The taboo secret to better health | Molly Winter

譯者: Yang He 審譯者: Jin Wu

Whenever I get to travel for work,

我每天上班的時候，

I try to find out where my drinking water comes from,

都試圖找出我們飲用水的來源。

and where my poop and pee go.

還有我們排泄物的去向。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

This has earned me the nickname "The Poo Princess" in my family,

這讓我贏得了「大便公主」的美名。

and it's ruined many family vacations, because this is not normal.

這種奇怪的行為還讓 我們的家庭假期不得安寧。

But thinking about where it all goes is the first step in activating

不過想這些問題是

發現大小便神力的第一步。

what are actually superpowers in our poop and pee.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Yeah.

是啊。

如果我們好好利用，

And if we use them well,

we can live healthier and more beautifully.

就能生活得更健康、更幸福。

Check out this landscape in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

看看這個新墨西哥州 聖塔菲的景觀吧。

Just notice what kinds of words and feelings come to mind.

看看我們會想到甚麼詞語和感覺。

This landscape was watered with treated sewage water.

這片地是用改良污水澆灌的。

Does that change anything for you?

你的感覺有沒有改變？

I imagine it might.

我想會的。

And that's OK.

那就好。

How we feel about this

我們對它們的感受，

決定了我們處理它們時的創造力。

is going to determine exactly how innovative we can be.

And I want to explain how it works,

我想解釋一下這個過程

but what words do I use?

不過我應該用什麼詞呢？

I mean, I can use profane words like "shit" and "piss,"

我是說，我可以用 「屎」、「尿」這樣粗俗的詞，

那樣我想我祖母 就不會看這支影片了。

and then my grandma won't watch the video.

Or I can use childish words like "poo" and "pee." Eh.

我們也可以用「便便」、「臭臭」 這樣孩子氣的詞。

Or I can use scientific words like "excrement" and "feces." Humph.

或者像「糞便」、「排泄物」 這樣科學的詞，嗯。

I'll use a mix.

我就通通用好了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's all I got. (Laughs)

反正就這麼多。（笑聲）

So, in this suburb,

在偏遠的地方，

the poo and the pee and the wash water are going to this treatment plant

大小便和生活用水 都會進入就在住宅區中間的

污水處理設施。

right in the middle of the community.

It looks more like a park than a treatment plant.

它更像公園而不是處理廠。

The poo at the very bottom of all those layers of gravel --

大便在沉澱層的最下面—

not touching anyone --

單獨一層—

is providing solid food for those marsh plants.

為菌類提供充分的養料。

And the clean, clear water that comes out the other end

淨化了的清水從另外一面流出來，

is traveling underground to water each person's yard.

流過地下管道，流進每個人的院子。

So even though they're in a desert,

所以，就算那是在沙漠裡，

他們也有自己的綠洲。

they get their own personal oasis.

This approach is called Integrated Water Management,

這種方法叫作「水資源綜合管理」，

or holistic or closed-loop.

或者整體利用，或者循環利用。

你想叫什麼都行，

Whatever you want to call it,

it's in conflict with the status quo of how we think about sanitation,

但這與我們現在的衛生信條相牴觸，

which is contain, treat, push it away.

那就是把廢物包起來， 淨化，扔得遠遠的。

But in this approach, we're doing one step better.

不過用這種辦法，我們做得更好。

We're designing for reuse from the very beginning,

我們一開始就為循環再利用而設計，

because everything does get reused,

因為只要我們做好計劃，

only now we're planning for it.

所有的東西都能循環。

And often, that makes for really beautiful spaces.

通常，這讓環境更漂亮。

不過這個系統最重要的

But the most important thing about this system

並不是支持它運作的技術。

isn't the technicals of how it works.

It's how you feel about it.

而是你們的感受。

你希望在後院有這樣一個裝置嗎？

Do you want this in your yard?

Why not?

為什麼不？

I got really curious about this question.

我對這個問題很好奇。

為什麼我們不能在衛生領域有創新？

Why don't we see more innovation in sanitation?

Why isn't that kind of thing the new normal?

為什麼我們不能 帶著平常心接受這件事？

And I care so much about this question,

我對這個問題簡直太關心了，

that I work for a nonprofit called Recode.

以至於成立了一個叫做 Recode（重新定義）的NGO

We want to accelerate adoption

我們需要加快

of sustainable building and development practices.

永續使用建築及發展的應用。

We want more innovation.

我們需要創新。

But a lot of times, whole categories of innovation --

不過很多時候，所有類型的創新，

ones that can help us live more beautifully --

讓我們過得更好的創新，

turn out to be illegal.

都是違法的。

Today's regulations and codes were written under the assumption

現在的法規和法律是有前提的，

that best practices would remain best practices,

前提是好的做法永遠是好的，

with incremental updates forever and ever.

之後也只能增加條款，

But innovation isn't always incremental.

不過創新往往不只是增加。

It turns out, how we feel about any particular new technique

我們對於任何新科技的看法

gets into everything we do:

決定了我們的行為：

how we talk about it,

我們如何談論它，

how we encourage people to study,

我們如何鼓勵人們去學習它，

our jokes, our codes ...

我們的笑話， 我們的原則等

And it ultimately determines how innovative we can be.

最終決定了我們的創造力有多強。

So, that's the first reason we don't innovate in sanitation.

這就是我們在衛生領域 無法創新的原因。

因為我們不願意談論衛生。

We're kind of uncomfortable talking about sanitation,

that's why I've gotten called "The Poo Princess" so much.

這就是為什麼別人 叫我「大便公主」。

第二個理由是

The second reason is:

we think the problem is solved here in the US.

我們認為在美國， 這個問題已經解決了。

But not so.

但並沒有。

在美國，有人仍然因為 飲用不乾淨的水而生病，

Here in the US we still get sick from drinking shit in our sewage water.

Seven million people get sick every year,

每年有七百萬人罹患各種疾病，

900 die annually.

900人死亡。

And we're not taking a holistic approach to making it better.

如果我們不採取一種 整體的態度來改進，

我們就解決不了問題。

So we're not solving it.

Where I live in Portland, Oregon,

我還住在俄勒岡州的波特蘭時，

I can't take Echo for a swim during the rainy season,

下雨的時候，我都不能 帶我的狗艾克去游泳，

because we dump raw sewage sometimes into our river.

因為我們有的時候 就直接把餿水排進河裡。

Our rainwater and our sewage go to the same treatment plant.

我們的雨水和餿水 一起進入淨化工廠。

Too much rain overflows into the river.

過多的雨水令河水氾濫。

And Portland is not alone here.

而且並不是波特蘭才有這個問題。

Forty percent of municipalities self-report

百分之四十的市民自己承認，

dumping raw or partially treated sewage into our waterways.

有把污水或者部分淨化 的污水倒入水路的經歷。

The other bummer going on here with our status quo

現實還有另一個很可惜的地方，

is that half of all of your poop and pee is going to fertilize farmland.

就是一半的大小便會用於農田施肥。

The other half is being incinerated

另一半會被燒棄

or land-filled.

或者填埋。

And that's a bummer to me,

我覺得這很可惜，

because there are amazing nutrients in your daily doody.

因為排泄物中有極其豐富的養分。

It is comparable to pig manure;

它可以與豬糞肥相比；

我們是雜食動物， 牠們也是雜食動物。

we're omnivores, they're omnivores.

Think of your poo and pee as a health smoothie for a tree.

想想吧，你的大小便 對於樹來說就是一杯健康奶昔。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The other bummer going on here

另一個我覺得可惜的地方是

is that we're quickly moving all the drugs we take into our waterways.

我們服用的藥物都排進了水道。

The average wastewater treatment plant can remove maybe half of the drugs

普通的廢水處理工廠大概可以

that come in.

處理掉排入藥物中的一半。

The other half goes right out the other side.

另外一半就這麼從淨化口排出來了。

Consider what a cocktail of pharmaceuticals --

想像一杯藥物雞尾酒—

賀爾蒙、類固醇、止痛藥—

hormones, steroids, Vicodin --

對一條魚，

does to a fish,

to a dog,

一隻狗，

一個孩子造成的傷害。

to a child.

But this isn't just some problem that we need to contain.

不過這並不只是一個 我們需要管制的問題。

If we flip this around, we can create a resource

如果我們掉過頭來看 我們能創造一種資源，

that can solve so many of our other problems.

解決我們很多其他的問題。

And I want to get you comfortable with this idea,

我想讓你習慣這種想法。

所以，想像一下我要 展示給你們的東西。

so imagine the things I'm going to show you, these technologies,

and this attitude that says,

這些科技和這種態度認為：

"We're going to reuse this.

「我們應該回收利用排泄物，

Let's design to make it beautiful" --

一起設計，讓它們變漂亮。」

as advanced potty training.

這會成為高級便壺培訓的主題。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I think you're ready for it.

我認為你已經做好準備。

I think we as a culture are ready for advanced potty training.

我認為我們作為一種文化已經 準備好迎接高級便壺培訓。

And there are three great reasons to enroll today.

有三個你應該加入的理由。

第一個：

Number one:

我們能肥沃土壤，豐富食物的營養

we can fertilize our food.

我們每個人的排泄物

Each one of us is pooping and peeing something

that could fertilize half or maybe all of our food,

可以為一半或者全部的食物施肥

depending on our diet.

這取決於我們的飲食。

為什麼廁所裡的大便是深棕色的？

That dark brown poo in the toilet is dark brown because of what?

Dead stuff, bacteria.

因為裡面有死去的細菌。

That's carbon.

這是碳水化合物。

And carbon, if we're getting that into the soil,

如果我們把碳水化合物加入土壤中

is going to bind to the other minerals and nutrients in there.

它會跟其他礦物質和營養物質結合

Boom! Healthier food.

砰！就有了更健康的食物。

Voilà! Healthier people.

砰！就有了更健康的人。

Chemical fertilizers by definition don't have carbon in them.

化學肥料，顧名思義， 裡面是沒有碳水化合物的。

Imagine if we could move our animal manure and our human manure to our soil,

想像一下，如果我們能把 動物和人類排泄物加入土壤中，

we might not need to rely on fossil fuel-based fertilizers,

我們就用不著 化石燃料製造的肥料了。

mine minerals from far away.

也不用從很遠的地方採集礦物質了。

Imagine how much energy we could save.

我們能節約多少能源啊！

Now, some of us are concerned

現在有些人擔心

about industrial pollutants contaminating this reuse cycle.

工業污染物會污染這種循環利用過程。

That can be addressed.

這個問題是可以解決的。

But we need to separate our discomfort about talking about poo and pee

不過我們需要拋棄 談論排泄物的尷尬感，

so we can calmly talk about how we want to reuse it

所以我們就能冷靜地談論回收利用，

and what things we don't want to reuse.

以及我們不打算再利用的東西。

And get this:

而且你要知道：

if we change our approach to sanitation,

如果我們改變對待衛生的方式，

we can start to slow down climate change.

我們就能減緩氣候變化。

Remember that carbon in the poop?

記得大便裡有碳水化合物嗎？

If we can get that into our soil bank,

如果我們可以把它加入土壤，

it's going to start to absorb carbon dioxide that we put into the air.

它就能吸收我們排出的二氧化碳。

然後就能減緩全球暖化。

And that could help slow down global warming.

I want to show you some brave souls

我要給你們介紹一些勇敢的人，

who've had the courage to embrace this advanced potty training approach.

一些有勇氣接受高級便壺訓練的人。

這些住在新墨西哥的人，

So those folks in New Mexico --

why did they do it?

為什麼他們要這麼做？

'Cause they're in a desert? 'Cause they save money? Yeah.

因為他們住在沙漠裡？ 因為他們能省錢？沒錯。

But more importantly, they felt comfortable

但是更重要的是， 他們能夠坦然對待

seeing what was going down the toilet as a resource.

把廁所當成資源的概念。

Here's an average house in Portland, Oregon.

這是俄勒岡波特蘭的一棟普通房子。

This house is special because they have a composting toilet

這棟房子的特殊之處 在於它有一個堆肥式廁所。

turning all their poo and pee, over time, into a soil amendment.

經過一段時間後， 把人的排泄物全部變成土壤肥料。

Their wash water, their shower water, is going underground

他們洗手、洗澡的水 全部會去往地下，

to a series of mulch basins,

流到一系列附有護蓋物的盆地，

然後去澆灌山下的蘭花。

and then watering that orchard downhill.

When they went to get this permitted,

當他們去為這種設計申請許可時，

it wasn't allowed in Oregon.

俄勒岡並沒有通過申請。

But it was allowed in five other states nearby.

但是這在附近的 另外五個州是可以的。

That was Recode's -- my organization's -- first code-change campaign.

這是我的組織Recode的 第一個改變的運動。

關於綜合水源管理系統的節約性，

Here's a great example where the Integrated Water Management approach

was the cheapest.

這是一個很好的例子：

這是波特蘭城區三座很高的住宅。

This is three high-rise residential buildings in downtown Portland,

and they're not flushing to the sewer system.

他們並不把水直接衝進污水系統。

How?

那怎麼辦？

Well, their wash water is getting reused to flush toilets,

他們洗手的水會用來沖馬桶，

cool mechanical systems,

冷卻機械系統，

給植物澆水。

water the landscape.

當這座建築已經充分利用了一切，

And then once the building has thoroughly used everything --

aka, shat in it --

也就是說，水裡已經有了糞便，

it's treated to highest standard right on-site by plants and bacteria,

它就會按照最高標準， 由植物和細菌來淨化。

在滲透到下面的地下水裡，

and then infiltrated into the groundwater right below.

And all that was cheaper

這樣比更新周圍的污水設備

than updating the surrounding sewer infrastructure.

更便宜。

So that's the last reason we should get really excited

這是我們為什麼應該 為這種改變激動的

最後一個理由：

about doing things differently:

we can save a lot of money.

我們能省很多錢。

這是俄勒岡通過的 第一個類似的項目。

This was the first permit of its kind in Oregon.

Brave and open-minded people sat down and felt comfortable saying,

勇敢、開放的人能坐下來坦然地說：

"Yeah, that shit makes sense."

「這樣處理屎尿更有道理。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

"Let's do it."

「我們一起這樣做吧。」

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You know?

你知道嗎？

I keep showing examples

我不停地展示

每個人都當場回收利用的例子。

where everyone's reusing everything on-site.

Why?

為什麼？

Well, when we look at our aging infrastructure -- and it is old --

當我們看到我們老化的設施時，

and we look at the cost of updating it,

我們就能看看更新它們的費用：

three-quarters of that cost is just the pipes snaking through our city.

四分之三的費用 都是用在穿過城市的水管。

So as we build anew, as we renovate,

在我們新建、更新時

it might make more sense to treat and reuse everything on-site.

不如想想這樣就地處理 和再利用所有的東西。

San Francisco realized that it made sense

舊金山已經意識到了這一點。

開始撥款為安裝沖洗用水和雨水

to invest in rebates for every household

to reuse their wash water and their rainwater

回收裝置，並用它們澆灌院子

to water the backyard,

的家庭提供退稅。

因為社區共同節約的水量很可觀。

because the amount of water they would save as a community would be so big.

But why were all these projects so innovative?

不過這些計畫為什麼這麼有創造力？

The money piece, yeah.

因為錢，是的。

But more importantly,

但更重要的是

they felt comfortable with this idea of advanced potty training.

他們對待高級便壺的坦然態度。

Imagine if we embraced innovation for sanitation

想像一下，如果我們 在衛生領域擁抱創新，

the way we have for, say, solar power.

就像我們在太陽能領域做的那樣，

Think about it -- solar power used to be uncommon and unaffordable.

想想吧，太陽能過去 可是不常見也不便宜的，

現在它已經更好地與 我們的能源網融為一體，

Now it's more a part of our web of power than ever before.

And it's creating resiliency.

而且創造了彈性，

我們現在多了太陽 這樣一個能量來源。

We now have sources of power like the sun

that don't vary with our earthly dramas.

一種並不隨著我們 塵世的風雲變化而變化的能量。

What's driving all that innovation?

是什麼在驅動這些創新？

是我們。

It's us.

We're talking about energy.

我們談論能源。

It's cool to talk about energy.

談論能源是好的。

有些人甚至會談論

Some folks are even talking about the problems

with the limited resources where our current energy is coming from.

我們現在有限的能量來源的問題。

We encourage our best and brightest to work on this issue --

我們鼓勵最厲害、 最聰明的人處理這些問題。

better solar panels, better batteries, everything.

更好的太陽能版， 更好的電池，等等。

所以我們也來談談 我們飲用水的來源，

So let's talk about where our drinking water is coming from,

where our poo and pee are actually going.

以及我們排泄物的去處吧。

If we can get over this discomfort with this entire topic,

如果我們能克服 對這類話題的不適感，

we could create something that creates our future goldmine.

我們未來能造出一座金礦。

你每次沖馬桶的時候，

Every time you flush the toilet,

I want you to think,

我希望你能想想：

"Where is my poop and pee going?

「我們的大小便去哪裡了？」

Will they be gainfully employed?"

「它們有人管嗎？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

"Or are they going to be wreaking havoc in some waterway?"

「他們會不會污染什麼水道？」

If you don't know, find out.

如果你不知道，就去找出答案。

And if you don't like the answer,

如果你對事實不滿意，

figure out how you can communicate to those who can drive this change

想想你怎樣能於能解決 這些問題的人溝通。

that you have advanced potty training, that you are ready for reuse.

告訴他們，你準備好了接受 高級便壺培訓，你準備好了再利用。

How all of you feel

你們的感受，

is going to determine exactly how innovative we can be.

會決定我們的創新能力。

Thank you so much.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）