Academic research is publicly funded -- why isn't it publicly available? | Erica Stone

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Do you ever find yourself referencing a study in conversation

Da li ste ikada primetili da u razgovoru pominjete neku studiju

that you didn't actually read?

koju zapravo niste pročitali?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I was having coffee with a friend of mine the other day,

Sedela sam uz kafu sa prijateljicom pre neki dan

i rekla sam: „Znaš, čitala sam novu studiju

and I said, "You know, I read a new study

that says coffee reduces the risk of depression in women."

koja kaže da kafa smanjuje rizik od depresije kod žena.“

But really, what I read was a tweet.

Ali, u stvari sam pročitala tvit.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

That said --

Koji je rekao -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

"A new study says drinking coffee may decrease depression risk in women."

„Nova studija kaže da ispijanje kafe može umanjiti rizik od depresije kod žena.“

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And that tweet had a link to the "New York Times" blog,

A taj tvit je imao link za blog Njujork Tajmsa,

where a guest blogger translated the study findings

gde je gostujući bloger preveo nalaze studije

from a "Live Science" article,

iz članka na sajtu „Nauka uživo“,

which got its original information

a koji je izvukao prvobitne informacije

from the Harvard School of Public Health news site,

sa sajta Harvardske škole za javno zdravlje,

which cited the actual study abstract,

koji je citirao pravi apstrakt studije,

which summarized the actual study published in an academic journal.

koji je sažeo stvarnu studiju objavljenu u akademskom časopisu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's like the six degrees of separation,

To je kao teorija o šest stepeni razdvajanja,

but with research.

ali sa istraživanjima.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So, when I said I read a study,

Tako, kada sam rekla da sam pročitala studiju,

what I actually read was 59 characters that summarized 10 years of research.

zapravo sam pročitala 59 znakova koji su saželi 10 godina istraživanja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So, when I said I read a study,

Tako da, kada sam rekla da sam pročitala studiju,

I was reading fractions of the study

čitala sam delove studije

that were put together by four different writers

koje je sastavilo četiri pisca

that were not the author,

koji nisu autori,

before it got to me.

pre nego što je došla do mene.

That doesn't seem right.

To ne deluje ispravno.

But accessing original research is difficult,

Međutim, pristupiti originalnom istraživanju je teško,

because academics aren't regularly engaging with popular media.

jer akademici ne učestvuju redovno u popularnim medijima.

And you might be asking yourself,

Možda se pitate

why aren't academics engaging with popular media?

zašto se akademici ne angažuju u popularnim medijima.

It seems like they'd be a more legitimate source of information

Čini se da bi bili opravdaniji izvor informacija

than the media pundits.

od medijskih stručnjaka.

Right?

Zar ne?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In a country with over 4,100 colleges and universities,

U zemlji sa preko 4 100 fakulteta i univerziteta,

it feels like this should be the norm.

čini se da bi to trebalo da bude normalno.

But it's not.

Ali nije.

So, how did we get here?

Pa, kako smo ovde dospeli?

To understand why scholars aren't engaging with popular media,

Da biste razumeli zašto se naučnici ne uključuju u popularne medije,

you first have to understand how universities work.

najpre morate razumeti kako univerziteti funkcionišu.

Now, in the last six years,

Poslednjih šest godina

I've taught at seven different colleges and universities

predavala sam na sedam različitih fakulteta i univerziteta

in four different states.

u četiri različite države.

I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire.

Dođem kao neki asistent stručnjak.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD.

Istovremeno radim na sticanju doktorskog zvanja.

In all of these different institutions,

U sve te četiri različite institucije,

the research and publication process works the same way.

proces istraživanja i objavljivanja funkcioniše isto.

First, scholars produce research in their fields.

Najpre naučnici izrade istraživanje u okviru svoje oblasti rada.

To fund their research, they apply for public and private grants

Da bi finansirali svoje istraživanje, konkurišu za javna i privatna sredstva

and after the research is finished,

i, nakon što se istraživanje završi,

they write a paper about their findings.

napišu rad o svojim nalazima.

Then they submit that paper to relevant academic journals.

Zatim pošalju taj rad odgovarajućim akademskim časopisima.

Then it goes through a process called peer review,

Onda on prolazi kroz proces zvani pregled kolega,

which essentially means that other experts

što u suštini znači da ga drugi stručnjaci

are checking it for accuracy and credibility.

proveravaju u pogledu tačnosti i verodostojnosti.

And then, once it's published,

A potom, kada bude objavljen,

for-profit companies resell that information

profitne kompanije opet vraćaju te informacije na prodaju

back to universities and public libraries

univerzitetima i javnim bibliotekama

through journal and database subscriptions.

kroz časopis i pretplate na baze podataka.

So, that's the system.

Dakle, takav je sistem.

Research, write, peer-review, publish, repeat.

Istraživanje, pisanje, pregled kolega, objavljivanje, pa sve iznova.

My friends and I call it feeding the monster.

Moji prijatelji i ja ga zovemo hranjenje čudovišta.

And you can see how this might create some problems.

Vidite kako to može da napravi probleme.

The first problem is that most academic research is publicly funded

Prvi problem je da se većina akademskih istraživanja javno finansira,

but privately distributed.

ali privatno deli.

Every year, the federal government spends 60 billion dollars on research.

Savezna vlada svake godine potroši 60 milijardi dolara na istraživanja.

According to the National Science Foundation,

Prema Nacionalnom naučnom fondu,

29 percent of that goes to public research universities.

29 posto od toga odlazi univerzitetima za javna istraživanja.

So, if you're quick at math, that's 17.4 billion dollars.

Ako vam ide matematika, to je 17,4 milijardi dolara.

Tax dollars.

Dolara od poreza.

And just five corporations are responsible

A samo pet korporacija je odgovorno

for distributing most publicly funded research.

za distribuciju većine javno finansiranih istraživanja.

In 2014, just one of those companies made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.

Godine 2014, samo jedna od tih kompanija stekla je profit od 1,5 milijardu dolara.

It's a big business.

To je veliki posao.

And I bet you can see the irony here.

Kladim se da vidite u čemu je ovde ironija.

If the public is funding academics' research,

Ako javnost finansira akademska istraživanja,

but then we have to pay again to access the results,

ali potom moramo opet da platimo da bismo pristupili rezultatima,

it's like we're paying for it twice.

to je kao da plaćamo dvaput.

And the other major problem

A drugi veliki problem

is that most academics don't have a whole lot of incentive

je da mnogi akademici ne dobijaju mnogo podsticaja

to publish outside of these prestigious subscription-based journals.

da objavljuju izvan tih prestižnih časopisa na koje se plaća pretplata.

Universities build their tenure and promotion systems

Univerziteti grade sisteme sticanja položaja i unapređivanja

around the number of times scholars publish.

na osnovu toga koliko puta naučnici objavljuju radove.

So, books and journal articles are kind of like a form of currency for scholars.

Tako su knjige i članci u časopisima neka vrsta valute za naučnike.

Publishing articles helps you get tenure and more research grants down the road.

Objavljivanje časopisa vam pomaže da steknete položaj

i da kasnije dobijete još sredstava za istraživanja.

But academics are not rewarded for publishing with popular media.

Ali, naučnici se ne nagrađuju za objavljivanje u popularnim medijima.

So, this is the status quo.

Dakle, ovo je status kvo.

The current academic ecosystem.

Trenutni akademski ekosistem.

But I don't think it has to be this way.

Ali, mislim da ne mora da bude tako.

We can make some simple changes to flip the script.

Možemo uneti jednostavne promene da bismo preokrenuli stvari.

So, first, let's start by discussing access.

Najpre počnimo time što ćemo razmotriti pristup.

Universities can begin to challenge the status quo

Univerziteti mogu početi da osporavaju status kvo

tako što će nagrađivati naučnike za objavljivanje

by rewarding scholars for publishing

not just in these subscription-based journals

ne samo u tim časopisima na koje se plaća pretplata,

but in open-access journals as well as on popular media.

već i u otvoreno dostupnim časopisima, kao i u popularnim medijima.

Now, the open-access movement is starting to make some progress

Pokret otvorenog pristupa počinje da ostvaruje izvestan napredak

in many disciplines,

u mnogim disciplinama,

i, srećom, neki drugi veliki igrači su počeli to da primećuju.

and fortunately, some other big players have started to notice.

Google Scholar has made open-access research

Gugl Akademik je omogućio da se otvoreno dostupna istraživanja

searchable and easier to find.

mogu pretraživati i lakše pronaći.

Congress, last year, introduced a bill

Kongres je prošle godine izneo predlog zakona koji zahteva

that suggests that academic research projects

da akademski istraživački projekti

with over 100 million or more in funding

finansirani sa 100 miliona i više

should develop an open-access policy.

treba da uvedu politiku otvorenog pristupa.

And this year, NASA opened up its entire research library to the public.

A ove godine je NASA otvorila za javnost čitavu svoju istraživačku biblioteku.

So, you can see this idea is beginning to catch on.

Dakle, vidite da ideja počinje da se prihvata.

But access isn't just about being able

Ali, pristup se ne tiče samo mogućnosti

to get your hands on a document or a study.

da se domognete dokumenta ili studije.

It's also about making sure

Takođe se radi o postizanju

that that document or study is easily understood.

da se taj dokument ili studija može lako razumeti.

So, let's talk about translation.

Dakle, hajde da govorimo o prevođenju.

I don't envision this translation to look like the six degrees of separation

Ne zamišljam da to prevođenje izgleda kao šest stepeni razdvajanja

that I illustrated earlier.

koje sam prethodno opisala.

Instead, what if scholars were able to take the research that they're doing

Umesto toga, šta ako bi naučnici mogli da uzmu istraživanje koje sprovode,

and translate it on popular media

prevedu ga na popularnim medijima

and be able to engage with the public?

i povežu se sa javnošću?

If scholars did this,

Kada bi naučnici to radili,

the degrees of separation between the public and research

stepeni razdvajanja između javnosti i istraživanja

would shrink by a lot.

bi se znatno smanjili.

So, you see, I'm not suggesting a dumbing-down of the research.

Dakle, vidite, ja ne predlažem pojednostavljivanje istraživanja,

I'm just suggesting that we give the public access to that research

već samo predlažem da damo javnosti pristup tom istraživanju,

and that we shift the venue and focus on using plain language

da preokrenemo stvari i fokusiramo se na upotrebu običnog jezika

so that the public who's paying for the research

tako da javnost koja plaća za istraživanja

can also consume it.

može da ih i koristi.

And there are some other benefits to this approach.

Postoje i druge prednosti ovog pristupa.

By showing the public how their tax dollars

Demonstriranjem javnosti kako se njihovi poreski dolari

are being used to fund research,

koriste za finansiranje istraživanja

they can begin to redefine universities' identities

može se početi sa redefinisanjem identiteta univerziteta,

so that universities' identities are not just based on a football team

tako da se identiteti univerziteta ne zasnivaju samo na fudbalskom timu

or the degrees they grant

ili diplomama koje dodeljuju,

but on the research that's being produced there.

već na istraživanjima koja se tamo sprovode.

And when there's a healthy relationship between the public and scholars,

A kada postoji zdrav odnos između javnosti i akademika,

it encourages public participation in research.

to podstiče učešće javnosti u istraživanjima.

Can you imagine what that might look like?

Možete li da zamislite kako bi to izgledalo?

What if social scientists

Šta ako bi društveni naučnici

helped local police redesign their sensitivity trainings

pomagali lokalnoj policiji da preosmisli obuke osećajnosti

and then collaboratively wrote a manual to model future trainings?

i zatim zajedno napisali priručnik kao obrazac za buduće obuke?

Or what if our education professors consulted with our local public schools

Ili šta ako bi se profesori pedagogije konsultovali sa lokalnim državnim školama

to decide how we're going to intervene with our at-risk students

da bi rešili kako da intervenišemo kod rizičnih učenika,

and then wrote about it in a local newspaper?

a zatim pisali o tome u lokalnim novinama?

Because a functioning democracy

Jer funkcionalna demokratija

requires that the public be well-educated and well-informed.

zahteva da javnost bude dobro obrazovana i informisana.

Instead of research happening behind paywalls and bureaucracy,

Umesto da se istraživanja dešavaju iza zahteva na pretplatu i birokratije,

wouldn't it be better if it was unfolding right in front of us?

zar ne bi bilo bolje da se odvijaju tu ispred nas?

Now, as a PhD student,

Kao doktorantkinja,

I realize I'm critiquing the club I want to join.

shvatam da kritikujem klub kome hoću da pristupim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Which is a dangerous thing to do,

Što je opasno raditi,

since I'm going to be on the academic job market in a couple of years.

jer ću za par godina biti na akademskom tržištu rada.

But if the status quo in academic research

Ali ako je status kvo u akademskom istraživanju

is to publish in the echo chambers of for-profit journals

objavljivanje u eho-komorama profitnih časopisa

that never reach the public,

koji nikada ne stižu do javnosti,

you better believe my answer is going to be "nope."

verujte da će moj odgovor biti „ne“.

I believe in inclusive, democratic research

Verujem u inkluzivno, demokratsko istraživanje

that works in the community and talks with the public.

koje funkcioniše u zajednici i razgovara sa javnošću.

I want to work in research and in an academic culture

Želim da se bavim istraživanjem u akademskoj kulturi

where the public is not only seen as a valuable audience,

gde se javnost sagledava ne samo kao dragocena publika,

but a constituent, a participant.

već i kao sastavni deo, kao učesnik.

And in some cases even the expert.

U nekim slučajevima čak i kao ekspert.

And this isn't just about

Ovo ne podrazumeva jednostavno

giving you guys access to information.

da vam se da pristup informacijama.

It's about shifting academic culture from publishing to practice

Radi se o preorijentisanju akademske kulture

sa objavljivanja na praksu i sa priče na delo.

and from talking to doing.

And you should know that this idea, this hope --

Treba da znate i da ova ideja, ova nada,

it doesn't just belong to me.

ne pripada samo meni.

I'm standing on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers,

Nadovezujem se na ideju mnogih naučnika, učitelja,

librarians and community members

bibliotekara i članova zajednica

who also advocate for including more people in the conversation.

koji se takođe zalažu za uključivanje više ljudi u ovaj razgovor.

I hope you join our conversation, too.

Nadam se da ćete se i vi priključiti ovom razgovoru.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)