time.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
12:08
So how much of this do we have?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?
12:10
If this is so good, if this is such a no-brainer, how much of this do we have?
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ืื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•?
12:13
And you already heard that
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื
12:15
less than one percent of the ocean's protected.
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ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
12:17
We're getting closer to one percent now,
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ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
12:19
thanks to the protections of the Chagos Archipelago,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืื’ื•ืก.
12:21
and only a fraction of this is fully protected from fishing.
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ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื–ื” ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื“ื™ื’.
12:25
Scientific studies recommend that at least 20 percent
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืื—ื•ื–
12:27
of the ocean should be protected.
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ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
12:30
The estimated range is between 20 and 50 percent
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ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-50 ืื—ื•ื–
12:32
for a series of goals of biodiversity
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
12:34
and fishery enhancement and resilience.
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช.
12:37
Now, is this possible? People would ask: How much would that cost?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™? ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื: ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”?
12:40
Well, let's think about
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘:
12:42
how much we are paying now
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ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
12:44
to subsidize fishing:
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ื‘ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื’.
12:47
35 billion dollars per year.
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35 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
12:51
Many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices.
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.
12:54
Well, there are a couple estimates
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช
12:56
of how much it would cost to create
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
12:58
a network of protected areas
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ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
13:00
covering 20 percent of the ocean
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ืฉื™ื›ืกื• 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก
13:02
that would be only a fraction
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ืง
13:04
of what we are now paying;
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:06
the government hands out to a fishery
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื’
13:08
that is collapsing.
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ืฉืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜.
13:10
People are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
13:13
A creation of a network of reserves
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
13:15
would provide direct employment for more than a million people
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ืชืกืคืง ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
13:17
plus all the secondary jobs and all the secondary benefits.
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช.
13:20
So how can we do that?
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ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?
13:22
If it's so clear that these savings accounts
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ืื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืืœื”
13:25
are good for the environment and for people,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
13:28
why don't we have 20, 50 percent of the ocean?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• 20, 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ื?
13:31
And how can we reach that goal?
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ืื™ืš ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ื–ื”?
13:34
Well, there are two ways of getting there.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš.
13:37
The trivial solution is to create really large protected areas
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“
13:40
like the Chagos Archipelago.
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ื›ืžื• ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืฆ'ืื’ื•ืก.
13:42
The problem is that we can create these large reserves
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”
13:45
only in places where there are no people, where there is no social conflict,
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
13:48
where the political cost is really low
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ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš,
13:50
and the economic cost is also low.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
13:53
And a few of us, a few organizations in this room and elsewhere
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
13:56
are working on this.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:58
But what about the rest of the coast of the world,
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ืืš ืžื” ืขื ื™ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
14:00
where people live and make a living out of fishing?
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ื’?
14:04
Well, there are three main reasons why
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข
14:06
we don't have tens of thousands of small reserves:
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
14:09
The first one is that people have no idea
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’
14:11
what marine reserves do,
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
14:14
and fishermen tend to be really, really defensive
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ
14:17
when it comes to regulating or closing
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ืกื’ื™ืจื”
14:19
an area, even if it's small.
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ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ, ื’ื ืื ืงื˜ืŸ.
14:21
Second, the governance is not right
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ
14:23
because most coastal communities around the world
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ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:25
don't have the authority
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ืžืฉื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช
14:27
to monitor the resources to create the reserve and enforce it.
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ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”.
14:30
It's a top down hierarchical structure
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™,
14:32
where people wait for
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื
14:34
government agents to come
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ืฉืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืื•.
14:36
and this is not effective. And the government doesn't have enough resources.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœ. ื’ื ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
14:39
Which takes us to the third reason,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
14:41
why we don't have many more reserves,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
14:44
is that the funding models have been wrong.
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ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
14:47
NGOs and governments
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:49
spend a lot of time and energy and resources
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ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
14:52
in a few small areas, usually.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
14:55
So marine conservation and coastal protection
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื
14:57
has become a sink for government or philanthropic money,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื,
15:00
and this is not sustainable.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
15:02
So the solutions are just
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื
15:04
fixing these three issues.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
15:06
First, we need to develop a global awareness campaign
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
15:09
to inspire local communities and governments
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ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
15:12
to create no-take reserves
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื™ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื"
15:14
that are better than what we have now.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:16
It's the savings accounts
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ
15:18
versus the debit accounts with no deposits.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืงื“ื”.
15:21
Second, we need to redesign our governance
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
15:23
so conservation efforts can be decentralized,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
15:26
so conservation efforts don't depend on
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืกืชืžื›ื•
15:29
work from NGOs
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
15:31
or from government agencies
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ืื• ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช,
15:33
and can be created by the local communities,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
15:35
like it happens in the Philippines and a few other places.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
15:38
And third, and very important,
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:40
we need to develop new business models.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
15:43
The philanthropy sink as the only way to create reserves
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ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
15:46
is not sustainable.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
15:48
We really need to develop models, business models,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื,
15:51
where coastal conservation
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื
15:54
is an investment,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื”.
15:56
because we already know
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:58
that these marine reserves provide
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ืฉืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืกืคืงื•ืช
16:00
social, ecological and economic benefits.
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ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
16:03
And I'd like to finish with one thought,
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
16:06
which is that no one
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
16:08
organization alone
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ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“
16:10
is going to save the ocean.
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ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื.
16:12
There has been a lot of competition in the past,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
16:15
and we need to develop
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื—
16:17
a new model of partnership,
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช,
16:19
truly collaborative,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™,
16:21
where we are looking for complementing,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
16:23
not substituting.
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ื•ืœื ื™ืคืขืœื• ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”.
16:25
The stakes are just too high
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™
16:27
to continue the way we are going.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
16:29
So let's do that. Thank you very much.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:31
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
16:39
Chris Anderson: Thank you Enric.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืื ืจื™ืง.
16:41
Enric Sala: Thank you.
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ืื ืจื™ืง ืกืืœื”: ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:44
CA: That was a masterful job
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ื›"ื: ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช
16:46
of pulling things together.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืฆืจืฃ.
16:48
First of all, your pyramid, your inverted pyramid,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”,
16:51
showing 85 percent biomass in the predators,
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ืฉืžืจืื” 85 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
16:53
that seems impossible.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
16:55
How could 85 percent
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื 85 ืื—ื•ื–
16:58
survive on 15 percent?
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ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขืœ 15 ืื—ื•ื–?
17:00
ES: Well, imagine that you have two gears
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ื"ืก: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
17:03
of a watch, a big one and a small one.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
17:05
The big one is moving very slowly, and the small one is moving fast.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืื˜ ืžืื“, ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ - ืžื”ืจ.
17:08
That's basically it.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
17:10
The animals at the lower parts of the food chain,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
17:13
they reproduce very fast; they grow really fast; they produce millions of eggs.
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ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“, ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
17:16
Up there, you have sharks and large fish that live 25, 30 years.
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ืœืžืขืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื 25, 30 ืฉื ื”.
17:19
They reproduce very slowly; they have a slow metabolism;
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ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื˜ ืžืื“. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื“.
17:22
and, basically, they just maintain their biomass.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ืจืง ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื.
17:24
So, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there
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ืื– ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”
17:27
is enough to maintain this biomass
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ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื”ื–ื•
17:29
that is not moving.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
17:31
They are like capacitors of the system.
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
17:34
CA: That's very fascinating.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืจืชืง.
17:36
So, really, our picture of a food pyramid
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
17:38
is just -- we have to change that completely.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜-- ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
17:40
ES: At least in the seas.
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ื"ืก: ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื.
17:43
What we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
17:45
is the equivalent of the Serengeti,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืขืจืš ืœืกืจื ื’ื˜ื™,
17:47
with five lions per wildebeest.
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื’ื ื•.
17:49
And on land, this cannot work.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
17:51
But at least on coral reefs are systems
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ืืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
17:53
where there is a bottom component with structure.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘-ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™.
17:55
We think this is universal.
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื–ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
17:57
But we have started studying pristine reefs
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช
18:00
only very recently.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
18:02
CA: So the numbers you presented really are astonishing.
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ื›"ื: ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
18:05
You're saying we're spending 35 billion dollars
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ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื 35 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
18:07
now on subsidies.
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
18:09
It would only cost 16 billion to set up
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ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง 16 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื”ืงืžืช
18:11
20 percent of the ocean as
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20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ
18:14
marine protected areas
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
18:16
that actually give new living choices
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
18:18
to the fishermen as well.
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ื’ื ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื.
18:20
If the world was a smarter place,
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ืื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:22
we could solve this problem for negative 19 billion dollars.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 19 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
18:25
We've got 19 billion to spend on health care or something.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• 19 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
18:27
ES: And then we have the under-performance of fisheries
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ื"ืก: ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’
18:30
that is 50 billion dollars.
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ืฉืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
18:33
So again, one of the big solutions is
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื
18:35
have the World Trade Organization shifting the subsidies
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ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
18:37
to sustainable practices.
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
18:40
CA: Okay, so there's a lot of examples that I'm hearing out there
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
18:42
about ending this subsidies madness.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
18:44
So thank you for those numbers.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
18:46
The last one's a personal question.
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื™ืฉื™ืช:
18:48
A lot of the experience of people here
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
18:50
who've been in the oceans for a long time
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
18:52
has just been seeing this degradation, the places they saw that were beautiful
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ื•ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ื™ืคื™ื
18:55
getting worse, depressing.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ื‘ื•ืชื. ื–ื” ืžื“ื›ื.
18:57
Talk to me about the feeling that you must have experienced
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ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืš
18:59
of going to these pristine areas
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
19:02
and seeing things coming back.
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ื•ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืงืžื™ื.
19:05
ES: It is a spiritual experience.
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ื"ืก: ื–ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
19:08
We go there to try to understand the ecosystems,
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
19:10
to try to measure or count fish and sharks
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
19:13
and see how these places are different from the places we know.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
19:16
But the best feeling
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
19:19
is this biophilia that E.O. Wilson talks about,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื” ืฉื"ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”,
19:21
where humans have this sense of awe and wonder
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื
19:24
in front of untamed nature, of raw nature.
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ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืœื-ืžืื•ืœืฃ, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืคืจืื™.
19:27
And there, only there,
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ื•ืฉื, ื•ืจืง ืฉื,
19:29
you really feel that you are part of a larger thing
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ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:32
or of a larger global ecosystem.
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ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
19:35
And if it were not for these places that show hope,
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ื•ืืœืžืœื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
19:38
I don't think I could continue doing this job.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™.
19:40
It would be just too depressing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื›ื ืžื“ื™.
19:42
CA: Well, Enric, thank you so much for sharing
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ื›"ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืจื™ืง, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืฉื™ืชืคืช ืื•ืชื ื•
19:44
some of that spiritual experience with us all. Thank you.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:46
ES: Thank you very much.
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ื"ืก: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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