Why do we blame individuals for economic crises? | Liene Ozolina

47,049 views ใƒป 2020-10-07

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์„ธ์—ฐ ๋ฏผ
00:13
It was a cold, sunny March day.
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์ถฅ๊ณ  ํ™”์ฐฝํ•œ 3์›”์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:17
I was walking along the street in Riga.
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๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:20
I remember the winter was slowly coming to an end.
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๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:24
There was still some snow around here and there,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ์•„์ง ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:26
but the pavement was already clear and dry.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง๋ผ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:30
If you've lived in Riga,
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๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:31
you will know that feeling of relief that the first signs of spring bring,
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๋ด„์ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ์•ˆ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:36
and you no longer have to trudge through that slushy mix
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๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™์ด ์„ž์ธ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์งˆ์ฒ™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
00:39
of snow and mud on the streets.
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๊ฑท์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊น์š”.
00:42
So there I am, enjoying my stroll,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
00:45
as I suddenly notice a stencil on the pavement in front of me,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ œ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ ์œ„์— ์Šคํ…์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
a graffiti:
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๋‚™์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:53
white letters painted on these dark grey bricks.
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์–ด๋‘์šด ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์œ„์— ์ƒ‰์น  ๋œ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:56
It says,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์จ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:58
"Where is your responsibility?"
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"๋„ˆ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
01:04
The question stopped me in my tracks.
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
As I'm standing there considering its meaning,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:11
I notice I'm standing outside the Riga Municipality Social Welfare Department.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž์น˜์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€์„œ ์•ž์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
So it appears that the author of this graffiti, whoever it is,
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๋‚™์„œ์˜ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ๊ฐ„์—
01:21
is asking this question to people coming to apply for social assistance.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:27
That winter,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒจ์šธ,
01:29
I had been doing research on the aftermath of the financial crisis in Latvia.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
When the Global Financial Crisis erupted in 2008, Latvia got hit hard
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2008๋…„์— ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„๋Š” ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
as a small, open economy.
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์ž‘๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ์„œ
01:42
To balance the books,
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๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:43
the Latvian government chose a strategy of internal devaluation.
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๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ €ํ•˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Now, in essence, that meant drastically reducing public budget spending,
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:52
so, slashing public sector workers' wages,
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๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธ‰๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ 
01:54
shrinking civil service,
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ํ–‰์ • ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
01:56
cutting unemployment benefits and other social assistance,
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์‹ค์—…์ž ํ˜œํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
01:59
raising taxes.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
My mother had been working as a history teacher her whole life.
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์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
The austerity for her meant seeing her salary cut by 30 percent
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์žฌ์ • ๊ธด์ถ•์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์›”๊ธ‰ 30% ์‚ญ๊ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:11
all of a sudden.
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ์š”.
02:12
And there were many in a situation like hers or worse.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋” ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
The costs of the crisis were put on the shoulders of ordinary Latvians.
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์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์ธ์˜ ์–ด๊นจ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
As a result of the crisis and the austerity,
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์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฌ์ • ๊ธด์ถ•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
02:25
the Latvian economy shrank by 25 percent in a two-year period.
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๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” 2๋…„ ์•ˆ์— 25% ๋งŒํผ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Only Greece suffered an economic contraction
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์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„์ถ•์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
of a comparable scale.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ
02:35
Yet, while Greeks were out in the streets for months
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธธ์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:39
staging continuous, often violent protests in Athens,
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์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…์ข… ๋‚œํญํ•œ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
02:43
all was quiet in Riga.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Prominent economists were fighting in the columns of "The New York Times"
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์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ "๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค" ์นผ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:51
about this curious extreme Latvian experiment
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์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:54
of this austerity regime,
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๊ธˆ์š•์ ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜
02:57
and they were watching on in disbelief
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
how the Latvian society was putting up with it.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š”์ง€์š”.
03:02
I was studying in London at the time,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:04
and I remember the Occupy movement there
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ๊ฑฐ์šด๋™์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
and how it was spreading from city to city,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€,
03:09
from Madrid to New York to London,
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๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ,
03:11
the 99 percent against the one percent.
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1%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ 99%.
03:14
You know the story.
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์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ์•„์‹œ์ž–์•„์š”.
03:16
Yet when I arrived in Riga,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:18
there were no echoes of the Occupy here.
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์ด๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Latvians were just putting up with it.
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๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
They "swallowed the toad," as the local saying goes.
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์ง€์—ญ์†๋‹ด ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "๋‘๊บผ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
03:30
For my doctoral research,
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์ €์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด,
03:31
I wanted to study how the state-citizen relationship was changing in Latvia
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์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€-์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์ง€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
in the post-Soviet era,
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์†Œ๋ จ ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋•Œ,
03:38
and I had chosen the unemployment office
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์—…์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ณจ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:40
as my research site.
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03:42
And as I arrived there in that autumn of 2011,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 2011๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
I realized, "I am actually witnessing firsthand
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค
03:49
how the effects of crises are playing out,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€
03:52
and how those worst affected by it, people who have lost their jobs,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์ง์—…์„ ์žƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
03:56
are reacting to it."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ."
03:59
So I started interviewing people I met at the unemployment office.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์—…์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
They were all registered as job seekers and hoping for some help from the state.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ทจ์—… ์ค€๋น„์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Yet, as I was soon discovering, this help was of a particular kind.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด ๋„์›€์€ ํŠน์ •๋œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
There was some cash benefit,
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๋ˆ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์ข€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:16
but mostly state assistance came in the form of various social programs,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:21
and one of the biggest of these programs was called
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:23
"Competitiveness-Raising Activities."
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"๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™."
04:27
It was, in essence, a series of seminars
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
04:29
that all of the unemployed were encouraged to attend.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ค์—…์ž๋“ค๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
So I started attending these seminars with them.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
And a number of paradoxes struck me.
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๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ์„ค์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
So, imagine:
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:41
the crisis is still ongoing,
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์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด๊ณ ,
04:44
the Latvian economy is contracting,
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๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์œ„์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๊ณ ,
04:46
hardly anyone is hiring,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
04:48
and there we are,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
in this small, brightly lit classroom,
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์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ์€ ์กฐ๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‹ค ์•ˆ์—,
04:53
a group of 15 people,
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15๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
04:55
working on lists of our personal strengths and weaknesses, our inner demons,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํž˜๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ , ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์•…๋งˆ๋“ค ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:00
that we are told are preventing us from being more successful
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์•…๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:03
in the labor market.
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๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์š”.
05:05
As the largest local bank is being bailed out
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
05:08
and the costs of this bailout are shifted onto the shoulders of the population,
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๊ธด๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์งˆ ๋•Œ,
05:13
we are sitting in a circle and learning how to breathe deeply
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์› ์•ˆ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ˜ธํก ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:18
when feeling stressed.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ์š”.
05:20
(Breathes deeply)
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(์‹ฌํ˜ธํก)
05:25
As home mortgages are being foreclosed
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์ง‘ ๋Œ€์ถœ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ด๋ณด๊ถŒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:27
and thousands of people are emigrating,
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ,
05:30
we are told to dream big and to follow our dreams.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
As a sociologist,
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์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
05:36
I know that social policies are an important form of communication
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
between the state and the citizen.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์š”.
05:43
The message of this program was,
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€
05:45
to put it in the words of one of the trainers,
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ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:47
"Just do it."
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"๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•ด๋ผ."
05:48
She was, of course, citing Nike.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
So symbolically, the state was sending a message to people out of work
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์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
that you need to be more active, you need to work harder,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:59
you need to work on yourself, you need to overcome your inner demons,
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์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์•…๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:02
you need to be more confident --
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:04
that somehow, being out of work was their own personal failure.
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์–ด์ฉ์ง€ ์ผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์‹คํŒจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
The suffering of the crisis
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์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์€
06:11
was treated as this individual experience of stress
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:14
to be managed in one's own body
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
06:16
through deep and mindful breathing.
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๊นŠ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ.
06:22
These types of social programs that emphasize individual responsibility
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€
06:26
have become increasingly common across the world.
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์˜จ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ ์  ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ํ”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
They are part of the rise of what sociologist Loรฏc Wacquant calls
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž ๋กœ์ต ๋ฐ”์บ‰์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
06:32
the "neoliberal Centaur state."
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"์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ผ„ํƒ€์šฐ๋กœ์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€"์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Now, the centaur, as you might recall,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ผ„ํƒ€์šฐ๋กœ์Šค๋Š”
06:37
is this mythical creature in ancient Greek culture,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์†์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
06:40
half human, half beast.
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๋ฐ˜์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ง์Šน์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
It has this upper part of a human and the lower part of a horse.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ง์˜ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
So the Centaur state is a state
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ„ํƒ€์šฐ๋กœ์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”
06:49
that turns its human face to those at the top of the social ladder
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:54
while those at the bottom are being trampled over,
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„์ธต ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง“๋ฐŸ์•„ ์งˆ ๋™์•ˆ์š”.
06:57
stampeded.
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06:58
So top income earners and large businesses
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
07:01
can enjoy tax cuts and other supportive policies,
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์›์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:04
while the unemployed, the poor
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์‹ค์—…ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:07
are made to prove themselves worthy for the state's help,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ๊ณ 
07:10
are morally disciplined,
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๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
07:12
are stigmatized as irresponsible or passive or lazy
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•จ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ž„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ช…์ด ์”Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:15
or often criminalized.
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๋˜๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฒ”์ธ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์„ ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
In Latvia, we've had such a Centaur state model
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๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ„ํƒ€์šฐ๋กœ์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
07:22
firmly in place since the '90s.
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1990๋…„๋„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Take, for example, the flat income tax that we had in place up until this year
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ •์œจ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋Š”
07:29
that has been benefiting the highest earners,
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜œํƒ์ผ๋•Œ
07:31
while one quarter of the population keeps living in poverty.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
And the crisis and the austerity has made these kinds of social inequalities worse.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฌ์ • ๊ธด์ถ•์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋” ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
So while the capital of the banks and the wealthy has been protected,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์—
07:45
those who lost the most
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์žƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:47
were taught lessons in individual responsibility.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Now, as I was talking to people who I met at these seminars,
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
07:56
I was expecting them to be angry.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™”๋‚œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
I was expecting them
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
08:00
to be resisting these lessons in individual responsibility.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:03
After all, the crisis was not their fault, yet they were bearing the brunt of it.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
But as people were sharing their stories with me,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:11
I was struck again and again
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:14
by the power of the idea of responsibility.
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์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์—์š”.
08:19
One of the people I met was ลฝanete.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์ž๋„คํ…Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
She had been working for 23 years
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 23๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:26
teaching sewing and other crafts at the vocational school in Riga.
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๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์— ์ง์—…ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋Š์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:30
And now the crisis hits,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ณ 
08:33
and the school is closed as part of the austerity measures.
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ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ๊ธด์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ซ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
The educational system restructuring was part of a way of saving public money.
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๊ต์œก์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ธˆ์„ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
And 10,000 teachers across the country lose their jobs,
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์ „๊ตญ์˜ 10,000๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์—…์„ ์žƒ๊ณ 
08:45
and ลฝanete is one of them.
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์ž๋„คํ…Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
And I know from what she's been telling me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:49
that losing her job has put her in a desperate situation;
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง์—…์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
she's divorced, she has two teenage children that she's the sole provider for.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์•„์ด์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
And yet, as we are talking,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ• ๋–„,
08:59
she says to me that the crisis is really an opportunity.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
She says, "I turn 50 this year.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์— 50์‚ด์ด ๋˜์š”.
09:08
I guess life has really given me this chance to look around, to stop,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ถ์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์คฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”,
09:13
because all these years I've been working nonstop,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €๋Š” ์‰ด์ƒˆ์—†์ด ์ผํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:15
had no time to pause.
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์—„์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”
09:16
And now I have stopped,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ ,
09:18
and I've been given an opportunity to look at everything and to decide
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”
09:23
what it is that I want
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
09:25
and what it is that I don't want.
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ์ธ์ง€์š”.
09:26
All this time, sewing, sewing, some kind of exhaustion."
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐ”๋Š์งˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋Š์งˆ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ์˜ˆ์š”."
09:31
So ลฝanete is made redundant after 23 years.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๋„คํ…Œ๋Š” 23๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
But she's not thinking about protesting.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹œ์œ„ํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
She's not talking about the 99 percent against the one percent.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” 99%์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
She is analyzing herself.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
And she was thinking pragmatically of starting a small business
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
out of her bedroom
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์นจ์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
09:48
making these little souvenir dolls to sell to tourists.
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๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ” ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ’ˆ ์ธํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ.
09:52
I also met Aivars at the unemployment office.
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์ €๋Š” ๋˜ ์‹ค์—…์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
Aivars was in his late 40s,
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์•„์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” 40๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ด์˜€๊ณ ,
09:57
he had lost a job at the government agency overseeing road construction.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ง์—…์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
To one of our meetings, Aivars brings a book he's been reading.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ž„๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—, ์•„์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๋˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
It's called "Vaccination against Stress, or Psycho-energetic Aikido."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…, ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๋„" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
Now, some of you might know that aikido is a form of martial art,
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๋„๋Š” ๋ฌด์ˆ ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
so, psycho-energetic aikido.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ •์‹  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ๋„.
10:20
And Aivars tells me that after several months
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
of reading and thinking and reflecting while being out of work,
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์ง์—…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ํ›„์—
10:27
he has understood that his current difficulties are really his own doing.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ž„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
He says to me,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:34
"I created it myself.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:36
I was in a psychological state that was not good for me.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์ง€์•Š์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:39
If a person is afraid to lose their money, to lose their job,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ง์—…์„ ์žƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉด,
10:43
they start getting more stressed, more unsettled, more fearful.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋” ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ต๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์š”.
10:46
That's what they get."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”."
10:48
As I ask him to explain,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
10:50
he compares his thoughts poetically to wild horses running in all directions,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ ๋ง๊ณผ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:54
and he says, "You need to be a shepherd of your thoughts.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์•ผํ•ด์š”.
10:58
To get things in order in the material world,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
11:01
you need to be a shepherd of your thoughts,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:03
because it's through your thoughts that everything else gets orderly."
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
11:06
"Lately," he says, "I have clearly understood
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"์ตœ๊ทผ," ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "์ €๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
11:08
that the world around me, what happens to me,
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์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€,
11:11
people that enter in my life ... it all depends directly on myself."
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์ œ ์‚ถ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค...์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ € ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
11:14
So as Latvia is going through this extreme economic experiment,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
11:20
Aivars says it's his way of thinking that has to change.
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์•„์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
He's blaming himself for what he's going through at the moment.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ฒช๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
So taking responsibility is, of course, a good thing, right?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ? ๋งž์ฃ ?
11:33
It is especially meaningful
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:35
and morally charged in a post-Soviet society,
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์†Œ๋ จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
where reliance on the state is seen as this unfortunate heritage
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ
11:42
of the Soviet past.
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ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ.
11:43
But when I listen to ลฝanete and Aivars and to others,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋„คํ…Œ, ์•„์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•  ๋•Œ
11:46
I also thought how cruel this question is --
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
"Where is your responsibility?" --
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"๋„ˆ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋‹ˆ?"
11:52
how punishing.
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์ •๋ง ์‚ด์ธ์ ์ด์ฃ .
11:53
Because, it was working as a way of blaming and pacifying people
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋งˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
who were hit worst by the crisis.
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์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„.
12:00
So while Greeks were out in the streets, Latvians swallowed the toad,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋กœ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ผํŠธ๋น„์•ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๊บผ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:03
and many tens of thousands emigrated,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:06
which is another way of taking responsibility.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
So the language, the language of individual responsibility,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์€
12:15
has become a form of collective denial.
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๊ณตํ†ต ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
As long as we have social policies that treat unemployment
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ์—
12:21
as individual failure
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ
12:23
but we don't have enough funding for programs that give people real skills
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
or create workplaces,
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๋˜๋Š” ์ง์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋ˆ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:28
we are blind of the policymakers' responsibility.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์˜ ๋งน์ธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
As long as we stigmatize the poor as somehow passive or lazy
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ ์ง€ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ„๋ช…์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๋Š” ํ•œ์—
12:35
but don't give people real means to get out of poverty
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง„์งœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฃผ์ง€์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
other than emigrating,
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์ด๋ฏผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:40
we are in denial of the true causes of poverty.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์›์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
And in the meantime,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ,
12:45
we all suffer,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:48
because social scientists have shown with detailed statistical data
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:52
that there are more people with both mental and physical health problems
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์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
in societies with higher levels of economic inequality.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ.
13:01
So social inequality is apparently bad for not only those with least resources
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋“ฃ์žํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์ž์›์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:06
but for all of us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:07
because living in a society with high inequality
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:10
means living in a society with low social trust and high anxiety.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:14
So there we are.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
We're all reading self-help books,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๊ณ 
13:18
we try to hack our habits,
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๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:19
we try to rewire our brains,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:21
we meditate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
And it helps, of course, in a way.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Self-help books help us feel more upbeat.
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์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
Meditation can help us feel more connected to others spiritually.
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๋ช…์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
What I think we need
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:36
is as much awareness of what connects us to one another socially,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:41
because social inequality hurts us all.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
So we need more compassionate social policies
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋™์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:48
that are aimed less at moral education
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๋„๋• ๊ต์œก์„ ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:51
and more at promotion of social justice and equality.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:56
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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