Why do we blame individuals for economic crises? | Liene Ozolina

47,027 views ใƒป 2020-10-07

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืงืจื™ืจ ื•ืฉืžืฉื™ ื‘ืžืจืฅ.
ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”.
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื•.
00:13
It was a cold, sunny March day.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ,
00:17
I was walking along the street in Riga.
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ืืš ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:20
I remember the winter was slowly coming to an end.
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ืื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืœืจื™ื’ื”,
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื”ืงืœื” ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื,
00:24
There was still some snow around here and there,
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00:26
but the pavement was already clear and dry.
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ื•ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืฉื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
00:30
If you've lived in Riga,
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00:31
you will know that feeling of relief that the first signs of spring bring,
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ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’ ื•ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ , ื ื”ื ืช ืœื™ ืžื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
00:36
and you no longer have to trudge through that slushy mix
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ื›ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืœื™,
00:39
of snow and mud on the streets.
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00:42
So there I am, enjoying my stroll,
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ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™:
ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ืช.
00:45
as I suddenly notice a stencil on the pavement in front of me,
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื,
โ€œืื™ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?โ€
00:50
a graffiti:
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00:53
white letters painted on these dark grey bricks.
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00:56
It says,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™.
00:58
"Where is your responsibility?"
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืฉื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”,
ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”.
01:04
The question stopped me in my tracks.
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01:08
As I'm standing there considering its meaning,
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ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
01:11
I notice I'm standing outside the Riga Municipality Social Welfare Department.
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ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขื–ืจื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
01:17
So it appears that the author of this graffiti, whoever it is,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”.
01:21
is asking this question to people coming to apply for social assistance.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘2008, ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื—ื˜ืคื” ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื”
01:27
That winter,
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01:29
I had been doing research on the aftermath of the financial crisis in Latvia.
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ื›ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื”.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื,
01:34
When the Global Financial Crisis erupted in 2008, Latvia got hit hard
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืจืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
01:39
as a small, open economy.
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01:42
To balance the books,
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01:43
the Latvian government chose a strategy of internal devaluation.
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ืื–, ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™,
01:47
Now, in essence, that meant drastically reducing public budget spending,
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ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืื—ืจ,
ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื.
01:52
so, slashing public sector workers' wages,
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ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
01:54
shrinking civil service,
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01:56
cutting unemployment benefits and other social assistance,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–
01:59
raising taxes.
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02:01
My mother had been working as a history teacher her whole life.
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ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื” ืื• ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืš.
02:05
The austerity for her meant seeing her salary cut by 30 percent
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”.
02:11
all of a sudden.
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02:12
And there were many in a situation like hers or worse.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื ืข,
02:15
The costs of the crisis were put on the shoulders of ordinary Latvians.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื” ื‘25% ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
ืจืง ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช
02:22
As a result of the crisis and the austerity,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:25
the Latvian economy shrank by 25 percent in a two-year period.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
02:29
Only Greece suffered an economic contraction
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžื—ืื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”,
02:32
of a comparable scale.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”.
02:35
Yet, while Greeks were out in the streets for months
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02:39
staging continuous, often violent protests in Athens,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘โ€œื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืกโ€
ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืœื˜ื‘ื™
02:43
all was quiet in Riga.
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ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆื ืข ื”ื–ื”,
02:47
Prominent economists were fighting in the columns of "The New York Times"
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืคื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื”
ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:51
about this curious extreme Latvian experiment
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02:54
of this austerity regime,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื
02:57
and they were watching on in disbelief
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02:58
how the Latvian society was putting up with it.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ,
ืžืžื“ืจื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
03:02
I was studying in London at the time,
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ื”99 ืื—ื•ื– ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
03:04
and I remember the Occupy movement there
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:07
and how it was spreading from city to city,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจื™ื’ื”,
03:09
from Madrid to New York to London,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื.
03:11
the 99 percent against the one percent.
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ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืขื ื–ื”.
03:14
You know the story.
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03:16
Yet when I arrived in Riga,
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ื”ื "ื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืคื“ื”," ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
03:18
there were no echoes of the Occupy here.
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03:21
Latvians were just putting up with it.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜,
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”
03:24
They "swallowed the toad," as the local saying goes.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื,
ื•ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”
03:30
For my doctoral research,
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03:31
I wanted to study how the state-citizen relationship was changing in Latvia
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ื›ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 2011,
03:36
in the post-Soviet era,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ "ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:38
and I had chosen the unemployment office
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03:40
as my research site.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™,
03:42
And as I arrived there in that autumn of 2011,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืœื” ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
03:46
I realized, "I am actually witnessing firsthand
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”."
03:49
how the effects of crises are playing out,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”.
03:52
and how those worst affected by it, people who have lost their jobs,
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03:56
are reacting to it."
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:59
So I started interviewing people I met at the unemployment office.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืฉื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
04:05
They were all registered as job seekers and hoping for some help from the state.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ,
ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:10
Yet, as I was soon discovering, this help was of a particular kind.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืงืจืื”:
04:15
There was some cash benefit,
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"ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช"
04:16
but mostly state assistance came in the form of various social programs,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืกื“ืจืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื.
04:21
and one of the biggest of these programs was called
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04:23
"Competitiveness-Raising Activities."
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชื.
04:27
It was, in essence, a series of seminars
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื™.
04:29
that all of the unemployed were encouraged to attend.
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ืื–, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•:
04:31
So I started attending these seminars with them.
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ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
04:35
And a number of paradoxes struck me.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช,
ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืขืกื™ืง,
04:39
So, imagine:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•,
04:41
the crisis is still ongoing,
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”,
04:44
the Latvian economy is contracting,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ 15 ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:46
hardly anyone is hiring,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:48
and there we are,
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04:50
in this small, brightly lit classroom,
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:53
a group of 15 people,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:55
working on lists of our personal strengths and weaknesses, our inner demons,
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ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:00
that we are told are preventing us from being more successful
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ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
05:03
in the labor market.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื ืฉื•ื ืขืžื•ืง
05:05
As the largest local bank is being bailed out
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05:08
and the costs of this bailout are shifted onto the shoulders of the population,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
(ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืขืžื•ืง)
05:13
we are sitting in a circle and learning how to breathe deeply
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื•ืช
05:18
when feeling stressed.
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ื•ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื,
05:20
(Breathes deeply)
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:25
As home mortgages are being foreclosed
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05:27
and thousands of people are emigrating,
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ื›ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:30
we are told to dream big and to follow our dreams.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
05:35
As a sociologist,
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ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื”,
05:36
I know that social policies are an important form of communication
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ืœื ืกื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžืืžื ื•ืช,
โ€œืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”โ€
ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื˜ื˜ื” ืืช ื ื™ื™ืง.
05:41
between the state and the citizen.
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืžืกืจ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื
05:43
The message of this program was,
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05:45
to put it in the words of one of the trainers,
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05:47
"Just do it."
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ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:48
She was, of course, citing Nike.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
05:51
So symbolically, the state was sending a message to people out of work
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื --
05:55
that you need to be more active, you need to work harder,
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ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:59
you need to work on yourself, you need to overcome your inner demons,
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ
06:02
you need to be more confident --
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ
06:04
that somehow, being out of work was their own personal failure.
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
ื“ืจืš ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืžืœืื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
06:09
The suffering of the crisis
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06:11
was treated as this individual experience of stress
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
06:14
to be managed in one's own body
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06:16
through deep and mindful breathing.
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ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืœื•ืื™ืง ื•ื•ืืงื•ื•ื ื˜ ืžื›ื ื”
06:22
These types of social programs that emphasize individual responsibility
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"ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช".
06:26
have become increasingly common across the world.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ, ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ,
06:29
They are part of the rise of what sociologist Loรฏc Wacquant calls
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
ื—ืฆื™ ืื“ื, ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื™ื”.
06:32
the "neoliberal Centaur state."
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก.
06:35
Now, the centaur, as you might recall,
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06:37
is this mythical creature in ancient Greek culture,
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ืื– ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื”
06:40
half human, half beast.
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ืฉืžืคื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
06:41
It has this upper part of a human and the lower part of a horse.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื ืจืžืกื™ื,
06:46
So the Centaur state is a state
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06:49
that turns its human face to those at the top of the social ladder
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
ืื– ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:54
while those at the bottom are being trampled over,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื , ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
06:57
stampeded.
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06:58
So top income earners and large businesses
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ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:01
can enjoy tax cuts and other supportive policies,
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ื”ื ืžืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
07:04
while the unemployed, the poor
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื, ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืขืฆืœื ื™ื
07:07
are made to prove themselves worthy for the state's help,
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ืื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื.
07:10
are morally disciplined,
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ื‘ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”
07:12
are stigmatized as irresponsible or passive or lazy
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”90'.
07:15
or often criminalized.
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ืงื—ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื , ืืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื“ ื”ืฉื ื”
07:19
In Latvia, we've had such a Centaur state model
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
07:22
firmly in place since the '90s.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
07:24
Take, for example, the flat income tax that we had in place up until this year
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื ืข ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:29
that has been benefiting the highest earners,
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07:31
while one quarter of the population keeps living in poverty.
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจ,
07:35
And the crisis and the austerity has made these kinds of social inequalities worse.
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ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘
ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
07:41
So while the capital of the banks and the wealthy has been protected,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• , ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:45
those who lost the most
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07:47
were taught lessons in individual responsibility.
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœื›ืขื•ืก.
ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื
ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
07:52
Now, as I was talking to people who I met at these seminars,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ , ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉืžืชื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื ื ืฉืื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื–ื”.
07:56
I was expecting them to be angry.
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07:59
I was expecting them
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ืืš ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื™ืžื™,
08:00
to be resisting these lessons in individual responsibility.
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08:03
After all, the crisis was not their fault, yet they were bearing the brunt of it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:08
But as people were sharing their stories with me,
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08:11
I was struck again and again
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–'ื ื˜ื”.
08:14
by the power of the idea of responsibility.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื› 23 ืฉื ื”
ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืชืคื™ืจื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”.
08:19
One of the people I met was ลฝanete.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื”,
08:23
She had been working for 23 years
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืกื’ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืฆื ืข.
08:26
teaching sewing and other crafts at the vocational school in Riga.
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืจืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
08:30
And now the crisis hits,
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08:33
and the school is closed as part of the austerity measures.
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ื•ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
08:36
The educational system restructuring was part of a way of saving public money.
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ื•ื–'ื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื.
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™
ืฉืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืืฉ;
08:42
And 10,000 teachers across the country lose their jobs,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื”,ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
08:45
and ลฝanete is one of them.
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08:46
And I know from what she's been telling me
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช , ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:49
that losing her job has put her in a desperate situation;
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
08:52
she's divorced, she has two teenage children that she's the sole provider for.
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08:56
And yet, as we are talking,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” , "ื™ืžืœืื• ืœื™ 50 ื”ืฉื ื”.
08:59
she says to me that the crisis is really an opportunity.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืกื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ , ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,
09:04
She says, "I turn 50 this year.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”,
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
09:08
I guess life has really given me this chance to look around, to stop,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืฆืจืชื™,
ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
09:13
because all these years I've been working nonstop,
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
09:15
had no time to pause.
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09:16
And now I have stopped,
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”.
09:18
and I've been given an opportunity to look at everything and to decide
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” , ืœืชืคื•ืจ, ืœืชืคื•ืจ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช.โ€
09:23
what it is that I want
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ืื– ื–'ื ื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ืื—ืจื™ 23 ืฉื ื™ื.
09:25
and what it is that I don't want.
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09:26
All this time, sewing, sewing, some kind of exhaustion."
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ 99 ืื—ื•ื– ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“.
09:31
So ลฝanete is made redundant after 23 years.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ืชื—ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
09:35
But she's not thinking about protesting.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืขืกืง ืงื˜ืŸ
09:37
She's not talking about the 99 percent against the one percent.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”
ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.
09:41
She is analyzing herself.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื™ืจืก ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”.
09:44
And she was thinking pragmatically of starting a small business
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ืื‘ื™ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”40 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
09:47
out of her bedroom
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09:48
making these little souvenir dolls to sell to tourists.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
09:52
I also met Aivars at the unemployment office.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ื™ืจืก ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื.
09:55
Aivars was in his late 40s,
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09:57
he had lost a job at the government agency overseeing road construction.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื โ€œื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืœื—ืฅ, ืื• ืื™ื™ืงื™ื“ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™. โ€
10:02
To one of our meetings, Aivars brings a book he's been reading.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื™ื™ืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”,
10:06
It's called "Vaccination against Stress, or Psycho-energetic Aikido."
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ืื–, ืื™ื™ืงื™ื“ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™.
ื•ืื‘ื™ืจืก ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
10:14
Now, some of you might know that aikido is a form of martial art,
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ,
10:17
so, psycho-energetic aikido.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
10:20
And Aivars tells me that after several months
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10:23
of reading and thinking and reflecting while being out of work,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
"ืื ื™ ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื™.
10:27
he has understood that his current difficulties are really his own doing.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
ืื ืื“ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•, ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
10:33
He says to me,
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10:34
"I created it myself.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื™ื•ืชืš ื”ืคื›ืคืš , ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื“.
10:36
I was in a psychological state that was not good for me.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื."
10:39
If a person is afraid to lose their money, to lose their job,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืœืกื•ืกื™ ืคืจื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
10:43
they start getting more stressed, more unsettled, more fearful.
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10:46
That's what they get."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,โ€œืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
10:48
As I ask him to explain,
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10:50
he compares his thoughts poetically to wild horses running in all directions,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
10:54
and he says, "You need to be a shepherd of your thoughts.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจ. โ€
10:58
To get things in order in the material world,
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"ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”," ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™,
11:01
you need to be a shepherd of your thoughts,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ื™ื™... ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.โ€
11:03
because it's through your thoughts that everything else gets orderly."
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11:06
"Lately," he says, "I have clearly understood
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
11:08
that the world around me, what happens to me,
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11:11
people that enter in my life ... it all depends directly on myself."
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ืื‘ื™ืจืก ืืžืจ ืฉื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
11:14
So as Latvia is going through this extreme economic experiment,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข.
11:20
Aivars says it's his way of thinking that has to change.
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ืื– ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช , ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ , ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:23
He's blaming himself for what he's going through at the moment.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
ื•ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช,
11:28
So taking responsibility is, of course, a good thing, right?
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื›ื–ื•
11:33
It is especially meaningful
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™.
11:35
and morally charged in a post-Soviet society,
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ืืš ื›ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื–'ื ื˜ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืจืก ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
11:38
where reliance on the state is seen as this unfortunate heritage
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช--
11:42
of the Soviet past.
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"ืื™ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš?"--
11:43
But when I listen to ลฝanete and Aivars and to others,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ืฉ.
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื
11:46
I also thought how cruel this question is --
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ืฉื—ื˜ืคื• ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
11:50
"Where is your responsibility?" --
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืคื“ื”,
11:52
how punishing.
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11:53
Because, it was working as a way of blaming and pacifying people
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ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื•,
11:57
who were hit worst by the crisis.
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ืฉื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:00
So while Greeks were out in the streets, Latvians swallowed the toad,
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12:03
and many tens of thousands emigrated,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
12:06
which is another way of taking responsibility.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืื‘ื˜ืœื”
12:12
So the language, the language of individual responsibility,
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ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
12:15
has become a form of collective denial.
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12:18
As long as we have social policies that treat unemployment
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ืื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:21
as individual failure
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12:23
but we don't have enough funding for programs that give people real skills
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืขืฆืœื ื™ื
12:27
or create workplaces,
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ืืš ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืฆื ืข
12:28
we are blind of the policymakers' responsibility.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื”ื’ืจ,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื ืข.
12:32
As long as we stigmatize the poor as somehow passive or lazy
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12:35
but don't give people real means to get out of poverty
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ื•ื‘ื ืชื™ื™ื,
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื,
12:38
other than emigrating,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
12:40
we are in denial of the true causes of poverty.
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12:43
And in the meantime,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
12:45
we all suffer,
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12:48
because social scientists have shown with detailed statistical data
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:52
that there are more people with both mental and physical health problems
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ืื– ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืจืข ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
12:56
in societies with higher levels of economic inequality.
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ืืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
13:01
So social inequality is apparently bad for not only those with least resources
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
13:06
but for all of us,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•.
13:07
because living in a society with high inequality
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:10
means living in a society with low social trust and high anxiety.
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
13:14
So there we are.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ , ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ , ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื™ืžืช.
13:16
We're all reading self-help books,
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ืกืคืจื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื.
13:18
we try to hack our habits,
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13:19
we try to rewire our brains,
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ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
13:21
we meditate.
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13:23
And it helps, of course, in a way.
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13:26
Self-help books help us feel more upbeat.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
13:29
Meditation can help us feel more connected to others spiritually.
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ืžื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
13:34
What I think we need
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13:36
is as much awareness of what connects us to one another socially,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืžื•ืช.
ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ืกืจื™
13:41
because social inequality hurts us all.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:44
So we need more compassionate social policies
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:48
that are aimed less at moral education
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:51
and more at promotion of social justice and equality.
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13:56
Thank you.
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13:57
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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