The taboo secret to better health | Molly Winter

翻译人员: Junyi Sha 校对人员: Jin Wu

Whenever I get to travel for work,

无论何时外出工作，

I try to find out where my drinking water comes from,

我都会尝试弄清我饮用水的来源，

and where my poop and pee go.

还有我排泄物的去处。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This has earned me the nickname "The Poo Princess" in my family,

这让我赢得了“大便女皇”的 家庭绰号，

and it's ruined many family vacations, because this is not normal.

同时还毁了很多家庭旅行， 因为这并不正常。

But thinking about where it all goes is the first step in activating

但是思考排泄物们都去哪儿了

what are actually superpowers in our poop and pee.

其实是激发它们超级潜能的第一步。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Yeah.

是的。

And if we use them well,

而且如果我们好好利用它们，

we can live healthier and more beautifully.

我们可以拥有更加健康 而美好的生活。

Check out this landscape in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

这是新墨西哥州， 圣菲市的自然景观。

Just notice what kinds of words and feelings come to mind.

想想涌入你思绪的是怎样的词汇。

This landscape was watered with treated sewage water.

这样的景观却是用处理过 的污水灌溉的。

Does that change anything for you?

这会影响你的判断吗？

I imagine it might.

我像可能会吧，

And that's OK.

不过没关系。

How we feel about this

我们对这件事的看法

is going to determine exactly how innovative we can be.

会决定我们究竟能 富多少有革新精神。

And I want to explain how it works,

我想解释一下原理，

but what words do I use?

先想一下我用了啥词？

I mean, I can use profane words like "shit" and "piss,"

我是想表达我本可以用很污的词， 比如“屎”和“尿”，

and then my grandma won't watch the video.

然后我奶奶就会拒绝看这段视频。

Or I can use childish words like "poo" and "pee." Eh.

或者我也可以用幼稚的词汇， 像“粑粑”和“尿尿”。

Or I can use scientific words like "excrement" and "feces." Humph.

额，我也可以用更科学的单词， 类似于“尿液”和“粪便”

I'll use a mix.

然后我用了混合体。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's all I got. (Laughs)

这是我能想到的全部了。（笑声）

So, in this suburb,

那么，在这片城郊，

the poo and the pee and the wash water are going to this treatment plant

各种排泄物们和废水正涌向

right in the middle of the community.

处于区域中心的处理池。

It looks more like a park than a treatment plant.

其实与其说处理池， 它看起来更像一个公园。

The poo at the very bottom of all those layers of gravel --

那些处于所有砂砾层 最下方的粪便们

not touching anyone --

－不与其它成员接触－

is providing solid food for those marsh plants.

为沼泽植物提供了固体养料。

And the clean, clear water that comes out the other end

在另外一头出去的清澈而干净的水

is traveling underground to water each person's yard.

会从地下运输用于 灌溉每个人的庭院。

So even though they're in a desert,

所以即使他们身处沙漠之中，

they get their own personal oasis.

他们也可以拥有私人绿洲。

This approach is called Integrated Water Management,

这种方法被称为水资源综合治理，

or holistic or closed-loop.

也可以说成全面治理或循环利用。

Whatever you want to call it,

你们想叫它什么都可以，

it's in conflict with the status quo of how we think about sanitation,

但它与我们目前对 卫生设施体系的看法

which is contain, treat, push it away.

（收集，处理，排放）是相悖的。

But in this approach, we're doing one step better.

在这套系统中，我们做的更好。

We're designing for reuse from the very beginning,

我们一开始就设计成了循环利用。

because everything does get reused,

由于所有的东西都希望被再利用，

only now we're planning for it.

直到现在我们还在继续规划。

And often, that makes for really beautiful spaces.

经常，这套系统能帮助 创造美妙的空间。

But the most important thing about this system

但是，对于这个体系来说，

isn't the technicals of how it works.

最重要的不是其科技原理，

It's how you feel about it.

而是你们对它的感觉。

Do you want this in your yard?

你们希望在你们的后院中拥有它吗？

Why not?

为啥不呢？

I got really curious about this question.

我对这个问题十分好奇。

Why don't we see more innovation in sanitation?

为什么我们没有在 污水处理中看到革新？

Why isn't that kind of thing the new normal?

为什么革新迟迟不来？

And I care so much about this question,

我真心关心这个问题，

that I work for a nonprofit called Recode.

之后我为非营利性组织“ 科技投资新闻资讯网”工作。

We want to accelerate adoption

我们想要提高高承受性建筑

of sustainable building and development practices.

及其应用的采纳度。

We want more innovation.

我们想拥抱更多革新。

But a lot of times, whole categories of innovation --

但是很多情况却是， 目录上所有革新当中，

ones that can help us live more beautifully --

那些能够帮助我们生活更美好的，

turn out to be illegal.

最终往往不合法。

Today's regulations and codes were written under the assumption

如今的法规和条例 都是基于假设所写。

that best practices would remain best practices,

那些优质实践永远都是优质的，

with incremental updates forever and ever.

伴随着的只是 不断叠加的升级工程。

But innovation isn't always incremental.

但是创新不总是叠加的。

It turns out, how we feel about any particular new technique

事实证明， 我们对任何新技术的看法

gets into everything we do:

会进入到我们生活的方方面面：

how we talk about it,

我们讨论它的时候，

how we encourage people to study,

我们鼓励他人的时候，

our jokes, our codes ...

我们的笑话，甚至条例当中……

And it ultimately determines how innovative we can be.

这将最终决定我们能富有多少革新精神。

So, that's the first reason we don't innovate in sanitation.

这也是我们不愿在卫生 设施体系当中革新的第一个理由。

We're kind of uncomfortable talking about sanitation,

我们在一定程度上 是不愿讨论卫生体系的，

that's why I've gotten called "The Poo Princess" so much.

这也是我被如此频繁的 被称为“大便女皇”的原因。

The second reason is:

第二个理由是：

we think the problem is solved here in the US.

我们认为这个问题在 美国这儿已经被解决了。

But not so.

但事实并非如此

Here in the US we still get sick from drinking shit in our sewage water.

在美国我们依然会因为饮用含有 粪便成分的阴沟水而生病。

Seven million people get sick every year,

每年有700万人因此生病，

900 die annually.

一年会有900人死于此因。

And we're not taking a holistic approach to making it better.

但我们并没有运用一个 更加彻底有效的方法来改善现状。

So we're not solving it.

也就是说，我们并没有解决问题。

Where I live in Portland, Oregon,

在我住的地方： 俄勒冈州，波特兰市，

I can't take Echo for a swim during the rainy season,

我都无法回应你在雨季游泳的感受，

because we dump raw sewage sometimes into our river.

因为我们时常把未处理过 的污水直接倒进河里。

Our rainwater and our sewage go to the same treatment plant.

我们的雨水和污水 会进入相同的处理池，

Too much rain overflows into the river.

这样，过多的雨水 就会进入河流之中。

And Portland is not alone here.

波特兰市在这件事上并不孤独。

Forty percent of municipalities self-report

40%的市政当局在自述汇报中指出

dumping raw or partially treated sewage into our waterways.

曾倾倒未处理或 仅部分处理的污水进入水网。

The other bummer going on here with our status quo

另一件当下令人不悦的事

is that half of all of your poop and pee is going to fertilize farmland.

是我们的排泄物们 一半跑去灌溉农场了，

The other half is being incinerated

另一半则被火化

or land-filled.

或是填埋了。

And that's a bummer to me,

我对此很失望，

because there are amazing nutrients in your daily doody.

因为我们每天的便便当中 其实含有惊人的养分。

It is comparable to pig manure;

与猪的粪便是类同的。

we're omnivores, they're omnivores.

我们是杂食动物，它们也是。

Think of your poo and pee as a health smoothie for a tree.

想像一下你的排泄物对于一 棵树来说就是一杯奶昔

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The other bummer going on here

其实还有一件令人不悦的事，

is that we're quickly moving all the drugs we take into our waterways.

那就是我们正在迅速地 把我们摄入体内的药物转入水网当中。

The average wastewater treatment plant can remove maybe half of the drugs

中等水平的废水处理池只有能力

that come in.

移除废水中的一半药物。

The other half goes right out the other side.

另一半就心安理得的 从另一侧出去了。

Consider what a cocktail of pharmaceuticals --

想一想由各种药物成分 性激素、类固醇、

hormones, steroids, Vicodin --

维柯丁（一种止痛药） 构成的鸡尾酒

does to a fish,

会对一条鱼，

to a dog,

对一只狗，

to a child.

一个孩子造成怎样的影响？

But this isn't just some problem that we need to contain.

但这个问题不单单只是它本身。

If we flip this around, we can create a resource

如果能够翻过这一页， 我们就能找到一条途径，

that can solve so many of our other problems.

它能帮我们解决许多别的问题。

And I want to get you comfortable with this idea,

我希望你们能够接受这个想法。

so imagine the things I'm going to show you, these technologies,

设想一下我将要 展示给你的东西，这些科技，

and this attitude that says,

还有这样的态度：

"We're going to reuse this.

“我们将要拯救这一切。

Let's design to make it beautiful" --

让我们把它设计的更美吧”

as advanced potty training.

－致先进的如厕技术。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I think you're ready for it.

我以为你们已经做好心理准备了。

I think we as a culture are ready for advanced potty training.

我认为我们的文化已经 为先进如厕技术做好准备。

And there are three great reasons to enroll today.

这其中有三个重要的理由。

Number one:

第一：

we can fertilize our food.

这能为我们的食物施肥。

Each one of us is pooping and peeing something

我们每个人都产生

that could fertilize half or maybe all of our food,

能够肥沃我们一半 甚至全部食物的排泄物，

depending on our diet.

具体取决于我们的食谱。

That dark brown poo in the toilet is dark brown because of what?

我们的便便为什么是深棕色的？

Dead stuff, bacteria.

因为无机物，细菌。

That's carbon.

都是碳

And carbon, if we're getting that into the soil,

如果我们把这些碳弄进土壤里，

is going to bind to the other minerals and nutrients in there.

它们将会与土壤中的其它矿物质，养分结合。

Boom! Healthier food.

更加健康的食物。

Voilà! Healthier people.

哇啦！更加健康的人们。

Chemical fertilizers by definition don't have carbon in them.

化肥从定义上来讲是不含碳的。

Imagine if we could move our animal manure and our human manure to our soil,

想像假如我们能够把这些 生物养分全部放进土壤，

we might not need to rely on fossil fuel-based fertilizers,

我们也许就不需要依赖于 化石燃料基肥料

mine minerals from far away.

或是老远拉来的矿物质了。

Imagine how much energy we could save.

我们会节约多少能量啊。

Now, some of us are concerned

现在，我们其中的一些人 也许正担心着

about industrial pollutants contaminating this reuse cycle.

工业有害物质污染循环圈。

That can be addressed.

这确实需要被强调。

But we need to separate our discomfort about talking about poo and pee

但是我们需要把因为讨论到排泄物 而感到的不适与其区分开来。

so we can calmly talk about how we want to reuse it

只有这样我们才能平静地 讨论如何循环利用它们，

and what things we don't want to reuse.

还有哪些东西我们不希望循环使用。

And get this:

还有这个：

if we change our approach to sanitation,

如果我们改变了卫生设施体系，

we can start to slow down climate change.

我们将开始减缓气候变化。

Remember that carbon in the poop?

还记得粪便中的碳吗？

If we can get that into our soil bank,

如果那笔碳进账土壤银行，

it's going to start to absorb carbon dioxide that we put into the air.

它们会帮助吸收我们自己扔 进空气中地二氧化碳。

And that could help slow down global warming.

这就会帮助我们减缓全球变暖。

I want to show you some brave souls

我想要给你们展示这些英勇地灵魂，

who've had the courage to embrace this advanced potty training approach.

就是那些有勇气去拥抱这种 先进如厕技术地人们。

So those folks in New Mexico --

所以这些在新墨西哥州地人们－

why did they do it?

他们为什么要这么做呢？

'Cause they're in a desert? 'Cause they save money? Yeah.

因为他们身处沙漠之中吗？ 是为了省钱吗？当然。

But more importantly, they felt comfortable

但更重要地是他们会因为目睹卷入厕所的

seeing what was going down the toilet as a resource.

是一种资源而感到更舒心。

Here's an average house in Portland, Oregon.

这是在俄勒冈州， 波特兰市的一个普通房子，

This house is special because they have a composting toilet

唯一特别之处是拥有一个堆粪厕所。

turning all their poo and pee, over time, into a soil amendment.

能够逐渐把所有排泄物变为土壤改良剂。

Their wash water, their shower water, is going underground

产生的洗手水， 洗澡水都会进入地下

to a series of mulch basins,

进入一系列封闭槽中，

and then watering that orchard downhill.

然后用于灌溉山下的果园。

When they went to get this permitted,

当他们去申报这个项目时，

it wasn't allowed in Oregon.

被俄勒冈州所禁止了。

But it was allowed in five other states nearby.

但却在相邻的五个州得到通过。

That was Recode's -- my organization's -- first code-change campaign.

那是我所在的组织“科技投资新闻资讯网” 的第一次修该条例运动。

Here's a great example where the Integrated Water Management approach

这有一个水资源综合治理的很好的例子，

was the cheapest.

它也是最便宜的方法。

This is three high-rise residential buildings in downtown Portland,

这是波特兰市中心的三栋高层住宅楼，

and they're not flushing to the sewer system.

它们不会因为谈及下水系统感到脸红。

How?

这怎么说？

Well, their wash water is getting reused to flush toilets,

嗯，他们的洗澡水会 被再利用去冲马桶，

cool mechanical systems,

冷却机械系统，

water the landscape.

还有浇灌景观植物。

And then once the building has thoroughly used everything --

当整栋楼已经充分利用了所有的东西

aka, shat in it --

就是曾经的粪便们

it's treated to highest standard right on-site by plants and bacteria,

他们已经被植物和 细菌净化过了，

and then infiltrated into the groundwater right below.

才会进入正下方的地下水系统。

And all that was cheaper

这一切

than updating the surrounding sewer infrastructure.

要比更新周围的污水 基础设施要便宜很多。

So that's the last reason we should get really excited

所以我们来到了应该为改变

about doing things differently:

而感到激动的最后一个原因：

we can save a lot of money.

我们可以节省一大笔钱。

This was the first permit of its kind in Oregon.

下面是这类技术在俄勒冈州 第一个通过法令的例子。

Brave and open-minded people sat down and felt comfortable saying,

勇敢而心胸开阔的人们在圆桌会议上

"Yeah, that shit makes sense."

阔谈到：“对，那坨粑粑听起来很有道理。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"Let's do it."

“我们放手干吧！”

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

You know?

你们知道吗？

I keep showing examples

我不断的拿出各种例子，

where everyone's reusing everything on-site.

其中每个人都在重复使用每一样东西。

Why?

为什么呢？

Well, when we look at our aging infrastructure -- and it is old --

当我们目睹了这些老化着的器械

and we look at the cost of updating it,

然后我们看到了更新它们的价格，

three-quarters of that cost is just the pipes snaking through our city.

三分之一的钱将花费 在更新城市地下管道上。

So as we build anew, as we renovate,

所以作为我们去整修，去翻新，

it might make more sense to treat and reuse everything on-site.

把它们换成兼备治理和循环 的设备也许更合理。

San Francisco realized that it made sense

旧金山就意识到了这一点：

to invest in rebates for every household

他们在家装当中投资退税活动，

to reuse their wash water and their rainwater

以此来拯救那些洗浴用水和雨水。

to water the backyard,

人们用这些水去浇灌他们的后院儿，

because the amount of water they would save as a community would be so big.

因为从整体来说这样 真的能节约很多水。

But why were all these projects so innovative?

但是为什么说这些项目都很创新呢？

The money piece, yeah.

从钱的角度来说，是一方面。

But more importantly,

其实更重要的，

they felt comfortable with this idea of advanced potty training.

还是他们想到能够拥有先进如厕技术。

Imagine if we embraced innovation for sanitation

想象如果我们能够 运用全新的卫生设施体系，

the way we have for, say, solar power.

就拿已有的例子途径来说，太阳能。

Think about it -- solar power used to be uncommon and unaffordable.

思考一下它吧，太阳能曾经 十分稀少且价格高昂。

Now it's more a part of our web of power than ever before.

现今它是我们能源链上的重要一员。

And it's creating resiliency.

它也逐渐表现出适应性。

We now have sources of power like the sun

我们现在拥有与太阳能类似的能源

that don't vary with our earthly dramas.

而且并不随地球阴晴而改变。

What's driving all that innovation?

是什么驱动了这些创新？

It's us.

是我们人类。

We're talking about energy.

我们正在谈论能源。

It's cool to talk about energy.

这听起来很酷炫。

Some folks are even talking about the problems

有一些人甚至在谈论

with the limited resources where our current energy is coming from.

当下能源紧张的问题。

We encourage our best and brightest to work on this issue --

我们邀请我们当中最棒 最聪明的那批去解决这个问题

better solar panels, better batteries, everything.

更加有效的太阳能板，更高能的电池。

So let's talk about where our drinking water is coming from,

现在让我们来讨论一下 我们饮用水的来源吧，

where our poo and pee are actually going.

其实就是我们排泄物的去处。

If we can get over this discomfort with this entire topic,

如果我们能够克服对于 谈论这个话题的不适，

we could create something that creates our future goldmine.

我们就能够创造出埋下 未来金矿的东西。

Every time you flush the toilet,

每当你们冲马桶时，

I want you to think,

我都希望你们能够思考，

"Where is my poop and pee going?

“我的排泄物们都去哪儿了？

Will they be gainfully employed?"

他们会被高价雇佣吗？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"Or are they going to be wreaking havoc in some waterway?"

“或者他们会在水道当中制造大动乱吗？”

If you don't know, find out.

如果你们不清楚的话，就要去弄清楚。

And if you don't like the answer,

当你们不喜爱答案的时候，

figure out how you can communicate to those who can drive this change

就弄明白如何才能与 管辖这件事的人联系上，

that you have advanced potty training, that you are ready for reuse.

就说你们掌握先进如厕技术， 你们已经对于循环利用有充分准备。

How all of you feel

你们所有人的感受

is going to determine exactly how innovative we can be.

将会决定我们究竟能多么富有创新精神。

Thank you so much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）