Why do we blame individuals for economic crises? | Liene Ozolina

46,661 views ・ 2020-10-07

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:13
It was a cold, sunny March day.
0
13370
3209
Bio je hladan, sunčan martovski dan.
00:17
I was walking along the street in Riga.
1
17318
2557
Šetala sam ulicom u Rigi.
00:20
I remember the winter was slowly coming to an end.
2
20796
3246
Sećam se da se zima polako primicala kraju.
00:24
There was still some snow around here and there,
3
24066
2747
Još uvek je tu i tamo bilo snega,
00:26
but the pavement was already clear and dry.
4
26837
2990
ali trotoar je već bio čist i suv.
00:30
If you've lived in Riga,
5
30151
1245
Ako živite u Rigi,
00:31
you will know that feeling of relief that the first signs of spring bring,
6
31420
5375
znate taj osećaj olakšanja koji donose prvi znaci proleća
00:36
and you no longer have to trudge through that slushy mix
7
36819
2706
i više ne morate da bazate kroz bljuzgavicu
00:39
of snow and mud on the streets.
8
39549
1679
od snega i uličnog blata.
00:42
So there I am, enjoying my stroll,
9
42099
3163
Dakle, tako sam uživala u šetnji,
00:45
as I suddenly notice a stencil on the pavement in front of me,
10
45286
5389
kad sam iznenada primetila šaru na trotoaru ispred mene,
00:50
a graffiti:
11
50699
1185
grafit:
00:53
white letters painted on these dark grey bricks.
12
53177
3779
bela slova oslikana na tamonosivim ciglama.
00:56
It says,
13
56980
1469
Pisalo je:
00:58
"Where is your responsibility?"
14
58473
4719
„Gde je tvoja odgovornost?”
01:04
The question stopped me in my tracks.
15
64904
2234
Pitanje me u mestu zaustavilo.
01:08
As I'm standing there considering its meaning,
16
68102
3687
Dok sam stajala tu razmišljajući o njegovom značenju,
01:11
I notice I'm standing outside the Riga Municipality Social Welfare Department.
17
71813
5151
primetila sam kako stojim ispred Riginog Centra za socijani rad.
01:17
So it appears that the author of this graffiti, whoever it is,
18
77660
3830
Stoga se činilo kako je autor grafita, ko god on bio,
01:21
is asking this question to people coming to apply for social assistance.
19
81514
4601
postavljao ovo pitanje ljudima koji su dolazili da se prijave za socijanu pomoć.
01:27
That winter,
20
87845
1458
Te zime,
01:29
I had been doing research on the aftermath of the financial crisis in Latvia.
21
89327
5392
radila sam istraživanje o posledicama finansijske krize na Letoniju.
01:34
When the Global Financial Crisis erupted in 2008, Latvia got hit hard
22
94743
5083
Kada je globalna finansijsa kriza eruptirala 2008 godine,
Letonija je snažno pogođena kao mala, otvorena ekonomija.
01:39
as a small, open economy.
23
99850
2121
01:42
To balance the books,
24
102439
1176
Kako bi sredili finansije,
01:43
the Latvian government chose a strategy of internal devaluation.
25
103639
3773
letonska vlada je odabrala strategiju unutrašnje devalvacije.
01:47
Now, in essence, that meant drastically reducing public budget spending,
26
107436
4575
Sad, to je u suštini značilo drastično umanjenje budžeta javne potrošnje,
01:52
so, slashing public sector workers' wages,
27
112035
2855
dakle, skresavanje plata radnika u javnom sektoru,
01:54
shrinking civil service,
28
114914
1481
redukovanje državnih službi,
01:56
cutting unemployment benefits and other social assistance,
29
116419
3044
smanjenje naknada za nezaposlene i drugih socijalnih pomoći,
01:59
raising taxes.
30
119487
1514
podizanje poreza.
02:01
My mother had been working as a history teacher her whole life.
31
121720
3308
Moja majka je čitav život radila kao profesorica istorije.
02:05
The austerity for her meant seeing her salary cut by 30 percent
32
125575
5457
Štednja za nju je značila smanjenje plate za 30 procenata
02:11
all of a sudden.
33
131056
1483
iz čista mira.
02:12
And there were many in a situation like hers or worse.
34
132563
3210
A mnogi su bili u njenoj ili goroj situaciji.
02:15
The costs of the crisis were put on the shoulders of ordinary Latvians.
35
135797
4733
Troškovi krize su stavljeni na ramena običnih Letonaca.
02:22
As a result of the crisis and the austerity,
36
142056
3045
Kao rezultat krize i mera štednje,
02:25
the Latvian economy shrank by 25 percent in a two-year period.
37
145125
4507
letonska ekonomija se smanjila za 25 procenata u periodu od dve godine.
02:29
Only Greece suffered an economic contraction
38
149656
2868
Jedino je Grčka pretrpela umanjenje ekonomije
02:32
of a comparable scale.
39
152548
1839
uporedive veličine.
02:35
Yet, while Greeks were out in the streets for months
40
155772
3319
Međutim, dok su Grci mesecima bili na ulicama
02:39
staging continuous, often violent protests in Athens,
41
159115
4145
organizujući stalne, često nasilne proteste u Atini,
02:43
all was quiet in Riga.
42
163284
3168
u Rigi je sve bilo tiho.
02:47
Prominent economists were fighting in the columns of "The New York Times"
43
167504
3714
Ugledni ekonomisti su se prepirali u kolumnama „Njujork tajmsa”
02:51
about this curious extreme Latvian experiment
44
171242
3617
o ovom zanimljivom ekstremnom letonskom eksperimentu
02:54
of this austerity regime,
45
174883
2191
ovog režima štednje
02:57
and they were watching on in disbelief
46
177098
1873
i posmatrali su u neverici
02:58
how the Latvian society was putting up with it.
47
178995
2398
kako to letonsko društvo podnosi.
03:02
I was studying in London at the time,
48
182607
1853
U to vreme sam studirala u Londonu
03:04
and I remember the Occupy movement there
49
184484
2734
i sećam se tamošnjeg pokreta Okupirajmo
03:07
and how it was spreading from city to city,
50
187242
2498
i kako se širio od grada do grada,
03:09
from Madrid to New York to London,
51
189764
2129
od Madrida preko Njujorka do Londona,
03:11
the 99 percent against the one percent.
52
191917
2555
99 procenata protiv jednog procenta.
03:14
You know the story.
53
194496
1312
Poznata vam je priča.
03:16
Yet when I arrived in Riga,
54
196534
2357
Ipak, kad sam stigla u Rigu,
03:18
there were no echoes of the Occupy here.
55
198915
2368
ovde nije bilo odjeka Okupirajmo pokreta.
03:21
Latvians were just putting up with it.
56
201897
2250
Letonci su prosto trpeli.
03:24
They "swallowed the toad," as the local saying goes.
57
204889
4187
„Progutali su žabu”, kako lokalna izreka glasi.
03:30
For my doctoral research,
58
210202
1762
Za moje doktorsko istraživanje,
03:31
I wanted to study how the state-citizen relationship was changing in Latvia
59
211988
4509
želela sam da izučavam kako se odnos država-građanin menja u Letoniji
03:36
in the post-Soviet era,
60
216521
1667
u periodu postsovjetske ere,
03:38
and I had chosen the unemployment office
61
218212
2319
a odabrala sam zavod za zapošljavanje
03:40
as my research site.
62
220555
1448
kao mesto istraživanja.
03:42
And as I arrived there in that autumn of 2011,
63
222554
3459
I kako sam stigla tamo u jesen 2011. godine,
03:46
I realized, "I am actually witnessing firsthand
64
226037
3796
shvatila sam da zapravo svedočim iz prve ruke
03:49
how the effects of crises are playing out,
65
229857
2547
kako se razvijaju efekti krize
03:52
and how those worst affected by it, people who have lost their jobs,
66
232428
4046
i kako oni koji su njome najviše pogođeni, ljudi koji su izgubili poslove,
03:56
are reacting to it."
67
236498
1553
reaguju na nju.
03:59
So I started interviewing people I met at the unemployment office.
68
239668
4923
Te sam počela da intervjuišem ljude koje sam sretala u zavodu za zapošljavanje.
04:05
They were all registered as job seekers and hoping for some help from the state.
69
245954
4714
Svi su imali status onih koji traže posao i nadali su se nekakvoj pomoći od države.
04:10
Yet, as I was soon discovering, this help was of a particular kind.
70
250692
4489
Uskoro sam, pak, otkrila kako je ta pomoć naročite vrste.
04:15
There was some cash benefit,
71
255205
1552
Bilo je nešto novčane pomoći,
04:16
but mostly state assistance came in the form of various social programs,
72
256781
4508
ali je državna pmoć uglavnom bila u vidu niza socijalnih programa,
04:21
and one of the biggest of these programs was called
73
261313
2434
a jedan od najvećih sličnih programa se zvao
04:23
"Competitiveness-Raising Activities."
74
263771
2449
„Aktivnosti uvećanja konkurentosti”.
04:27
It was, in essence, a series of seminars
75
267279
1944
U suštini, radilo se o nizu seminara
04:29
that all of the unemployed were encouraged to attend.
76
269247
2683
na koje su podsticali sve nezaposlene da ih pohađaju.
04:31
So I started attending these seminars with them.
77
271954
2890
Počela sam da pohađam te seminare s njima.
04:35
And a number of paradoxes struck me.
78
275975
2652
A količina paradoksa me je zatekla.
04:39
So, imagine:
79
279048
1484
Dakle, zamislite:
04:41
the crisis is still ongoing,
80
281435
2839
kriza je u toku,
04:44
the Latvian economy is contracting,
81
284298
2114
letonska ekonomija se skuplja,
04:46
hardly anyone is hiring,
82
286436
2080
gotovo da niko ne zapošljava,
04:48
and there we are,
83
288540
1489
a mi smo tu,
04:50
in this small, brightly lit classroom,
84
290053
3023
u toj malenoj, jako osvetljenoj učionici,
04:53
a group of 15 people,
85
293100
2258
grupa od 15 ljudi,
04:55
working on lists of our personal strengths and weaknesses, our inner demons,
86
295382
4606
radimo na spisku naših ličnih snaga i slabosti, naših unutrašnjih demona
05:00
that we are told are preventing us from being more successful
87
300012
3091
za koje nam je rečeno da nas sprečavaju da budemo uspešniji
05:03
in the labor market.
88
303127
1564
na tržištu rada.
05:05
As the largest local bank is being bailed out
89
305727
2887
Dok su najveću lokalnu banku spasavali
05:08
and the costs of this bailout are shifted onto the shoulders of the population,
90
308638
4606
a troškove ovog spašavanja su prebacivali na ramena naroda,
05:13
we are sitting in a circle and learning how to breathe deeply
91
313268
5401
mi smo sedeli u krugu i učili kako da duboko dišemo
05:18
when feeling stressed.
92
318693
1864
kada smo pod stresom.
05:20
(Breathes deeply)
93
320581
2876
(Diše duboko)
05:25
As home mortgages are being foreclosed
94
325265
2451
Dok se domovi pod hipotekom zaplenjuju
05:27
and thousands of people are emigrating,
95
327740
2552
i na hiljade ljudi je u emigraciji,
05:30
we are told to dream big and to follow our dreams.
96
330316
3799
nama je rečeno da sanjamo velike snove i da pratimo naše snove.
05:35
As a sociologist,
97
335524
1165
Kao sociološkinja,
05:36
I know that social policies are an important form of communication
98
336713
4521
znam da je socijalna politika važan oblik komunikacije
05:41
between the state and the citizen.
99
341258
1922
između države i njenih građana.
05:43
The message of this program was,
100
343753
1745
Poruka ovog programa je bila,
05:45
to put it in the words of one of the trainers,
101
345522
2190
da se izrazim rečima jedne instruktorke:
05:47
"Just do it."
102
347736
1166
„Samo to uradite.”
05:48
She was, of course, citing Nike.
103
348926
1843
Naravno da je citirala Najki.
05:51
So symbolically, the state was sending a message to people out of work
104
351478
4144
Dakle, simbolično, država je slala poruku nezaposlenim ljudima
05:55
that you need to be more active, you need to work harder,
105
355646
3697
da moraju da budu aktivniji, moraju vrednije da rade,
05:59
you need to work on yourself, you need to overcome your inner demons,
106
359367
3275
moraju da rade na sebi, moraju da savladaju unutrašnje demone,
06:02
you need to be more confident --
107
362666
1578
moraju da budu samouvereniji -
06:04
that somehow, being out of work was their own personal failure.
108
364268
4141
da je nakako to što su nezaposleni njihov lični neuspeh.
06:09
The suffering of the crisis
109
369038
2578
Ispaštanje zbog krize
06:11
was treated as this individual experience of stress
110
371640
3141
je tretirano kao iskustvo stresa kod pojedinca
06:14
to be managed in one's own body
111
374805
1862
s kojim se treba izboriti unutar sopstvenog tela
06:16
through deep and mindful breathing.
112
376691
2248
kroz duboko i pažljivo disanje.
06:22
These types of social programs that emphasize individual responsibility
113
382019
4001
Ovakvi vidovi socijalnih programa koji naglašavaju odgovornost pojedinca
06:26
have become increasingly common across the world.
114
386044
3051
su postali sve uobičajeniji širom sveta.
06:29
They are part of the rise of what sociologist Loïc Wacquant calls
115
389119
3757
Oni su deo uspona nečega što sociolog Loik Vakan naziva
06:32
the "neoliberal Centaur state."
116
392900
2793
„neoliberalnom kentaur državom”.
06:35
Now, the centaur, as you might recall,
117
395717
1831
Kentaur, kao što se možda sećate
06:37
is this mythical creature in ancient Greek culture,
118
397572
2656
je mitsko biće iz antičke grčke kulture,
06:40
half human, half beast.
119
400252
1583
pola čovek, pola zver.
06:41
It has this upper part of a human and the lower part of a horse.
120
401859
4929
Ima gornju polovinu koja je ljudska i donju polovinu koja je konjska.
06:46
So the Centaur state is a state
121
406812
2583
Dakle, kentaur država je država
06:49
that turns its human face to those at the top of the social ladder
122
409419
4832
koja okreće svoj ljudski lik onima koji su na vrhu društvene lestvice
06:54
while those at the bottom are being trampled over,
123
414275
3207
dok su oni na dnu pregaženi,
06:57
stampeded.
124
417506
1249
smrvljeni.
06:58
So top income earners and large businesses
125
418779
2474
Dakle, oni koji najviše zarađuju i velike firme
07:01
can enjoy tax cuts and other supportive policies,
126
421277
3550
mogu da uživaju u srezivanju poreza i drugim politikama podrške,
07:04
while the unemployed, the poor
127
424851
2496
dok nezaposlene, siromašne
07:07
are made to prove themselves worthy for the state's help,
128
427371
3306
teraju da dokažu da su vredni državne pomoći,
07:10
are morally disciplined,
129
430701
1827
moralno ih disciplinujući,
07:12
are stigmatized as irresponsible or passive or lazy
130
432552
3380
stigmatizujući kao nedgovorne ili pasivne ili lenje
07:15
or often criminalized.
131
435956
1871
ili često ih kriminalizujući.
07:19
In Latvia, we've had such a Centaur state model
132
439065
3579
U Letoniji smo imali sličan model kentaur države
07:22
firmly in place since the '90s.
133
442668
2279
čvrsto ukorenjen od '90-ih.
07:24
Take, for example, the flat income tax that we had in place up until this year
134
444971
4250
Uzmite, na primer, proporcionalni porez na dohodak
koji smo imali sve do ove godine
07:29
that has been benefiting the highest earners,
135
449245
2351
koji je išao u prilog onima koji najviše zarađuju,
07:31
while one quarter of the population keeps living in poverty.
136
451620
3754
dok je četvrtina populacije i dalje živela u siromaštvu.
07:35
And the crisis and the austerity has made these kinds of social inequalities worse.
137
455820
5250
A kriza i mere štednje su pogoršale ove vidove društvene nejednakosti.
07:41
So while the capital of the banks and the wealthy has been protected,
138
461094
4459
I dok je kapital banaka i imućnih zaštićen,
07:45
those who lost the most
139
465577
1762
one koji su najviše izgubili
07:47
were taught lessons in individual responsibility.
140
467363
3248
su podučavali lekcijama individualne odgovornosti.
07:52
Now, as I was talking to people who I met at these seminars,
141
472097
4345
Sad, razgovarajući sa ljudima koje sam upoznala na tim seminarima,
07:56
I was expecting them to be angry.
142
476466
2258
očekivala sam da će da budu ljuti.
07:59
I was expecting them
143
479158
1310
Očekivala sam
08:00
to be resisting these lessons in individual responsibility.
144
480492
2866
da će da se opiru ovim lekcijama o individualnoj odgovornosti.
08:03
After all, the crisis was not their fault, yet they were bearing the brunt of it.
145
483382
4334
Naposletku, nisu oni krivi za krizu, a ipak su snosili njen glavni teret.
08:08
But as people were sharing their stories with me,
146
488417
3251
No, dok su ljudi delili svoje priče sa mnom,
08:11
I was struck again and again
147
491692
2536
iznova i iznova sam bila zatečena
08:14
by the power of the idea of responsibility.
148
494252
4231
snagom ideje o odgovornosti.
08:19
One of the people I met was Žanete.
149
499596
2489
Jedna od ljudi koje sam upoznala je bila Žaneta.
08:23
She had been working for 23 years
150
503299
2990
Radila je 23 godine
08:26
teaching sewing and other crafts at the vocational school in Riga.
151
506313
4454
podučavajući šivenje i ostale zanate u školi strukovnih studija u Rigi.
08:30
And now the crisis hits,
152
510791
2319
I sad nakon krize,
08:33
and the school is closed as part of the austerity measures.
153
513134
3119
škola je zatvorena kao deo mera štednje.
08:36
The educational system restructuring was part of a way of saving public money.
154
516277
5934
Restruktuiranje obrazovnog sistema je bilo deo uštede javnog novca.
08:42
And 10,000 teachers across the country lose their jobs,
155
522235
3098
I 10.000 prosvetara širom države je ostalo bez posla,
08:45
and Žanete is one of them.
156
525333
1630
a Žaneta je bila jedna od njih.
08:46
And I know from what she's been telling me
157
526963
2933
I znam iz onoga što mi je rekla
08:49
that losing her job has put her in a desperate situation;
158
529920
2742
da ju je gubitak posla stavio u nezgodan položaj;
08:52
she's divorced, she has two teenage children that she's the sole provider for.
159
532686
4193
razvedena je, ima dvoje tinejdžera čiji je jedini staratelj.
08:56
And yet, as we are talking,
160
536903
2490
Pa ipak, dok smo razgovarale,
08:59
she says to me that the crisis is really an opportunity.
161
539417
4170
rekla mi je kako je kriza istinska prilika.
09:04
She says, "I turn 50 this year.
162
544579
3501
Kaže, „Ove godine sam napunila pedesetu.
09:08
I guess life has really given me this chance to look around, to stop,
163
548104
4926
Valjda mi je život uistinu pružio šansu da se osvrnem, zaustavim
09:13
because all these years I've been working nonstop,
164
553054
2375
jer sam sve ove godine radila bez predaha,
09:15
had no time to pause.
165
555453
1463
nisam imala vremena za odmor.
09:16
And now I have stopped,
166
556940
1823
I sad sam se zaustavila
09:18
and I've been given an opportunity to look at everything and to decide
167
558787
4644
i pružena mi je prilika da sve sagledam i odlučim
09:23
what it is that I want
168
563455
1564
šta je to što želim
09:25
and what it is that I don't want.
169
565043
1812
i šta je to što ne želim.
09:26
All this time, sewing, sewing, some kind of exhaustion."
170
566879
3707
Sve ovo vreme samo šivenje, šivenje, nekako je iscrpljujuće.”
09:31
So Žanete is made redundant after 23 years.
171
571783
3744
Dakle, Žaneta je postala tehnološki višak nakon 23 godine.
09:35
But she's not thinking about protesting.
172
575551
2346
Ali nije pomišljala na protestovanje.
09:37
She's not talking about the 99 percent against the one percent.
173
577921
3874
Nije govorila o 99 procenata protiv jednog procenta.
09:41
She is analyzing herself.
174
581819
1929
Ona je analizirala sebe.
09:44
And she was thinking pragmatically of starting a small business
175
584309
3022
I razmišljala je pragmatično o tome da otvori malu firmu
09:47
out of her bedroom
176
587355
1574
u sopstvenoj spavaćoj sobi
09:48
making these little souvenir dolls to sell to tourists.
177
588953
3464
gde će da pravi lutkice suvenire za prodaju turistima.
09:52
I also met Aivars at the unemployment office.
178
592441
2560
Takođe sam upoznala Ajvarsa u zavodu za zapošljavanje.
09:55
Aivars was in his late 40s,
179
595025
2115
Ajvars je bio u kasnim četrdesetim,
09:57
he had lost a job at the government agency overseeing road construction.
180
597164
4510
izgubio je posao u vladinoj agenciji koja je nadgledala izgradnju puteva.
10:02
To one of our meetings, Aivars brings a book he's been reading.
181
602333
4082
Na jedan od naših sastanaka, Ajvars je doneo knjigu koju je čitao.
10:06
It's called "Vaccination against Stress, or Psycho-energetic Aikido."
182
606439
6857
Naslovljenu „Vakcinacija protiv stresa ili psihoenergetski aikido”.
10:14
Now, some of you might know that aikido is a form of martial art,
183
614030
3236
Sad, neki od vas možda znaju da je aikido vrsta borilačke veštine,
10:17
so, psycho-energetic aikido.
184
617290
2593
dakle, psihoenergetski aikido.
10:20
And Aivars tells me that after several months
185
620780
2776
I Ajvars mi je rekao da nakon nekoliko meseci
10:23
of reading and thinking and reflecting while being out of work,
186
623580
3551
čitanja i razmišljanja i osvrtanja dok je bio bez posla,
10:27
he has understood that his current difficulties are really his own doing.
187
627155
5751
da je razumeo da su njegove trenutne poteškoće njegovo lično delo.
10:33
He says to me,
188
633310
1550
Rekao mi je:
10:34
"I created it myself.
189
634884
1928
„Sam sam kriv.
10:36
I was in a psychological state that was not good for me.
190
636836
3040
Bio sam u psihološkom stanju koje nije bilo dobro za mene.
10:39
If a person is afraid to lose their money, to lose their job,
191
639900
3329
Ako neko strahuje od gubitka novca, gubitka posla,
10:43
they start getting more stressed, more unsettled, more fearful.
192
643253
3007
postaje sve više pod stresom, sve nervozniji, plašljiviji.
10:46
That's what they get."
193
646284
1591
I to im se i desi.”
10:48
As I ask him to explain,
194
648504
1893
Tražeći od njega da pojasni,
10:50
he compares his thoughts poetically to wild horses running in all directions,
195
650421
4312
on je poetično uporedio svoje misli sa divljim konjima koji jure na sve strane,
10:54
and he says, "You need to be a shepherd of your thoughts.
196
654757
3014
i rekao je: „Moraš da budeš pastir svojih misli.
10:58
To get things in order in the material world,
197
658757
2278
Kako bi sve doveo na mesto u materijalnom svetu,
11:01
you need to be a shepherd of your thoughts,
198
661059
2022
moraš da budeš pastir svojih misli
11:03
because it's through your thoughts that everything else gets orderly."
199
663105
3383
jer kroz tvoje misli sve ostalo dolazi na svoje mesto.”
11:06
"Lately," he says, "I have clearly understood
200
666512
2244
„U poslednje vreme,” rekao je, „postalo mi je jasno
11:08
that the world around me, what happens to me,
201
668780
2509
da je svet oko mene, sve što mi se dešava,
11:11
people that enter in my life ... it all depends directly on myself."
202
671313
3576
ljudi koji ulaze u moj život... sve to zavisi direktno od mene.”
11:14
So as Latvia is going through this extreme economic experiment,
203
674913
5122
Dakle, dok Letonija prolazi kroz ovaj ekstremni ekonomski eksperiment,
11:20
Aivars says it's his way of thinking that has to change.
204
680059
3142
Ajvars kaže da njegov način razmišljanja mora da se promeni.
11:23
He's blaming himself for what he's going through at the moment.
205
683225
4711
On krivi sebe za ono kroz šta trenutno prolazi.
11:28
So taking responsibility is, of course, a good thing, right?
206
688799
4871
Pa je preuzimanje odgovornosti, naravno, dobra stvar, zar ne?
11:33
It is especially meaningful
207
693694
2158
Naročito je smisleno
11:35
and morally charged in a post-Soviet society,
208
695876
2579
i moralno obojeno u post-sovjetskom društvu
11:38
where reliance on the state is seen as this unfortunate heritage
209
698479
3533
gde se na oslanjanje na državu gleda kao na nesrećno nasleđe
11:42
of the Soviet past.
210
702036
1305
sovjetske prošlosti.
11:43
But when I listen to Žanete and Aivars and to others,
211
703888
3052
Međutim, slušajući Žanetu i Ajvarsa, kao i ostale,
11:46
I also thought how cruel this question is --
212
706964
3527
takođe sam pomislila koliko je okrutno to pitanje -
11:50
"Where is your responsibility?" --
213
710515
1904
„Gde je tvoja odgovornost?” -
11:52
how punishing.
214
712443
1224
koliko je iscrpljujuće.
11:53
Because, it was working as a way of blaming and pacifying people
215
713691
4057
Jer je funkcionisalo kao način da se okrive i umire
11:57
who were hit worst by the crisis.
216
717772
2272
oni koji su najviše pogođeni krizom.
12:00
So while Greeks were out in the streets, Latvians swallowed the toad,
217
720068
3544
Stoga, dok su Grci bili na ulicama, Letonci su progutali žabu
12:03
and many tens of thousands emigrated,
218
723636
3303
i na desetine hiljada je emigriralo,
12:06
which is another way of taking responsibility.
219
726963
2792
a to je još jedan način preuzimanja odgovornosti.
12:12
So the language, the language of individual responsibility,
220
732009
3284
Dakle, jezik, jezik individualne odgovornosti
12:15
has become a form of collective denial.
221
735317
2382
je postao oblik kolektivnog poricanja.
12:18
As long as we have social policies that treat unemployment
222
738342
3106
Sve dok imamo socijalne politike koje tretiraju nezaposlenost
12:21
as individual failure
223
741472
1771
kao neuspeh pojedinca,
12:23
but we don't have enough funding for programs that give people real skills
224
743267
3920
a ne ulažemo dovoljno sredstava u programe koji pružaju ljudima stvarne veštine
12:27
or create workplaces,
225
747211
1577
ili stvaraju radna mesta,
12:28
we are blind of the policymakers' responsibility.
226
748812
3181
ostajemo slepi za odgovornost autora tih politika.
12:32
As long as we stigmatize the poor as somehow passive or lazy
227
752017
3847
Sve dok stigmatizujemo siromašne kao nekako pasivne i lenje,
12:35
but don't give people real means to get out of poverty
228
755888
2596
a ne pružamo ljudima istinska sredstva da se izvuku iz siromaštva
12:38
other than emigrating,
229
758508
1522
osim eimgracije,
12:40
we are in denial of the true causes of poverty.
230
760054
3894
poričemo istinske uzročnike siromaštva.
12:43
And in the meantime,
231
763972
1849
A u međuvremenu,
12:45
we all suffer,
232
765845
1271
svi ispaštamo
12:48
because social scientists have shown with detailed statistical data
233
768060
4215
jer su društveni naučnici pokazali detaljnim statističkim podacima
12:52
that there are more people with both mental and physical health problems
234
772299
4569
da ima više ljudi kako sa mentalnim tako i fizičkim zdravstvenim problemima
12:56
in societies with higher levels of economic inequality.
235
776892
4199
u društvima sa većim stepenom ekonomske nejednakosti.
13:01
So social inequality is apparently bad for not only those with least resources
236
781115
5419
Dakle, društvena nejednakost je očito loša ne samo za one sa manjim primanjima,
13:06
but for all of us,
237
786558
1188
već i za sve nas
13:07
because living in a society with high inequality
238
787770
2486
jer živeti u društvu velikih nejednakosti
13:10
means living in a society with low social trust and high anxiety.
239
790280
4179
znači živeti u društvu niskog društvenog poverenja i visoke anksioznosti.
13:14
So there we are.
240
794928
1179
Dakle, tu smo.
13:16
We're all reading self-help books,
241
796131
1886
Svi čitamo knjige za samopomoć,
13:18
we try to hack our habits,
242
798041
1708
pokušavamo da ovladamo navikama,
13:19
we try to rewire our brains,
243
799773
1838
pokušavamo da prestrojimo mozgove,
13:21
we meditate.
244
801635
1705
meditiramo.
13:23
And it helps, of course, in a way.
245
803364
2368
I od pomoći je, naravno, na neki način.
13:26
Self-help books help us feel more upbeat.
246
806414
2686
Knjige za samopomoć nam pomažu da budemo optimističniji.
13:29
Meditation can help us feel more connected to others spiritually.
247
809124
4934
Meditacija može pomoći da se osećamo duhovno povezaniji sa drugima.
13:34
What I think we need
248
814947
1641
Smatram da nam je jednako potrebna
13:36
is as much awareness of what connects us to one another socially,
249
816612
5029
svest o tome šta nas u društvenom smislu povezuje jedne s drugima
13:41
because social inequality hurts us all.
250
821665
2911
jer društvena nejednakost povređuje sve nas.
13:44
So we need more compassionate social policies
251
824600
3841
Stoga su nam potrebne saosećajnije društvene politike
13:48
that are aimed less at moral education
252
828465
3219
koje su manje usmerene na moralno obrazovanje,
13:51
and more at promotion of social justice and equality.
253
831708
4538
a više na promociju socijalne pravde i jednakosti.
13:56
Thank you.
254
836270
1199
Hvala vam.
13:57
(Applause)
255
837493
2504
(Aplauz)
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7