Academic research is publicly funded -- why isn't it publicly available? | Erica Stone

54,474 views ใƒป 2018-04-19

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yoonkeun Ji ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Do you ever find yourself referencing a study in conversation
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘์—
00:17
that you didn't actually read?
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์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:22
I was having coffee with a friend of mine the other day,
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๊ทธ ๋‚  ์ €๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:25
and I said, "You know, I read a new study
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ  "์žˆ์ž–์•„, ๋‚˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ—˜์„
00:28
that says coffee reduces the risk of depression in women."
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๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ์–ด"
00:32
But really, what I read was a tweet.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธ€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:39
That said --
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—”
00:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:41
"A new study says drinking coffee may decrease depression risk in women."
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"์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€..."
00:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:47
And that tweet had a link to the "New York Times" blog,
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์ด ํŠธ์œ—์€ '๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ'๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:51
where a guest blogger translated the study findings
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๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ "๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค" ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:54
from a "Live Science" article,
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00:56
which got its original information
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์›๋ž˜
00:58
from the Harvard School of Public Health news site,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‰ด์Šค ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:02
which cited the actual study abstract,
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์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
01:05
which summarized the actual study published in an academic journal.
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์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์ €๋„์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:11
It's like the six degrees of separation,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ถฉ๋œ ์ ๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ
01:14
but with research.
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๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:16
So, when I said I read a study,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ
01:20
what I actually read was 59 characters that summarized 10 years of research.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ 59์ž๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฝ์€ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
01:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:28
So, when I said I read a study,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ
01:30
I was reading fractions of the study
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
01:34
that were put together by four different writers
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๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ€์“ด์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฐ ์งœ๊น๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:36
that were not the author,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์†์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
01:38
before it got to me.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:40
That doesn't seem right.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
01:42
But accessing original research is difficult,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
01:46
because academics aren't regularly engaging with popular media.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ์–ฝํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:50
And you might be asking yourself,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ 
01:52
why aren't academics engaging with popular media?
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'์™œ ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?'
01:55
It seems like they'd be a more legitimate source of information
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ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข€ ๋” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
01:58
than the media pundits.
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02:00
Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
02:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:03
In a country with over 4,100 colleges and universities,
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4,100๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„ 
02:06
it feels like this should be the norm.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
But it's not.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
02:11
So, how did we get here?
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:14
To understand why scholars aren't engaging with popular media,
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ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
02:17
you first have to understand how universities work.
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๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Now, in the last six years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 6๋…„๊ฐ„
02:22
I've taught at seven different colleges and universities
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์ €๋Š” 4๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ
02:25
in four different states.
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๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ€๊ต์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:30
And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
In all of these different institutions,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
02:35
the research and publication process works the same way.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
First, scholars produce research in their fields.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
To fund their research, they apply for public and private grants
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ, ๊ณต๊ณต ํ›„์›๊ธˆ์— ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:46
and after the research is finished,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด
02:48
they write a paper about their findings.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Then they submit that paper to relevant academic journals.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•™ํšŒ์ง€์— ์ œ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Then it goes through a process called peer review,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:57
which essentially means that other experts
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
02:59
are checking it for accuracy and credibility.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
And then, once it's published,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
03:04
for-profit companies resell that information
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜๊ณต๊ณต ๋Œ€ํ•™์—
03:08
back to universities and public libraries
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์ €๋„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋˜ํŒ”๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
through journal and database subscriptions.
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03:13
So, that's the system.
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๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ฃ .
03:16
Research, write, peer-review, publish, repeat.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ž‘์„ฑ, ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ถœํŒ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต.
03:21
My friends and I call it feeding the monster.
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ดด๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:25
And you can see how this might create some problems.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
The first problem is that most academic research is publicly funded
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ
03:34
but privately distributed.
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๊ฐœ์ธ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ธฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
Every year, the federal government spends 60 billion dollars on research.
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๋งค๋…„, ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 600์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
According to the National Science Foundation,
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผํ•™ ์žฌ๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
03:44
29 percent of that goes to public research universities.
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์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ 29%๋งŒ์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
So, if you're quick at math, that's 17.4 billion dollars.
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๋ˆˆ์น˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์€ ์•„์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” 174์–ต์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์ฃ .
03:53
Tax dollars.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And just five corporations are responsible
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด
03:58
for distributing most publicly funded research.
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๊ณต์  ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
In 2014, just one of those companies made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.
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2014๋…„, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 150์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ด์œค์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
It's a big business.
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์ •๋ง ํฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด์ฃ .
04:09
And I bet you can see the irony here.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:12
If the public is funding academics' research,
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๊ณต์  ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๊ณ 
04:15
but then we have to pay again to access the results,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:19
it's like we're paying for it twice.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
04:22
And the other major problem
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
04:24
is that most academics don't have a whole lot of incentive
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋…์šฉ ์ผ๋ฅ˜ ์ €๋„ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
04:26
to publish outside of these prestigious subscription-based journals.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Universities build their tenure and promotion systems
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๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ
04:33
around the number of times scholars publish.
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์ •๋…„ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์Šน์ง„ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
So, books and journal articles are kind of like a form of currency for scholars.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ €๋„์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•™์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™”ํ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ด์ฃ .
04:40
Publishing articles helps you get tenure and more research grants down the road.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ด์•ผ ์ •๋…„์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
But academics are not rewarded for publishing with popular media.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
04:50
So, this is the status quo.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
The current academic ecosystem.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ด์ฃ .
04:56
But I don't think it has to be this way.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋จผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
We can make some simple changes to flip the script.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
So, first, let's start by discussing access.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:08
Universities can begin to challenge the status quo
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๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋…์šฉ ์ €๋„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:12
by rewarding scholars for publishing
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๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋งค์ฒด์—
05:14
not just in these subscription-based journals
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ์— ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
05:16
but in open-access journals as well as on popular media.
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ํ˜„์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋„์ „์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Now, the open-access movement is starting to make some progress
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ ์šด๋™์ด
05:24
in many disciplines,
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๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:26
and fortunately, some other big players have started to notice.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฐ ์†๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
Google Scholar has made open-access research
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์Šค์ฝœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„
05:33
searchable and easier to find.
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๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Congress, last year, introduced a bill
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๋ฏธ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„, 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ
05:40
that suggests that academic research projects
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๊ณต์  ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
05:43
with over 100 million or more in funding
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์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
05:46
should develop an open-access policy.
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์ทจ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
And this year, NASA opened up its entire research library to the public.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌํ•ด, NASA๋Š” ๋„์„œ๊ด€์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
So, you can see this idea is beginning to catch on.
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์ด์ œ ์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ—€์ฃ .
05:59
But access isn't just about being able
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
06:02
to get your hands on a document or a study.
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๋ฌธ์„œ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด๋žŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
It's also about making sure
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ
06:06
that that document or study is easily understood.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:09
So, let's talk about translation.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
I don't envision this translation to look like the six degrees of separation
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์น˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์—
06:20
that I illustrated earlier.
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๋“ค์–ด๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:23
Instead, what if scholars were able to take the research that they're doing
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๋Œ€์‹ , ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„
06:27
and translate it on popular media
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๊ทธ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
06:29
and be able to engage with the public?
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:33
If scholars did this,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:35
the degrees of separation between the public and research
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ ํ•™๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋™๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„
06:38
would shrink by a lot.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:40
So, you see, I'm not suggesting a dumbing-down of the research.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
I'm just suggesting that we give the public access to that research
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:47
and that we shift the venue and focus on using plain language
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์ข€ ๋” ํ‰์ดํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
06:51
so that the public who's paying for the research
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค๋„
06:54
can also consume it.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:57
And there are some other benefits to this approach.
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์ž์œ  ์—ด๋žŒ์ œ์—๋Š” ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
By showing the public how their tax dollars
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๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
07:04
are being used to fund research,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:06
they can begin to redefine universities' identities
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๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:09
so that universities' identities are not just based on a football team
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๊ทธ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋ฏธ์‹์ถ•๊ตฌ ํŒ€์ด๋‚˜
07:13
or the degrees they grant
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ํ•™์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:15
but on the research that's being produced there.
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๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:19
And when there's a healthy relationship between the public and scholars,
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ 
07:24
it encourages public participation in research.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Can you imagine what that might look like?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์š”?
07:32
What if social scientists
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€
07:33
helped local police redesign their sensitivity trainings
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์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋•๊ณ 
07:37
and then collaboratively wrote a manual to model future trainings?
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
07:42
Or what if our education professors consulted with our local public schools
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:48
to decide how we're going to intervene with our at-risk students
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์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ•œ๋’ค
07:51
and then wrote about it in a local newspaper?
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
07:55
Because a functioning democracy
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
07:58
requires that the public be well-educated and well-informed.
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์ž˜ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Instead of research happening behind paywalls and bureaucracy,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฒฝ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
08:07
wouldn't it be better if it was unfolding right in front of us?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ผ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
08:12
Now, as a PhD student,
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
08:15
I realize I'm critiquing the club I want to join.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:19
Which is a dangerous thing to do,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋’ค์— ํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค
08:21
since I'm going to be on the academic job market in a couple of years.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด์ฃ .
08:25
But if the status quo in academic research
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด์œค ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ €๋„์—๋งŒ
08:28
is to publish in the echo chambers of for-profit journals
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฟ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
08:31
that never reach the public,
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ํ˜„์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:34
you better believe my answer is going to be "nope."
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์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ "์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค"๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
I believe in inclusive, democratic research
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์ €๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ
08:41
that works in the community and talks with the public.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์–ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
I want to work in research and in an academic culture
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์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:48
where the public is not only seen as a valuable audience,
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์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์ด์ž ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”
08:51
but a constituent, a participant.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ’ํ†  ์†์—์„œ
08:55
And in some cases even the expert.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
And this isn't just about
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
09:04
giving you guys access to information.
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์ง€์‹์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
It's about shifting academic culture from publishing to practice
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์ด๋Š” ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ๋กœ
09:13
and from talking to doing.
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๋ง์—์„œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
And you should know that this idea, this hope --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ, ์ด ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:21
it doesn't just belong to me.
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์•Œ์•„์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
I'm standing on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜, ์‚ฌ์„œ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜
09:27
librarians and community members
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์–ด๊นจ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
who also advocate for including more people in the conversation.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
I hope you join our conversation, too.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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