Enric Sala: Glimpses of a pristine ocean

33,868 views ใƒป 2010-05-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Tae-Hoon Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Byeonghoon Han
00:15
I'm going to tell you two things today:
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ „ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
One is what we have lost,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”
00:19
and two, a way to bring it back.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋˜์ฐพ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And let me start with this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
00:23
This is my baseline:
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์ด๊ณณ์ด ์ €์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
This is the Mediterranean coast
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
with no fish, bare rock
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋งจ ๋ฐ”์œ„ํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด์—
00:31
and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae.
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์„ฑ๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Something like this is what I first saw
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งจ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ชฝ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—
00:37
when I jumped in the water for the first time
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๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š”
00:40
in the Mediterranean coast off Spain.
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Now, if an alien came to earth --
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์ด์ œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:46
let's call him Joe --
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--๊ทธ๋ƒฅ "์กฐ"๋ผ ํ•˜์ฃ --
00:48
what would Joe see?
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"์กฐ"๋Š” ๋ญ˜ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:50
If Joe jumped in a coral reef,
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์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:53
there are many things the alien could see.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:56
Very unlikely, Joe would jump
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์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ธด ํ•ด๋„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ
00:58
on a pristine coral reef,
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:00
a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles,
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์›์‹œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ, ์ƒ์–ด, ์•…์–ด,
01:02
manatees, groupers,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์†Œ, ๋†์–ด๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๋“ฑ
01:04
turtles, etc.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
So, probably, what Joe would see
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ณณ์€
01:08
would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์˜…์€ ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์ชฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Here we have the extreme with dead corals,
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์ด์ชฝ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ธ๋ฐ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์—
01:15
microbial soup and jellyfish.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
And where the diver is,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ด์ดˆ๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:19
this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now,
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์ € ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals,
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์›ƒ์ž๋ผ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ณ 
01:24
lots of bacteria,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—
01:26
and where the large animals are gone.
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ํฐ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
01:29
And this is what most marine scientists have seen too.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋„ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
01:34
because we started modern science
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์ธ๋ฐ ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€
01:36
with scuba diving long after
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์Šค์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ณผํ•™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:38
we started degrading marine ecosystems.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
So I'm going to get us all on a time machine,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ 
01:44
and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past
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์™ผํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
01:46
to see what the ocean was like.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands,
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์ด์ œ ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์šฐ์„  "๋ผ์ธ ์ œ๋„"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:52
where we have conducted a series
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ง€์˜ค๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:54
of National Geographic expeditions.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati
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์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์— ์†ํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋กœ
01:58
that spans across the equator
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์ ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:00
and it has several uninhabited,
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์ด๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
02:02
unfished, pristine islands
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๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ์›์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ธ ์„ฌ๊ณผ
02:04
and a few inhabited islands.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ฌ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people.
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์ด์ œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ 5,000 ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์„ฌ"์„ ๊ฐ€๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:09
Most of the reefs are dead,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ด์ดˆ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae --
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
and most of the fish are smaller than
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
02:17
the pencils we use to count them.
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์…€ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•„๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
We did 250 hours of diving here
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” 2005๋…„์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
02:22
in 2005.
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250์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
02:24
We didn't see a single shark.
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์ƒ์–ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ชป ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777
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์ฟก ์„ ์žฅ์ด 1777๋…„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
and he described a huge abundance of sharks
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์ฟก ์„ ์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
02:32
biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅํƒ€์™€ ๋…ธ๋ฅผ
02:35
while they were going ashore.
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋œฏ์—ˆ๋…ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Let's move the dial a little bit to the past.
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ข€๋” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:39
Fanning Island, 2,500 people.
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2,500๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” "ํŒจ๋‹ ์„ฌ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish.
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
02:43
This is what many divers would consider paradise.
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์ด ์ •๋„๋˜๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚™์›์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
This is where you can see most
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ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ํ‚ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด
02:47
of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
And many people think this is really, really beautiful,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
02:52
if this is your baseline.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
If we go back to a place
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ์žญ์Šจ๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ฐ”๋˜
02:56
like Palmyra Atoll,
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"ํŒ”๋ฏธ๋ผ ํ™˜์ƒ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ฌ"๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ
02:58
where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago,
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๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š”
03:01
the corals are doing better and there are sharks.
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๋”์šฑ ์ข‹์•„์ ธ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
You can see sharks in every single dive.
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์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
03:09
But then, if we shift the dial
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 200๋…„์ด๋‚˜
03:11
200, 500 years back,
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500๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋” ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:14
then we get to the places where the corals
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ์„œ
03:16
are absolutely healthy and gorgeous,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ 
03:18
forming spectacular structures,
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ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ
03:20
and where the predators
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 25์—์„œ 50๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”
03:22
are the most conspicuous thing,
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์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
03:25
where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive.
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๊ณณ์„ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
What have we learned from these places?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:33
This is what we thought was natural.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์„ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
This is what we call the biomass pyramid.
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์ด๊ฒŒ "์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ"๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”
03:39
If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
03:42
this is what we would expect.
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Most of the biomass is low on the food chain, the herbivores,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ์ดˆ์‹๋™๋ฌผ,
03:47
the parrotfish, the surgeonfish that eat the algae.
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๋น„๋Š˜๋”, ์ฒ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์–ด ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:50
Then the plankton feeders, these little damselfish,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์„ ๋จน๊ณ 
03:53
the little animals floating in the water.
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๋ฌผ์— ๋‘ฅ๋‘ฅ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋”์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
03:56
And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ์ ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:58
and a lower biomass of top head,
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์ € ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋„๋ฏธ, ๋†์–ด ๋“ฑ์ด
04:00
or the sharks, the large snappers, the large groupers.
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๋”์šฑ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
But this is a consequence.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
This view of the world is a consequence
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ด์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
04:07
of having studied degraded reefs.
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์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
When we went to pristine reefs,
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํ•ด์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:11
we realized that the natural world
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ด ์•„๋ž˜์œ„๊ฐ€
04:13
was upside down;
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๋’ค์ง‘ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
this pyramid was inverted.
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์ด ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ๋’ค์ง‘ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
The top head does account for most of the biomass,
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๋งจ ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด
04:20
in some places up to 85 percent,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๋œ "ํ‚น๋งŒ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ" ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:22
like Kingman Reef, which is now protected.
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85 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
The good news is that, in addition to having more predators,
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:27
there's more of everything.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
The size of these boxes is bigger.
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์ด ์ƒ์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋” ํฌ๊ตฌ์š”
04:31
We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers,
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์ƒ์–ด๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋„๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ 
04:34
more biomass of herbivores, too,
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์ดˆ์‹๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
like these parrot fish that are like marine goats.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด ๋น„๋Š˜๋”์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์†์˜ ์—ผ์†Œ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ
04:39
They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์— ๋Œ ๋งŒํผ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
04:42
they eat, and they keep the reef clean
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์›Œ์„œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:45
and allow the corals to replenish.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Not only do these places --
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์ด๋“ค ํƒœ๊ณ ์  ์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š”
04:49
these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish,
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์–ด๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:51
but they also have other important components
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ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
04:53
of the ecosystem like the giant clams;
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
pavements of giant clams in the lagoons,
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์„ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์ด ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—
04:57
up to 20, 25 per square meter.
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20์—์„œ 25๊ฐœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ํ•ด์ดˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
05:02
and they filter the water;
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
they keep the water clean from
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋จน์–ด
05:06
microbes and pathogens.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
05:08
But still, now we have global warming.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด
05:14
or their remoteness, this is great.
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์กฐ์—…์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
But the water gets warmer for too long
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์˜จ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด
05:18
and the corals die.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
So how are these fish,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์€
05:22
these predators going to help?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
05:24
Well, what we have seen is that
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์Œ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
05:26
in this particular area
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์ด ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์—
05:28
during El Nino, year '97, '98,
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97๋…„ 98๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์—˜ ๋‹ˆ๋‡จ ๋™์•ˆ
05:30
the water was too warm for too long,
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
and many corals bleached
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:34
and many died.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:36
In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down,
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๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด
05:39
where the large animals are gone,
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ํฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋– ๋‚œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
05:41
the corals have not recovered.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered.
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ํŒจ๋‹ ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
But you see here
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
05:49
a big table coral that died and collapsed.
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ํฐ ํƒ์ž ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดด๋์ฃ .
05:52
And the fish have grazed the algae,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋œฏ์–ด ๋จน์–ด์„œ
05:54
so the turf of algae is a little lower.
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์ฃ .
05:56
Then you go to Palmyra Atoll
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์ด์ œ ์ดˆ์‹๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€
05:58
that has more biomass of herbivores,
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ํŒ”๋ฏธ๋ผ ํ™˜์ƒ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
06:01
and the dead corals are clean,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊นจ๋—ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
and the corals are coming back.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:06
And when you go to the pristine side,
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์ด์ œ ์›์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
06:08
did this ever bleach?
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๋ฐฑํ™”ํ•œ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
06:11
These places bleached too, but they recovered faster.
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์ด์ชฝ๋„ ๋ฐฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
The more intact, the more complete,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:15
[and] the more complex your food web,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:17
the higher the resilience, [and] the more likely
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๋ณต์›๋ ฅ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์•„, ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ
06:20
that the system is going to recover
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์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ
06:22
from the short-term impacts of warming events.
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ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋‹ค ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
so the ecosystem can adapt
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—
06:34
to the effects of global warming.
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์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
So if we have to reset the baseline,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:40
if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:42
how can we do it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:44
Well, there are several ways.
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๋ญ, ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
One very clear way is the marine protected areas,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ์ง€์—ญ์„
06:48
especially no-take reserves
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ํŠนํžˆ '์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์† ๋ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”' ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„
06:50
that we set aside
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์„ค์ •ํ•ด ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:52
to allow for the recovery for marine life.
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์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And let me go back to that image
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์ด์ œ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„
06:56
of the Mediterranean.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
06:59
This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:02
And at the same time I was watching
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋•Œ "์žํฌ ์ฟ ์Šคํ† "์˜ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:04
Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ’์š”๋กœ์›€, ํ’์„ฑํ•จ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„
07:07
with all this richness and abundance and diversity.
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TV์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And I thought that this richness
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ด๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ณ 
07:11
belonged to tropical seas,
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š”
07:13
and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea.
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๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:15
But, little did I know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋‚œ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
07:17
until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:20
And this is what I saw, lots of fish.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
After a few years, between five and seven years,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ค ๋…„์—์„œ ์น  ๋…„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
07:25
fish come back, they eat the urchins,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์„ฑ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ 
07:27
and then the algae grow again.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
07:29
So you have this little algal forest,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ์„  ์ž‘์€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:31
and in the size of a laptop
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๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—
07:34
you can find more than 100 species of algae,
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100์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
mostly microscopic fit
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
07:38
hundreds of species of little animals
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:41
that then feed the fish,
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์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์–ด
07:43
so that the system recovers.
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์›๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ "๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ๊ตฐ๋„ ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ"์€
07:48
is only 94 hectares,
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94๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:50
and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy,
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์–ด์—…์ˆ˜์ต์˜ 20๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ
07:53
20 times more than fishing,
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์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
and it represents 88 percent
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์ „์ฒด ๊ด€๊ด‘์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ 88ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—
07:57
of all the tourist revenue.
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ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
So these places not only help the ecosystem
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—๋งŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:02
but also help the people
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๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
08:04
who can benefit from the ecosystem.
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๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
So let me just give you a summary
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์ด์ œ "์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์† ๋ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”" ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
08:08
of what no-take reserves do.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
08:10
These places, when we protect them,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby, this is what happens.
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์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
The number of species increases 21 percent;
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์ข…์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 21ํผ์„ผํŠธ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
so if you have 1,000 species
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ 1,000 ์ข…์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:19
you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve.
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ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 200 ์ข…์„ ๋” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
This is very substantial.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
The size of organisms increases a third,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ 1/3์€ ๋” ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
so your fish are now this big.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋งŒํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter,
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์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹น ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”
08:31
increases almost 170 percent.
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๊ตฐ์ง‘๋„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 170ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์ผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”
08:37
4.5 times greater biomass
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ 5๋…„์—์„œ 7๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
08:39
on average, just after five to seven years.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 4.5๋ฐฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
In some places up to 10 times
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
08:43
larger biomass inside the reserves.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด 10๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
So we have all these things
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
08:49
inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do?
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ํดํ…๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–˜๋“ค์€ ๋ญ˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:52
They reproduce. That's population biology 101.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋ก ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
08:54
If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
08:57
they grow larger and they reproduce a lot.
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๋” ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
And same thing for invertebrates. This is the example.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
09:02
These are egg cases
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์น ๋ ˆ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ณ์€
09:04
laid by a snail off the coast of Chile,
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์•Œ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ์€ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:09
Outside the reserve,
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋ฐ–์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด
09:11
you cannot even detect this.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
One point three million eggs per square meter
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์•ˆ์—๋Š”
09:16
inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant.
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์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹น 130๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
So these organisms reproduce,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
the little larvae juveniles spill over,
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์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
they all spill over,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋ฉด
09:27
and then people can benefit from them outside too.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
This is in the Bahamas: Nassau grouper.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ๋‚˜์†Œ ๋†์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve,
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋†์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
and the closer you get to the reserve,
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก
09:35
the more fish you have.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
So the fishermen are catching more.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
You can see where the limits of the reserve are
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:41
because you see the boats lined up.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
So there is spill over;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:45
there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves
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์ด๋“ค ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์ณ
09:47
that help people around them,
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
09:49
while at the same time
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€
09:51
the reserve is protecting
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์ „์ฒด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
the entire habitat. It is building resilience.
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
So what we have now --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š”
09:59
or a world without reserves --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š”
10:01
is like a debit account
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๋Š˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:03
where we withdraw all the time
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž…๊ธˆ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
10:05
and we never make any deposit.
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์š”๊ตฌ๋ถˆ ๊ณ„์ขŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
Reserves are like savings accounts.
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์ €์ถ•๊ณ„์ขŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:09
We have this principal that we don't touch;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์† ๋ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์›๊ธˆ์ด ์ด๋งŒํผ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
10:11
that produces returns,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ์ ์ธ
10:13
social, economic and ecological.
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์ด์ต์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
And if we think about the increase of biomass inside the reserves,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:19
this is like compound interest.
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๋ณต๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
Two examples, again,
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€
10:24
of how these reserves can benefit people.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
10:27
This is how much fishermen get
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด
10:30
everyday in Kenya, fishing
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:32
over a series of years,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
10:34
in a place where
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๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด๋งŒ ํ•ด์˜จ ์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€
10:36
there is no protection; it's a free-for-all.
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๋งค์ผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
Once the most degrading fishing gear,
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์ผ๋‹จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์–ด๊ตฌ์ธ
10:42
seine nets, were removed,
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ํ›„๋ฆฟ๊ทธ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋‹ค ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
10:44
the fishermen were catching more.
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
If you fish less, you're actually catching more.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚จํšํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
But if we add the no-take reserve on top of that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— "์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์† ๋ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”" ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด
10:51
the fishermen are still making more money
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ
10:53
by fishing less around an area that is protected.
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์–ด์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Another example:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Nassau groupers in Belize in the Mesoamerican Reef.
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๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ "๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ"์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜์†Œ ๋†์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
This is grouper sex,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋†์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
11:03
and the groupers aggregate around the full moons
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12์›”๊ณผ 1์›”์˜ ๋ณด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
11:05
of December and January for a week.
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๋†์–ด๋Š” ์ผ ์ฃผ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
They used to aggregate up to the
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์—
11:11
tens of thousands, 30,000 groupers about this big
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์ด๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋†์–ด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ˜น์€ ์‚ผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
11:13
in one hectare, in one aggregation.
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Fishermen knew about these things; they caught them, and they depleted them.
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค๋„ ์ด๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žก์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ž์ฃ .
11:19
When I went there for the first time in 2000,
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2000๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•
11:22
there were only 3,000 groupers left.
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3,000 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋†์–ด ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
And the fishermen were authorized to catch 30 percent
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋งค๋…„ ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฐ๋ž€๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜
11:27
of the entire spawning population every year.
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30ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
So we did a simple analysis,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
11:32
and it doesn't take rocket science
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๋งค๋…„ 30ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:34
to figure out that, if you take 30 percent every year,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์–ด์—…์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:36
your fishery is going to collapse very quickly.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
And with the fishery, the entire reproductive ability
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์–ด์—…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ „์ฒด ์ข…์˜
11:40
of the species goes extinct.
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๋ฒˆ์‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
It happened in many places around the Caribbean.
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์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
And they would make 4,000 dollars per year,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์ฒด ์–ด์—…์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€
11:47
total, for the entire fishery,
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๋ฐฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ๋„ ์ผ ๋…„์—
11:49
several fishing boats.
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4,000 ๋ถˆ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ฒŒ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
Now, if you do an economic analysis
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ 
11:54
and project what would happen
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:56
if the fish were not cut,
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์–ดํš๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
11:58
if we brought just 20 divers
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์ผ ๋…„์— ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ
12:00
one month per year,
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20 ๋ช…์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:02
the revenue would be more than 20 times higher
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์ˆ˜์ž…์€ 20 ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋›ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
and that would be sustainable over time.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
So how much of this do we have?
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์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:10
If this is so good, if this is such a no-brainer, how much of this do we have?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋“  ๋ป”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
12:13
And you already heard that
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜
12:15
less than one percent of the ocean's protected.
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1 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ๋งŒ์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
We're getting closer to one percent now,
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"์ฐจ๊ณ ์Šค ์ œ๋„"๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋•๋ถ„์—
12:19
thanks to the protections of the Chagos Archipelago,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 1 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
and only a fraction of this is fully protected from fishing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์กฐ์—…์ด ์™„์ „ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Scientific studies recommend that at least 20 percent
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๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜
12:27
of the ocean should be protected.
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20 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
The estimated range is between 20 and 50 percent
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข… ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด์กฑ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜
12:32
for a series of goals of biodiversity
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ํšŒ๋ณต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
12:34
and fishery enhancement and resilience.
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์€ 20์—์„œ 50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
Now, is this possible? People would ask: How much would that cost?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”? ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ˆ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
12:40
Well, let's think about
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด์—…์—
12:42
how much we are paying now
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๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
12:44
to subsidize fishing:
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:47
35 billion dollars per year.
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์ผ ๋…„์— 350 ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices.
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์ด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์–ด์—…๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Well, there are a couple estimates
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์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ 20 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”
12:56
of how much it would cost to create
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:58
a network of protected areas
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์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์€
13:00
covering 20 percent of the ocean
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:02
that would be only a fraction
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์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด๋“  ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
13:04
of what we are now paying;
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์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ด์—…์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:06
the government hands out to a fishery
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์Ÿ์•„๋ถ“๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜
13:08
that is collapsing.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
People are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing.
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์‚ฌ์–‘ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:13
A creation of a network of reserves
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
13:15
would provide direct employment for more than a million people
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:17
plus all the secondary jobs and all the secondary benefits.
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๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
So how can we do that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฐ€์š”?
13:22
If it's so clear that these savings accounts
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์ถ•๊ณ„์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ
13:25
are good for the environment and for people,
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์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:28
why don't we have 20, 50 percent of the ocean?
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ 20, 50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์™œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:31
And how can we reach that goal?
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:34
Well, there are two ways of getting there.
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์Œ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
The trivial solution is to create really large protected areas
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์€ "์ฐจ๊ณ ์Šค ๊ตฐ๋„"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
13:40
like the Chagos Archipelago.
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์ •๋ง ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:42
The problem is that we can create these large reserves
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„“์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
13:45
only in places where there are no people, where there is no social conflict,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋น„์šฉ์ด
13:48
where the political cost is really low
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ์€
13:50
and the economic cost is also low.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
And a few of us, a few organizations in this room and elsewhere
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค ์ผ๋ถ€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜
13:56
are working on this.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
But what about the rest of the coast of the world,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์–ด์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
14:00
where people live and make a living out of fishing?
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:04
Well, there are three main reasons why
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๋ญ, ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด
14:06
we don't have tens of thousands of small reserves:
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์•„์ง ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
The first one is that people have no idea
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๋ญ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
14:11
what marine reserves do,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
and fishermen tend to be really, really defensive
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋„
14:17
when it comes to regulating or closing
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์กฐ์—…์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
14:19
an area, even if it's small.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ €ํ•ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
Second, the governance is not right
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๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์ ˆ์น˜ ์•Š์€๋ฐ
14:23
because most coastal communities around the world
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
14:25
don't have the authority
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š”
14:27
to monitor the resources to create the reserve and enforce it.
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์ž์›์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
It's a top down hierarchical structure
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์ƒ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ณต์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ
14:32
where people wait for
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์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
14:34
government agents to come
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์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
14:36
and this is not effective. And the government doesn't have enough resources.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž์›์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
14:39
Which takes us to the third reason,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ฃ .
14:41
why we don't have many more reserves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
14:44
is that the funding models have been wrong.
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๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ž˜ ๋ชป๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
NGOs and governments
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๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
14:49
spend a lot of time and energy and resources
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ์ž์›์„ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ช‡๋ช‡
14:52
in a few small areas, usually.
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์ž‘์€ ์˜์—ญ์—๋งŒ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
So marine conservation and coastal protection
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๋•๋ถ„์— ํ•ด์–‘๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š”
14:57
has become a sink for government or philanthropic money,
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์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•์• ์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ˆ๋งŒ ๋จน๋Š” ํ•˜๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋๊ณ 
15:00
and this is not sustainable.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
So the solutions are just
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€
15:04
fixing these three issues.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
First, we need to develop a global awareness campaign
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์ฒซ์งธ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์€
15:09
to inspire local communities and governments
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"์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์† ๋ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”" ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก
15:12
to create no-take reserves
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ• 
15:14
that are better than what we have now.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ž๊ฐ์šด๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
It's the savings accounts
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์ด๊ฑด ์ €์ถ•๊ณ„์ขŒ์™€ ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ ์—†๋Š”
15:18
versus the debit accounts with no deposits.
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์š”๊ตฌ๋ถˆ ๊ณ„์ขŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
Second, we need to redesign our governance
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๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด
15:23
so conservation efforts can be decentralized,
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๋ณด์กด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
15:26
so conservation efforts don't depend on
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๋ณด์กด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜
15:29
work from NGOs
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ํž˜์„ ๊ตณ์ด ๋นŒ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋„๋ก
15:31
or from government agencies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:33
and can be created by the local communities,
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด
15:35
like it happens in the Philippines and a few other places.
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์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
And third, and very important,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
15:40
we need to develop new business models.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
The philanthropy sink as the only way to create reserves
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์• ์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜
15:46
is not sustainable.
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๋ˆ์„ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
We really need to develop models, business models,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋ณด์กด์ด
15:51
where coastal conservation
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ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„,
15:54
is an investment,
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์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
because we already know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด
15:58
that these marine reserves provide
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ, ์ƒํƒœ์ ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ํ˜œํƒ์„
16:00
social, ecological and economic benefits.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
And I'd like to finish with one thought,
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์ด์ œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
16:06
which is that no one
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์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น ๊นŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
organization alone
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๋„ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ๋Š”
16:10
is going to save the ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
There has been a lot of competition in the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
and we need to develop
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
16:17
a new model of partnership,
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
16:19
truly collaborative,
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š”
16:21
where we are looking for complementing,
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์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์†์„ ๋งž์žก๋Š”
16:23
not substituting.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
The stakes are just too high
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
16:27
to continue the way we are going.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
So let's do that. Thank you very much.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:39
Chris Anderson: Thank you Enric.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์—”๋ฆญ, ์ˆ˜๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
Enric Sala: Thank you.
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์—”๋ฆญ ์‚ด๋ผ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
CA: That was a masterful job
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์œผ์‹  ๊ฑด
16:46
of pulling things together.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
First of all, your pyramid, your inverted pyramid,
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์šฐ์„ , ๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ, ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์ง„ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์žˆ์ฃ ,
16:51
showing 85 percent biomass in the predators,
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85 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ์‹์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š”,
16:53
that seems impossible.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
How could 85 percent
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 85 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ 15 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—
16:58
survive on 15 percent?
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์˜์กดํ•ด ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
17:00
ES: Well, imagine that you have two gears
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์—”๋ฆญ ์‚ด๋ผ: ์ž, ์‹œ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
17:03
of a watch, a big one and a small one.
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ํฐ ๊ธฐ์–ด์™€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
The big one is moving very slowly, and the small one is moving fast.
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ํฐ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
That's basically it.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
The animals at the lower parts of the food chain,
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๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
17:13
they reproduce very fast; they grow really fast; they produce millions of eggs.
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๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
Up there, you have sharks and large fish that live 25, 30 years.
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์ € ์œ„์ชฝ์€, 25 ๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 30 ๋…„ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์ƒ์–ด๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
They reproduce very slowly; they have a slow metabolism;
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์–˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋„ ๋Š๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
and, basically, they just maintain their biomass.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
So, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜
17:27
is enough to maintain this biomass
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์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์œ„์ชฝ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„
17:29
that is not moving.
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์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
They are like capacitors of the system.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถ•์ „๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
17:34
CA: That's very fascinating.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„๋ฐ์š”.
17:36
So, really, our picture of a food pyramid
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋จน์ด ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ,
17:38
is just -- we have to change that completely.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ตฐ์š”.
17:40
ES: At least in the seas.
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์—”๋ฆญ ์‚ด๋ผ: ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
What we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋’ค์ง‘ํžŒ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๊ฐ€
17:45
is the equivalent of the Serengeti,
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:47
with five lions per wildebeest.
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์„ธ๋ ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์ดˆ์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
And on land, this cannot work.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋•…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
But at least on coral reefs are systems
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” ๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
17:53
where there is a bottom component with structure.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
We think this is universal.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
But we have started studying pristine reefs
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ
18:00
only very recently.
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์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
CA: So the numbers you presented really are astonishing.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์‹  ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž๋„ค์š”.
18:05
You're saying we're spending 35 billion dollars
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์—… ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ
18:07
now on subsidies.
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350์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
18:09
It would only cost 16 billion to set up
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์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ 20 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ
18:11
20 percent of the ocean as
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ํ•ด์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
18:14
marine protected areas
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160์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋˜๊ณ 
18:16
that actually give new living choices
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
18:18
to the fishermen as well.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”.
18:20
If the world was a smarter place,
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:22
we could solve this problem for negative 19 billion dollars.
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190์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋œ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์„ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:25
We've got 19 billion to spend on health care or something.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ ์“ธ ๋ˆ์ด 190์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
18:27
ES: And then we have the under-performance of fisheries
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์—”๋ฆญ ์‚ด๋ผ: ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์–ด์—…์‚ฐ์—…๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
18:30
that is 50 billion dollars.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ 500์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
So again, one of the big solutions is
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
18:35
have the World Trade Organization shifting the subsidies
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์–ด์—…๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„
18:37
to sustainable practices.
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์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:40
CA: Okay, so there's a lot of examples that I'm hearing out there
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
18:42
about ending this subsidies madness.
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๋๋‚ด์ž๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
18:44
So thank you for those numbers.
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์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋„ค์š”.
18:46
The last one's a personal question.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:48
A lot of the experience of people here
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์‚ผ์€์ง€ ์ œ๋ฒ• ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ
18:50
who've been in the oceans for a long time
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์› ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
18:52
has just been seeing this degradation, the places they saw that were beautiful
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
18:55
getting worse, depressing.
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์šฐ์šธํ•ด์ง„ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
18:57
Talk to me about the feeling that you must have experienced
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
18:59
of going to these pristine areas
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์‹ 
19:02
and seeing things coming back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋Š๋‚€ ์ ์„ ์ข€ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ์ฃ .
19:05
ES: It is a spiritual experience.
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์—”๋ฆญ ์‚ด๋ผ: ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์ฃ .
19:08
We go there to try to understand the ecosystems,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
to try to measure or count fish and sharks
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์–ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ 
19:13
and see how these places are different from the places we know.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
But the best feeling
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€
19:19
is this biophilia that E.O. Wilson talks about,
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์ž์—ฐ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ E.O. ์œŒ์Šจ์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
19:21
where humans have this sense of awe and wonder
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜น์€ ์›์‹œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
19:24
in front of untamed nature, of raw nature.
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๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋น„๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
19:27
And there, only there,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์˜ค์ง ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
19:29
you really feel that you are part of a larger thing
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ
19:32
or of a larger global ecosystem.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:35
And if it were not for these places that show hope,
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ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:38
I don't think I could continue doing this job.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
19:40
It would be just too depressing.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
19:42
CA: Well, Enric, thank you so much for sharing
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—”๋ฆญ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ
19:44
some of that spiritual experience with us all. Thank you.
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์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹  ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
ES: Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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