Bilal Bomani: Plant fuels that could power a jet

Translator: Fran Ontanaya Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

What I'm going to do is, I'm going to explain to you

Sada ću vam objasniti

an extreme green concept

ekstremno ekološki koncept

that was developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center

koji je razvijen u NASA-inom Istraživačkom centru Glen

in Cleveland, Ohio.

u Klivlendu u Ohaju.

But before I do that, we have to go over

Ali pre nego što uradim to, moramo da prođemo

the definition of what green is,

definiciju toga šta je zapravo ekološki

'cause a lot of us have a different definition of it.

jer mnogi od nas imaju različite definicije toga.

Green. The product is created through

Zeleno. Proizvod je dobijen sredstvima

environmentally and socially conscious means.

koja su ekološki i društveno svesna.

There's plenty of things that are being called green now.

Dosta stvari se sada naziva zelenim.

What does it actually mean?

Šta to zapravo znači?

We use three metrics to determine green.

Za određivanje toga šta je zeleno koristimo tri mere.

The first metric is: Is it sustainable?

Prva je: da li je održivo?

Which means, are you preserving what you are doing for future use

To znači, da li čuvate ono što radite za buduću upotrebu

or for future generations?

ili za buduće generacije?

Is it alternative? Is it different than what is being used today,

Da li je alternativno? Da li je drugačije od onoga što se trenutno koristi

or does it have a lower carbon footprint

ili ima manje emisije ugljenika

than what's used conventionally?

od onog što se obično koristi?

And three: Is it renewable?

I treće: da li je obnovljivo?

Does it come from Earth's natural replenishing resources,

Da li potiče od prirodnih obnovljivih resursa planete Zemlje,

such as sun, wind and water?

poput sunca, vetra i vode?

Now, my task at NASA is to develop

Moj zadatak u NASA-i je da razvijem

the next generation of aviation fuels.

sledeću generaciju vazduhoplovnih goriva.

Extreme green. Why aviation?

Ekstremno zelenih. Zašto vazduhoplovnih?

The field of aviation uses more fuel than just about

Polje vazduhoplovstva koristi više goriva od skoro svih drugih zajedno.

every other combined. We need to find an alternative.

Moramo da pronađemo alternativu.

Also it's a national aeronautics directive.

To je takođe i naređenje državne aeroanutike.

One of the national aeronautics goals is to develop

Jedan od ciljeva državne aeronautike je da se razvije

the next generation of fuels, biofuels,

sledeća generacija goriva, biogoriva,

using domestic and safe, friendly resources.

koristeći domaće i bezbedne, prijateljske resurse.

Now, combating that challenge

Dok se hvatamo u koštac sa tim izazovom,

we have to also meet the big three metric —

takođe dolazimo u susret velike tri mere -

Actually, extreme green for us is all three together;

zapravo, ekstremno zeleno je za nas sve tri njih zajedno,

that's why you see the plus there. I was told to say that.

zato tamo vidite plus. Rečeno mi je da kažem to.

So it has to be the big three at GRC. That's another metric.

Moraju biti velike tri na ICG. To je još jedna mera.

Ninety-seven percent of the world's water is saltwater.

97% svetske vode je slano.

How about we use that? Combine that with number three.

Da iskoristimo to? Kombinujte to sa brojkom tri.

Do not use arable land.

Ne koristite obradivu zemlju.

Because crops are already growing on that land

Uslovi već rastu na tom tlu

that's very scarce around the world.

koje je veoma retko širom sveta.

Number two: Don't compete with food crops.

Broj dva: ne pravite konkurenciju usevima hrane.

That's already a well established entity, they don't need another entry.

To je već dobro ustanovljen entitet, ne treba im još jedan unos.

And lastly the most precious resource we have on this Earth

Konačno, najdragoceniji resurs na Zemlji

is fresh water. Don't use fresh water.

je sveža voda. Ne koristite svežu vodu.

If 97.5 percent of the world's water is saltwater,

Ako je 97,5% svetske vode slano,

2.5 percent is fresh water. Less than a half percent

2,5% je sveže. Manje od pola procenta toga

of that is accessible for human use.

dostupno je za ljudsku upotrebu.

But 60 percent of the population lives within that one percent.

Ali 60% populacije živi sa tim jednim procentom.

So, combating my problem was, now I have to be extreme green

Borba sa mojim problemom značila je da moram da budem ekstremno zelen

and meet the big three. Ladies and gentlemen,

i ispunim velika tri uslova. Dame i gospodo,

welcome to the GreenLab Research Facility.

dobrodošli u Istraživački centar GreenLab.

This is a facility dedicated to the next generation

U ovoj ustanovi posvećeni smo novoj generaciji

of aviation fuels using halophytes.

vazduhoplovnih goriva, koristeći halofite.

A halophyte is a salt-tolerating plant.

Halofita je biljka koja toleriše so.

Most plants don't like salt, but halophytes tolerate salt.

Većina biljaka ne voli so, ali halofite je tolerišu.

We also are using weeds

Takođe koristimo korovske biljke

and we are also using algae.

kao i alge.

The good thing about our lab is, we've had

Dobra stvar u vezi s našom laboratorijom

3,600 visitors in the last two years.

je to što smo u poslednje dve godine imali 3600 posetilaca.

Why do you think that's so?

Šta mislite, zašto?

Because we are on to something special.

Zato što smo na pragu nečeg posebnog.

So, in the lower you see the GreenLab obviously,

U donjem delu očigledno možete videti GreenLab,

and on the right hand side you'll see algae.

a sa desne strane vidite alge.

If you are into the business of the next generation

Ukoliko se bavite novom generacijom

of aviation fuels, algae is a viable option,

vazduhoplovnih goriva, alge su održivo rešenje,

there's a lot of funding right now,

postoji dosta finansiranja trenutno

and we have an algae to fuels program.

i imamo program algi za gorivo.

There's two types of algae growing.

Rastu dve vrste algi.

One is a closed photobioreactor that you see here,

Jedna je zatvoreni fotobioreaktor koga ovde vidite

and what you see on the other side is our species —

a sa druge strane je naša vrsta -

we are currently using a species called Scenedesmus dimorphus.

trenutno koristimo vrstu koja se zove Scenedesmus dimorphus.

Our job at NASA is to take the experimental and computational

Naše zaduženje u NASA-i je da uzmemo eksperimentalno i računarsko

and make a better mixing for the closed photobioreactors.

i napravimo bolju smešu za zatvorene fotobioreaktore.

Now the problems with closed photobioreactors are:

Problemi sa zatvorenim fotobioreaktorima su sledeći:

They are quite expensive, they are automated,

prilično su skupi, automatizovani su

and it's very difficult to get them in large scale.

i veoma je teško dobiti ih u velikoj razmeri.

So on large scale what do they use?

Šta oni koriste na velikoj razmeri?

We use open pond systems. Now, around the world

Koristimo sisteme otvorenih bara. Alge se uzgajaju

they are growing algae, with this racetrack design

širom sveta, sa ovim dizajnom staze za trkanje

that you see here. Looks like an oval with

koje ovde vidite. Izgleda kao elipsa

a paddle wheel and mixes really well,

sa točkom i meša se veoma dobro,

but when it gets around the last turn, which I call turn four — it's stagnant.

ali kad obiđe poslednju krivinu, koju zovem četvrtom - stagnira.

We actually have a solution for that.

Zapravo imamo rešenje za to.

In the GreenLab in our open pond system

U našem sistemu otvorene bare u GreenLab-u

we use something that happens in nature: waves.

koristimo nešto što se dešava i u prirodi - talase.

We actually use wave technology on our open pond systems.

U svojim sistemima otvorenih bara zapravo koristimo tehnologiju talasa.

We have 95 percent mixing and our lipid content is higher

Imamo smešu od 95% i naš sadržaj masti je viši

than a closed photobioreactor system,

nego kod sistema sa zatvorenim fotobioreaktorom,

which we think is significant.

što smatramo da je bitno.

There is a drawback to algae, however: It's very expensive.

Ipak, postoji mana algi - veoma su skupe.

Is there a way to produce algae inexpensively?

Postoji li način da se alge jeftino proizvode?

And the answer is: yes.

Odgovor je: da.

We do the same thing we do with halophytes,

Radimo istu stvar kao i sa halofitama,

and that is: climatic adaptation.

a to je klimatska adaptacija.

In our GreenLab we have six primary ecosystems

U GreenLab-u imamo šest primarnih ekosistema

that range from freshwater all the way to saltwater.

koji variraju od sveže do slane vode.

What we do: We take a potential species, we start at freshwater,

Mi uzimamo potencijalnu vrstu, počinjemo sa slanom vodom,

we add a little bit more salt, when the second tank here

dodamo još malo soli, ovaj drugi akvarijum

will be the same ecosystem as Brazil —

biće isti ekosistem kao Brazil -

right next to the sugar cane fields you can have our plants —

odmah pored šećerne trske možete imati naše biljke -

the next tank represents Africa, the next tank represents Arizona,

sledeći akvarijum je Afrika, naredni je Arizona,

the next tank represents Florida,

posle toga ide Florida,

and the next tank represents California or the open ocean.

sledeći akvarijum je Kalifornija ili otvoreni okean.

What we are trying to do is to come up with a single species

Mi pokušavamo da smislimo jednu vrstu

that can survive anywhere in the world, where there's barren desert.

koja može da preživi bilo gde u svetu, gde je gola pustinja.

We are being very successful so far.

Do sada smo veoma uspešni.

Now, here's one of the problems.

Evo jednog od problema.

If you are a farmer, you need five things to be successful: You need seeds,

Ako ste poljoprivrednik, potrebno vam je pet stvari za uspeh: seme,

you need soil, you need water and you need sun,

zemlja, voda i sunce,

and the last thing that you need is fertilizer.

i poslednja stvar je đubrivo.

Most people use chemical fertilizers. But guess what?

Većina ljudi koristi hemijska đubriva. Ali čik pogodite -

We do not use chemical fertilizer.

mi ih ne koristimo. Samo malo!

Wait a second! I just saw lots of greenery in your GreenLab. You have to use fertilizer.

Kod vas u laboratoriji video sam dosta zelenila. Mora da koristite đubrivo.

Believe it or not, in our analysis of our saltwater ecosystems

Verovali ili ne, u našoj analizi ekosistema slane vode,

80 percent of what we need are in these tanks themselves.

80% onoga što nam je potrebno je u samim ovim akvarijumima.

The 20 percent that's missing is nitrogen and phosphorous.

20% kojih nedostaje su azot i fosfor.

We have a natural solution: fish.

Imamo prirodno rešenje: ribe.

No we don't cut up the fish and put them in there.

Mi ih ne isečemo i ostavimo tamo.

Fish waste is what we use. As a matter of fact

Koristimo riblji otpad.

we use freshwater mollies, that we've used our climatic adaptation technique

Zapravo koristimo vrstu ribe moli, kao sa tehnikom klimatske adaptacije

from freshwater all the way to seawater.

od sveže sve do slane vode.

Freshwater mollies: cheap, they love to make babies,

Slatkovodne ribe moli: jeftine su, obožavaju da se razmnožavaju

and they love to go to the bathroom.

i obožavaju da vrše nuždu.

And the more they go to the bathroom, the more fertilizer we get,

A što više vrše nuždu, mi dobijamo više đubriva

the better off we are, believe it or not.

i bolje nam je, verovali ili ne.

It should be noted that we use sand as our soil,

Valja primetiti da kao svoje zemljište koristimo pesak,

regular beach sand. Fossilized coral.

običan pesak sa plaže. Fosil korala.

So a lot of people ask me, "How did you get started?"

Mnogi ljudi me pitaju: "Kako ste započeli?"

Well, we got started in what we call the indoor biofuels lab.

Započeli smo sa onim što nazivamo unutrašnjom laboratorijom za biogoriva.

It's a seedling lab. We have 26 different species of halophytes,

To je laboratorija sa semenjačama. iamo 26 različitih vrsta halofita

and five are winners. What we do here is —

i pet od njih su pobednice. Mi ovde -

actually it should be called a death lab, 'cause we try to

zapravo treba da se zove laboratorijom smrti, jer pokušavamo

kill the seedlings, make them rough —

da ubijemo semenjače, da ih očvrstimo -

and then we come to the GreenLab.

i onda dolazimo do GreenLab-a.

What you see in the lower corner

U donjem ćošku vidite eksperiment

is a wastewater treatment plant experiment

sa biljkom koja obrađuje otpadne vode

that we are growing, a macro-algae that I'll talk about in a minute.

a koju uzgajamo, to je makroalga o kojoj ću uskoro reći nešto.

And lastly, it's me actually working in the lab to prove to you I do work,

Konačno, tu sam ja kako radim u laboratoriji da vam dokažem da radim

I don't just talk about what I do.

a da ne pričam samo o tome šta radim.

Here's the plant species. Salicornia virginica.

Evo te vrste. Salicornia virginica.

It's a wonderful plant. I love that plant.

To je divna biljka koju volim.

Everywhere we go we see it. It's all over the place, from Maine

Vidimo je kud god da krenemo. Svuda je, od Mejna do Kalifornije.

all the way to California. We love that plant.

Obožavamo tu biljku.

Second is Salicornia bigelovii. Very difficult to get around the world.

Druga je Salicornia bigelovii. Teško je razmestiti je po svetu.

Ima najveći sadržaj masti od svih biljaka koje imamo

It is the highest lipid content that we have,

but it has a shortcoming: It's short.

ali ima i manu: niska je.

Now you take europaea, which is the largest or the tallest plant that we have.

Sada uzmite europea-u, koja je najveća i najviša biljka koju imamo.

And what we are trying to do

Mi pokušavamo

with natural selection or adaptive biology — combine all three

da kroz prirodnu selekciju ili adaptivnu biologiju kombinujemo sve tri

to make a high-growth, high-lipid plant.

da napravimo visoku biljku bogatu mastima.

Next, when a hurricane decimated the Delaware Bay — soybean fields gone —

Dalje, kada je Delaver Bej uništio uragan i sa sobom odneo polja soje,

we came up with an idea: Can you have a plant

došli smo na ideju: može li u Delaveru postojati biljka

that has a land reclamation positive in Delaware? And the answer is yes.

kojoj je pozitivna rekultivacija? Odgovor je da.

It's called seashore mallow. Kosteletzkya virginica —

Zove se primorski slez. Kosteletzkya virginica -

say that five times fast if you can.

recite to brzo pet puta ako možete.

This is a 100 percent usable plant. The seeds: biofuels. The rest: cattle feed.

Ovo je 100% upotrebljiva biljka. Seme: biogorivo. Ostatak: hrana za stoku.

It's there for 10 years; it's working very well.

Tu je 10 godina i funkcioniše veoma dobro.

Now we get to Chaetomorpha.

Dolazimo do Chaetomorpha.

This is a macro-algae that loves

Ovo je makroalga koja obožava višak hranljivih materija.

excess nutrients. If you are in the aquarium industry

Ukoliko se bavite akvarijumima,

you know we use it to clean up dirty tanks.

znate da se koristi za čišćenje prljavih akvarijuma.

This species is so significant to us.

Ova vrsta je za nas bitna.

The properties are very close to plastic.

Svojstva su joj veoma bliska plastici.

We are trying right now to convert this macro-algae into a bioplastic.

Trenutno pokušavamo da ovu makroalgu pretvorimo u bioplastiku.

If we are successful, we will revolutionize the plastics industry.

Ukoliko budemo uspešni, napravićemo revoluciju u industriji plastike.

So, we have a seed to fuel program.

Imamo program semena do goriva.

We have to do something with this biomass that we have.

Moramo nešto da uradimo sa ovom biomasom.

And so we do G.C. extraction, lipid optimization, so on and so forth,

Tako radimo ekstrakciju hromatografijom, optimizaciju masti i ostalo

because our goal really is to come up with

jer je naš cilj zapravo da smislimo

the next generation of aviation fuels, aviation specifics, so on and so forth.

novu generaciju goriva za avione.

So far we talked about water and fuel,

Do sada smo pričali o vodi i gorivu,

but along the way we found out something interesting about Salicornia:

ali usput smo saznali nešto zanimljivo o salikorniji:

It's a food product.

to je hranljiv proizvod.

So we talk about ideas worth spreading, right?

Pričamo o idejama vrednim širenja, zar ne?

How about this: In sub-Saharan Africa, next to the sea, saltwater,

Recimo ovo: u subsaharskoj Africi, pored mora, slane vode,

barren desert, how about we take that plant,

gole pustinje, hajde da uzmemo tu biljku,

plant it, half use for food, half use for fuel.

zasadimo je, pola koristimo za hranu, pola za gorivo.

We can make that happen, inexpensively.

To možemo da ostvarimo bez puno ulaganja.

You can see there's a greenhouse in Germany

U Nemačkoj postoji staklenik

that sells it as a health food product.

koji je prodaje kao zdravstveni proizvod.

This is harvested, and in the middle here is a shrimp dish, and it's being pickled.

Ona se ubira i u sredini je jelo sa račićima, i kiseli se.

So I have to tell you a joke. Salicornia is known as sea beans,

Moram da vam ispričam šalu. Salikornija je poznata kao morski pasulj,

saltwater asparagus and pickle weed.

slanovodna špargla i kiseli korov.

So we are pickling pickle weed in the middle.

Tako da u sredini kiselimo kiseli korov.

Oh, I thought it was funny. (Laughter)

Ah, mislio sam da je smešno. (Smeh)

And at the bottom is seaman's mustard. It does make sense,

Na dnu je mornarski senf. Ima smisla da ovo bude za jelo.

this is a logical snack. You have mustard,

Imate senf, mornar ste,

you are a seaman, you see the halophyte, you mix it together,

vidite halofite, pomešate to,

it's a great snack with some crackers.

to je sjajno jelo sa krekerima.

And last, garlic with Salicornia, which is what I like.

Poslednje je salikornija sa belim lukom, što jako volim.

So, water, fuel and food.

Voda, gorivo i hrana.

None of this is possible without the GreenLab team.

Ništa od ovog ne bi bilo moguće bez tima iz GreenLab-a.

Just like the Miami Heat has the big three, we have the big three at NASA GRC.

Isto kao što ekipa Majami Hit ima veliku trojku, tako imamo i mi u NASA-i.

That's myself, professor Bob Hendricks, our fearless leader, and Dr. Arnon Chait.

To smo ja, profesor Bob Hendriks, naš neustašivi vođa, i dr. Arnon Čejt.

The backbone of the GreenLab is students.

Žila kucavica GreenLab-a su studenti.

Over the last two years we've had 35 different students

Tokom protekle dve godine imali smo 35 različitih studenata

from around the world working at GreenLab.

sa raznih strana sveta koji su radili u GreenLab-u.

As a matter fact my division chief says a lot, "You have a green university."

Zapravo, šef mog odseka kaže: "Imate zeleni univerzitet".

I say, "I'm okay with that, 'cause we are nurturing

Ja kažem: "To je u redu, jer negujemo

the next generation of extreme green thinkers, which is significant."

narednu generaciju ekoloških mislilaca, što je značajno."

So, in first summary I presented to you what we think

Prvi put sam vam sumirajući predstavio ono za šta mislimo

is a global solution for food, fuel and water.

da je globalno rešenje za hranu, gorivo i vodu.

There's something missing to be complete.

Nešto nedostaje da slika bude potpuna.

Clearly we use electricity. We have a solution for you —

Očito koristimo struju. Za vas imamo rešenje -

We're using clean energy sources here.

Ovde koristimo čiste izvore energije.

So, we have two wind turbines connected to the GreenLab,

Imamo dve turbine na vetar koje su povezane na GreenLab,

we have four or five more hopefully coming soon.

a uskoro ćemo imati još četiri ili pet.

We are also using something that is quite interesting —

Takođe koristimo nešto što je veoma zanimljivo -

there is a solar array field at NASA's Glenn Research Center,

postoji solarno polje u NASA-inom istraživačkom centru Glen,

hasn't been used for 15 years.

ne koristi se 15 godina.

Along with some of my electrical engineering colleagues,

Zajedno sa nekim kolegama električnim inženjerima,

we realized that they are still viable,

shvatili smo da još uvek mogu da se koriste,

so we are refurbishing them right now.

tako da ih sada restauriramo.

In about 30 days or so they'll be connected to the GreenLab.

Za oko 30 dana biće povezane na GreenLab.

And the reason why you see red, red and yellow, is

Ovde vidite crveno, crveno i žuto

a lot of people think NASA employees don't work on Saturday —

jer mnogi misle da radnici NASA-e ne rade subotom -

This is a picture taken on Saturday.

ovo je slika od subote.

There are no cars around, but you see my truck in yellow. I work on Saturday. (Laughter)

Okolo nema kola, ali vidite moj kamionet u žutoj boji. Ja radim subotom. (Smeh)

This is a proof to you that I'm working.

Ovo je dokaz vama da radim.

'Cause we do what it takes to get the job done, most people know that.

Mi radimo ono što treba da bi se posao obavio, većina ljudi zna to.

Here's a concept with this:

Evo koncepta:

We are using the GreenLab for a micro-grid test bed

koristimo GreenLab za mikro-postavku za testiranje

for the smart grid concept in Ohio.

za koncept pametne električne mreže u Ohaju.

We have the ability to do that, and I think it's going to work.

Imamo mogućnost da to uradimo i mislim da će funkcionisati.

So, GreenLab Research Facility.

Dakle, istraživači centar GreenLab.

A self-sustainable renewable energy ecosystem was presented today.

Danas je predstavljen održivi ekosistem sa obnovljivom energijom.

We really, really hope this concept catches on worldwide.

Zaista se nadamo da će ovaj koncept zaživeti u svetu.

We think we have a solution for food, water, fuel and now energy. Complete.

Mislimo da imamo rešenje za hranu, vodu, gorivo i sada energiju. Potpuno.

It's extreme green, it's sustainable, alternative and renewable

To je ekstremno ekološki, održivo, alternativno i obnovljivo

and it meets the big three at GRC:

i podudara se sa velikih tri u ICG.

Don't use arable land, don't compete with food crops,

Ne koristite obradivu zemlju, ne takmičite se sa usevima hrane

and most of all, don't use fresh water.

i najbitnije, ne koristite svežu vodu.

So I get a lot of questions about, "What are you doing in that lab?"

Dosta ljudi me pita: "Šta radiš u toj laboratoriji?"

And I usually say, "None of your business, that's what I'm doing in the lab." (Laughter)

Obično kažem: "Ne tiče te se, baš to radim u laboratoriji." (Smeh)

And believe it or not, my number one goal

I verovali ili ne, moj osnovni cilj

for working on this project is

rada na ovom projektu

I want to help save the world.

je da pomognem da se očuva svet.