Sherwin Nuland: How electroshock therapy changed me

299,907 views ใƒป 2007-10-30

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: John Han ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:25
I'd like to do pretty much what I did the first time,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
00:28
which is to choose a lighthearted theme.
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๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
Last time, I talked about death and dying.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž„์ข…์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:33
(Laughter)
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00:34
This time, I'm going to talk about mental illness.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
(Laughter)
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00:38
But it has to be technological,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ข€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•ด์„œ
00:40
so I'll talk about electroshock therapy.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:42
(Laughter)
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00:45
You know, ever since man had any notion
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ...์˜›๋‚  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:48
that some of his other people, his colleagues,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
00:52
could be different, could be strange, could be severely depressed
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ํ‰์†Œ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์‹ฌํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:56
or what we now recognize as schizophrenia,
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:00
he was certain that this kind of illness had to come from evil spirits
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ "์งˆ๋ณ‘"์˜ ์›์ธ์€
๋ชธ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์•…๋ น ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
getting into the body.
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01:06
So the way of treating these diseases in early times
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ์•…๋ น๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด์ซ“์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:09
was to, in some way or other, exorcise those evil spirits.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‡ด๋งˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
And this is still going on, as you know.
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01:16
But it wasn't enough to use the priests.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:18
When medicine became somewhat scientific, in about 450 BC,
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์˜ํ•™์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋„๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 450๋…„ ์ •๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
01:23
with Hippocrates and those boys,
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ํžˆํฌํฌ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•™ํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:25
they tried to look for herbs, plants
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ๋–จ์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:28
that would literally shake the bad spirits out.
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์•ฝ์ดˆ๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:32
So they found certain plants that could cause convulsions.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:35
And the herbals,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ง์˜ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์™”๋˜
01:37
the botanical books of up to the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance,
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์‹๋ฌผํ•™ ์„œ์ ์ธ "์•ฝ์ดˆ์˜ํ•™์„œ(Herbals)"์—๋Š”
01:42
are filled with prescriptions for causing convulsions
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์•…๋ น์„ ๋–จ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋“ค๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
to shake the evil spirits out.
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01:50
Finally, in about the 16th century,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋Š”
01:54
a physician whose name was Theophrastus Bombastus Aureolus von Hohenheim --
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'ํ…Œ์˜คํ”„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค ๋ด„๋ฐ”์Šคํˆฌ์Šค ์•„์šฐ๋ฆฌํ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ณธ ํ˜ธ์—”ํ•˜์ž„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š”,
02:00
called Paracelsus, a name probably familiar to some people here --
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'ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€์ˆ˜์Šค'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋” ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:04
(Laughter)
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-- (์›ƒ์Œ) -- ์ด ํŒŒ๋ผ์…€์ˆ˜์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š”
02:07
good old Paracelsus --
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02:09
found that he could predict the degree of convulsion
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๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋‡Œ(์ผํผ- ์ข€์•ฝ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ) ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด
02:13
by using a measured amount of camphor to produce the convulsion.
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๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:17
Can you imagine going to your closet, pulling out a mothball
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์šฐ์šธํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜ท์žฅ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์ข€์•ฝ์„ ์”น์–ด๋จน๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด
02:20
and chewing on it if you're feeling depressed?
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์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:22
It's better than Prozac, but I wouldn't recommend it.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ Prozac๋ณด๋‹จ ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
02:25
(Laughter)
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02:26
So, what we see in the 17th, 18th century
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š”
02:29
is the continued search for medications other than camphor that'll do the trick.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Well, along comes Benjamin Franklin,
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์ด์ œ๋Š”, ๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ํ”„๋žญํด๋ฆฐ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
02:36
and he comes close to convulsing himself
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ค‘์— ์—ฐ ๋์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํƒ“์—
02:38
with a bolt of electricity off the end of his kite.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๋ป” ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
02:42
And so people begin thinking in terms of electricity to produce convulsions.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:47
And then we fast-forward to about 1932,
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์ด์ œ 1932๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
02:51
when three Italian psychiatrists who were largely treating depression
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜, ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
02:57
began to notice among their patients, who were also epileptics,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ„์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด
๊ฐ„์งˆ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๋•Œ
03:01
that if they had a series of epileptic fits, a lot of them in a row --
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:05
the depression would very frequently lift.
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03:07
Not only would it lift, but it might never return.
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์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:11
So they got very interested in producing convulsions,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:16
measured types of convulsions.
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์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
03:18
And they thought,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€, "ํ์Œ, ์ „๊ธฐ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
03:19
"Well, we've got electricity, we'll plug somebody into the wall.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ๊ณค๋‘์„œ๊ณ , ๋ชธ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋–จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€."๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:22
That always makes hair stand up and people shake a lot."
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03:24
So they tried it on a few pigs, and none of the pigs were killed.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ผ์ง€๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ดค๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
So they went to the police and they said,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:30
"We know that at the Rome railroad station,
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"๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—
03:32
there are all these lost souls wandering around,
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๋ถ€๋ž‘์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์–ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
03:35
muttering gibberish.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
Can you bring one of them to us?"
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03:39
Someone who is, as the Italians say, "gagootz."
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š”, "์นด๊ตฌํ‹ฐ์Šค"๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:42
So they found this "gagootz" guy,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ "์นด๊ตฌํ‹ฐ์Šค"๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
a 39-year-old man who was really hopelessly schizophrenic,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 39์„ธ์˜ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€
03:47
who was known, had been known for months,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ฝค ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:50
to be literally defecating on himself,
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์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:53
talking nothing that made any sense,
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์•„๋ฌด ์˜๋ฏธ์—†๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:56
and they brought him into the hospital.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:58
So these three psychiatrists,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2~3์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ›„์—, ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ช…์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
04:00
after about two or three weeks of observation,
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04:02
laid him down on a table,
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์œ„์— ๋ˆ•ํžˆ๊ณ 
04:04
connected his temples to a very small source of current.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ด€์ž๋†€์ด์— ์•ฝํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:09
They thought, "Well, we'll try 55 volts, two-tenths of a second.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€, "ํ์Œ, 55๋ณผํŠธ๋ฅผ 0.2์ดˆ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜๋ ค๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
04:13
That's not going to do anything terrible to him."
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๊ทธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์„๊บผ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:15
So they did that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”
04:17
Well, I have the following from a firsthand observer,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ•ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
who told me this about 35 years ago,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 35๋…„ ์ „์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ง€์š”
04:24
when I was thinking about these things for some research project of mine.
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์ €์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ
์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
He said, "This fellow" -- remember, he wasn't even put to sleep --
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ 
04:33
"after this major grand mal convulsion,
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์•„์ฃผ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํ›„์—๋„
04:35
sat right up,
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๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•‰์•„์„œ ๊ทธ ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
looked at these three fellas and said,
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"์•ผ, ์ด ๊ฐœ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์•„, ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ?"
04:39
'What the fuck are you assholes trying to do?'"
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04:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:50
If I could only say that in Italian.
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์ด ๋ง์„ ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
04:52
(Laughter)
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04:53
Well, they were happy as could be,
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ปค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š”
04:55
because he hadn't said a rational word in the weeks of observation.
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:00
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”
05:02
So they plugged him in again,
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05:05
and this time, they used 110 volts for half a second.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” 110๋ณผํŠธ๋ฅผ 0.5์ดˆ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„
05:10
And to their amazement, after it was over,
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05:12
he began speaking like he was perfectly well.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:15
He relapsed a little bit, they gave him a series of treatments,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
05:18
and he was essentially cured.
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์™„์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
But of course, having schizophrenia,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
05:22
within a few months, it returned.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:24
But they wrote a paper about this,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:26
and everybody in the western world began using electricity
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์„œ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:31
to convulse people who were either schizophrenic
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:33
or severely depressed.
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05:34
It didn't work very well on the schizophrenics,
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์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:37
but it was pretty clear in the '30s and by the middle of the '40s
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1930๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 40๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
05:40
that electroconvulsive therapy was very, very effective
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์ด
05:46
in the treatment of depression.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”
05:47
And of course, in those days, there were no antidepressant drugs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:51
and it became very, very popular.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
They would anesthetize people, convulse them ...
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„  ๋งˆ์ทจ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์—
์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ์ ์€
05:57
But the real difficulty was that there was no way to paralyze muscles.
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๋งˆ๋น„์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
06:01
So people would have a real grand mal seizure.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณค ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:04
Bones were broken; especially in old, fragile people, you couldn't use it.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ์•ฝ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:09
And then in the late 1950s, the so-called "muscle relaxants"
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๊ทธ ํ›„, 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '๊ทผ์œก ์ด์™„์ œ' ๊ฐ€
06:14
were developed by pharmacologists,
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์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:16
and it got so that you could induce a complete convulsion,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
an electroencephalographic convulsion -- you could see it on the brain waves --
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๋ฐ”๋กœ '๋‡ŒํŒŒ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ'์ธ๋ฐ์š”. ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:23
without causing any convulsion in the body
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๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์›€์ฐ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ชธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
except a little bit of twitching of the toes.
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06:28
So again, it was very, very popular and very, very useful.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  , ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:33
Well, you know, in the middle '60s, the first antidepressants came out.
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60๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Tofranil๋ง์ด์—์š”
06:38
Tofranil was the first.
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06:40
In the late '70s, early '80s, there were others,
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70๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๊ณผ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋“ค๋„ ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ 
06:43
and they were very effective.
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๊ทธ ์•ฝ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:45
And patients' rights groups seemed to get very upset
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž ์ธ๊ถŒ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋˜๋Š”
06:48
about the kinds of things that they would witness,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฆ์„ธ๋“ค๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
so the whole idea of electroconvulsive, electroshock therapy disappeared,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ 
06:57
but has had a renaissance in the last 10 years.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ 10๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
And the reason that it has had a renaissance
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:03
is that probably about 10 percent of the people, severe depressives,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ์•ฝ 10% ์ •๋„๋Š”
07:09
do not respond, regardless of what is done for them.
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์–ด๋–ค ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
Now why am I telling you this story at this meeting?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:19
I'm telling you this story because, actually,
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์‚ฌ์งˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:21
ever since Richard called me and asked me to talk about --
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๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:24
as he asked all of his speakers --
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--๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด--
07:26
to talk about something that would be new to this audience
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์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:29
that we had never talked about, never written about.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๊ธ€๋กœ ์“ด ์ ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:32
I've been planning this moment.
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์ด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:34
This reason really is that I am a man who, almost 30 years ago,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 30๋…„ ์ „์—
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ƒˆ ์‚ถ์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:41
had his life saved by two long courses of electroshock therapy.
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07:48
And let me tell you this story.
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๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
I was, in the 1960s, in a marriage.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ "์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
07:56
To use the word "bad" would be perhaps the understatement of the year.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
It was dreadful.
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๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ 
08:03
There are, I'm sure, enough divorced people in this room
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:06
to know about the hostility, the anger, who knows what.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ ๊ฐœ์‹ฌ, ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
Being someone who had had a very difficult childhood,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
08:17
a very difficult adolescence --
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
08:18
it had to do with not quite poverty, but close.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•จ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ 
08:22
It had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke English,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์ค‘์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
08:25
no one could read or write English.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๊ณ 
08:27
It had to do with death and disease and lots of other things.
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์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ €๋Š”
08:31
I was a little prone to depression.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So, as things got worse, as we really began to hate each other,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ ์  ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:37
I became progressively depressed over a period of a couple of years
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๊นจ์งˆ ์šด๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค ์• ์“ฐ๋˜ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
08:41
trying to save this marriage,
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์ ์  ๋” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
which was inevitably not to be saved.
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์ ์  ๋” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Finally, I would schedule -- all my major surgical cases,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ €๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ ์—๋Š”
08:52
I was scheduling them for 12, one o'clock in the afternoon,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ผ์ •์„ ์˜คํ›„ 12์‹œ๋‚˜ 1์‹œ๋กœ ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
because I couldn't get out of bed before about 11 o'clock.
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11์‹œ์ „์—๋Š” ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:01
Anybody who's been depressed here knows what that's like.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์•“์•„ ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”
์ด๋ถˆ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ œ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ 
09:05
I couldn't even pull the covers off myself.
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09:07
Well, you're in a university medical center,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š”
09:10
where everybody knows everybody.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆจ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:11
And it's perfectly clear to my colleagues, so my referrals began to decrease.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๋ขฐ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ 
09:15
As my referrals began to decrease,
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์ง„๋ฃŒ ์˜๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก
09:17
I clearly became increasingly depressed,
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์ €๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:21
until I thought, "My God, I can't work anymore."
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์˜ค ์ฃผ์—ฌ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ์š”
09:24
And, in fact, it didn't make any difference,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์†Œ์šฉ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:26
because I didn't have any patients anymore.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
09:28
So, with the advice of my physician,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
09:32
I had myself admitted to the acute care psychiatric unit
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์— ์ž…์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ 
09:35
of our university hospital.
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09:37
And my colleagues, who had known me since medical school,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ, ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์‹œ์ ˆ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
09:40
in that place, said, "Don't worry, Shep.
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"๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งˆ, ์นœ๊ตฌ. 6 ์ฃผ๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
09:42
Six weeks, you're back in the operating room.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊บผ์•ผ. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์ž˜ ํ’€๋ฆด๊บผ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:44
Everything's going to be great."
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09:46
Well, you know what bovine stercus is?
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์•„, "bovine stercus"๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? (Bovine Stercus : 'bullshit'์˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด)
09:49
That proved to be a lot of bovine stercus.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ "bovine stercus(ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ)"์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
(Laughter)
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09:56
I know some people who got tenure in that place with lies like that.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์›์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง๋กœ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์žˆ์ฃ 
10:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:04
(Laughter and applause)
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10:06
So I was one of their failures.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:10
But it wasn't that simple,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์ฃ 
10:11
because by the time I got out of that unit,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—” ์ „ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ƒํ™œ๋„ ๋ชป ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
10:14
I was not functional at all.
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10:16
I could hardly see five feet in front of myself.
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5 ํ”ผํŠธ ์•ž๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
10:19
I shuffled when I walked. I was bowed over.
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๊พธ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์„ ์งˆ์งˆ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:22
I rarely bathed.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ์”ป์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉด๋„๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ 
10:24
I sometimes didn't shave.
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10:25
It was dreadful.
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10:27
And it was clear -- not to me,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
10:30
because nothing was clear to me at that time anymore --
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- ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ „ ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ -
10:33
that I would need long-term hospitalization
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž…์›์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
in that awful place called a "mental hospital."
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์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:41
So I was admitted, in the spring of 1973,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 1973๋…„ ๋ด„์— ์ž…์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
to the Institute of Living, which used to be called the Hartford Retreat.
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ํ•˜ํŠธํฌ๋“œ ์š”์–‘์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
10:50
It was founded in the 18th century,
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18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์ธ๋ฐ
10:52
the largest psychiatric hospital in the state of Connecticut,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์›์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด
10:56
other than the huge public hospitals that existed at that time.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ
์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:01
And they tried everything they had.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:02
They tried the usual psychotherapy.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:04
They tried every medication available in those days.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•ฝ์„ ์จ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ 
11:06
And they did have Tofranil and other things -- Mellaril, who knows what.
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Tofranil์ด๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” Mellaril๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์จ๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:10
Nothing happened except that I got jaundiced from one of these things.
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์•„๋ฌด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™ฉ๋‹ฌ์„ ์•“์•˜์ฃ .
11:15
And finally,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•๋ถ„์—
11:17
because I was well-known in Connecticut,
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11:21
they decided they better have a meeting of the senior staff.
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์ œ ๋‹ด๋‹น์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์„ ์ž„๊ธ‰ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:24
All the senior staff got together, and I later found out what happened.
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์ž„์›๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์ด๊ณ , ์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:30
They put all their heads together,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ธ๋ฉ”๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
11:33
and they decided that there was nothing that could be done
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์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์ €๋ฅผ
11:36
for this surgeon who had essentially separated himself from the world,
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๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:41
who by that time had become so overwhelmed,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜
11:45
not just with depression and feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy,
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์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ,
๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:50
but with obsessional thinking,
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
obsessional thinking about coincidences.
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์šฐ์—ฐํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์š”.
11:55
And there were particular numbers that every time I saw them,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:58
just got me dreadfully upset, all kinds of ritualistic observances ...
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๊ทน๋„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ ธ์„œ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ํŠน์ •๋œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
just awful, awful stuff.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์•„์ฃผ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ฃ 
12:06
Remember when you were a kid, and you had to step on every line?
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
12:09
Well, I was a grown man who had all of these rituals,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹คํฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ • ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:13
and it got so there was a throbbing, there was a ferocious fear in my head.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋‘๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์€ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:17
You've seen this painting by Edvard Munch, "The Scream."
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์—๋“œ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ญ‰ํฌ์˜ "์ ˆ๊ทœ"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ณด์‹  ์  ์žˆ์ฃ .
"์ ˆ๊ทœ"..."๋น„๋ช…".. ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๊ทœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:21
Every moment was a scream; it was impossible.
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12:24
So they decided there was no therapy, there was no treatment.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜
12:27
But there was one treatment,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
which actually had been pioneered at the Hartford Hospital
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์ด ํ•˜ํŠธํฌํŠธ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
12:33
in the early 1940s,
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12:35
and you can imagine what it was: it was prefrontal lobotomy.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
(Imitates a popping sound)
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12:42
So they decided -- I didn't know this, again, I found this out later --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธธ -- ์ „ ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ฃ 
๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ --
12:46
that the only thing that could be done
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43์‚ด์ด๋‚˜ ๋จน์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€
12:48
was for this 43-year-old man to have a prefrontal lobotomy.
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์ „๋‘์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Well, as in all hospitals,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด
12:56
there was a resident assigned to my case.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 27์‚ด์˜ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:59
He was 27 years old,
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13:00
and he would meet with me two or three times a week.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์™€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ๋‘ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
13:03
And of course, I had been there, what, three or four months at the time.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋„ˆ๋‹ฌ ์ฏค ์ง€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
He asked to meet with the senior staff, and they agreed to meet with him,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ ์ž„ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
because he was very well thought of in that place.
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๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด์—์„  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ ,
์žฅ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๋ง๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ์˜€๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:13
They thought he had a really extraordinary future.
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13:16
And he dug in his heels and said,
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ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
"No. I know this man better than any of you.
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"์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
13:19
I have met with him over and over again.
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13:21
You've just seen him from time to time. You've read reports and so forth.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
I really honestly believe that the basic problem here is pure depression,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด๊ณ ,
13:29
and all of the obsessional thinking comes out of it.
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ์€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
And you know, of course, what'll happen if you do a prefrontal lobotomy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋‘์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ์ž–์•„์š”.
13:36
Any of the results along the spectrum,
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์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค ์ค‘์—
13:39
from pretty bad to terrible, terrible, terrible, is going to happen.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€
์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:43
If he does the best he can,
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13:46
he will have no further obsessions,
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ์€ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:48
probably no depression,
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๋„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ,
13:49
but his affect will be dulled,
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13:51
he will never go back to surgery,
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ,
13:53
he will never be the loving father that he was to his two children,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋˜ ์•„๋น ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:57
his life will be changed.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„๋ด์•ผ
13:58
If he has the usual result,
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14:00
he'll end up like 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.'
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"๋ป๊พธ๊ธฐ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ„ ์ƒˆ"์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
And you know about that, just essentially in a stupor the rest of his life."
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ์ฃ . ๋‚จ์€ ์—ฌ์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:08
"Well," he said, "can't we try a course of electroshock therapy?"
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ , "์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
14:13
And you know why they agreed?
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14:14
They agreed to humor him.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™œ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”? ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
They just thought, "Well, we'll give a course of 10.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ "10์ผ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์–ด.
14:21
So we'll lose a little time. Big deal. It doesn't make any difference."
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ .. ์•„๋ฌด ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์—†์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ"
14:25
So they gave the course of 10,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 10์ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
14:26
and the first -- the usual course, incidentally, was six to eight,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ณดํ†ต์€ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:30
and still is six to eight --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€
14:32
plugged me into the wires, put me to sleep, gave me the muscle relaxant.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ทจ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์— ๊ทผ์œก์ด์™„์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
Six didn't work. Seven didn't work. Eight didn't work.
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์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ™‰๋ฒˆ ์งธ์—์„œ๋Š”
14:39
At nine, I noticed --
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
it's wonderful that I could notice anything --
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14:44
I noticed a change.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ์ง€์š”. ์—ด๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:45
And at 10, I noticed a real change.
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14:48
And he went back to them,
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๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์—ด ํ˜์€ ๋” ํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:49
and they agreed to do another 10.
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14:50
Again, not a single one of them --
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๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„
14:52
I think there are about seven or eight of them --
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-- ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋ก  ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ ์งธ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ ์งธ์—์„  --
14:55
thought this would do any good.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:56
They thought this was a temporary change.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ด์—ฌ์„ฏ, ์—ด์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ ์งธ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก
14:58
But, lo and behold, by 16, by 17,
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15:01
there were demonstrable differences in the way I felt.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
By 18 and 19, I was sleeping through the night.
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์—ด์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ณผ ์—ด์•„ํ™‰๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋•Œ์— ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐค์— ์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:08
And by 20, I had the sense, I really had the sense,
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์Šค๋ฌด๋ฒˆ์งธ์—๋Š” ์ด ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„
๋–จ์ณ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
15:13
that I could overcome this,
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15:14
that I was now strong enough that by an act of will,
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์ œ ์˜์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ •์‹ ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
15:18
I could blow the obsessional thinking away.
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ๋„ ๋–จ์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
I could blow the depression away.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
And I've never forgotten -- I never will forget --
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์ œ ๋ณ‘๋™์˜ ๋ถ€์—Œ ์•ž์— ์„œ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ
15:25
standing in the kitchen of the unit --
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
it was a Sunday morning in January of 1974 --
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1973๋…„ 1์›”์ธ๊ฐ€. 74๋…„์ด๊ตฐ์š”. ์ผ์š”์ผ ์•„์นจ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:33
standing in the kitchen by myself and thinking,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€์—Œ์— ์„œ์„œ "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ 
15:35
"I've got the strength now to do this."
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15:38
It was as though those tightly coiled wires in my head had been disconnected,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์–ด์ง„ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
15:44
and I could think clearly.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์ด ๋˜๋ ทํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
But I need a formula.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•๊ด€๋…์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
15:48
I need some thing to say to myself
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15:51
when I begin thinking obsessionally, obsessively.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋˜๋‡Œ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
15:55
Well, the Gilbert and Sullivan fans in this room
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ์™€ ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŒฌ์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:00
will remember "Ruddigore,"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ "๋ฃจ๋”” ๊ณ ์–ด"์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ด‘์ด ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ ›์„ ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
and they will remember Mad Margaret,
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16:03
and they will remember that she was married
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ŠคํŒŒ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
16:05
to a fella named Sir Despard Murgatroyd.
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:08
And she used to go nuts every five minutes or so in the play.
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๊ทน์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 5๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
16:12
And he said to her, "We must have a word to bring you back to reality,
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๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๊ฒฝ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ฃ . "์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด.
16:16
and the word, my dear, will be 'Basingstoke.'"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ '๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์Šคํ† ํฌ(Basingstoke)'์•ผ" (Basingstoke : ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋งˆ์„ ์ง€๋ช…)
16:20
So every time she got a little nuts, he would say, "Basingstoke!"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์Šคํ† ํฌ!"๋ผ ์™ธ์ณค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”
16:23
And she would say, "Basingstoke, it is!" And she'd be fine for a little while.
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์Šคํ† ํฌ์ง€..."๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
(Laughter)
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16:28
Well, you know, I'm from the Bronx. I can't say "Basingstoke."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ธŒ๋กฑ์Šค ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ ์ œ๊ฐ€ "๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์Šคํ† ํฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ตฌ์š”.
16:31
(Laughter)
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16:32
But I had something better.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
And it was very simple.
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16:36
It was, "Ah, fuck it!"
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "์•„์•„, ์”จ๋ฐœ!"
16:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) '๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์Šคํ† ํฌ' ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ซ์ฃ .
16:41
Much better than "Basingstoke,"
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16:43
at least for me.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”. ์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ •๋ง ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
And it worked! My God, it worked.
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16:48
Every time I would begin thinking obsessionally --
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์Šค๋ฌด ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์š”๋ฒ• ํ›„์—๋„
16:50
again, once more, after 20 shock treatments --
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
์ €๋Š” "์•„์•„, ์”จ๋ฐœ!"์ด๋ผ ์™ธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:55
I would say, "Ah, fuck it."
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16:58
And things got better and better,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ์ฃ .
17:00
and within three or four months,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋Š” 3, 4๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ 
17:03
I was discharged from that hospital.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ‡ด์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
17:04
I joined a group of surgeons, where I could work with other people,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:09
in a community, not in New Haven, but fairly close by.
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๋‰ด ํ—ค์ด๋ธ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ์š”.
17:13
I stayed there for three years.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ 3๋…„์„ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
17:15
At the end of three years, I went back to New Haven,
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3๋…„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€๋‚  ์ฆˆ์Œ์—, ๋‰ด ํ—ค์ด๋ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
had remarried by that time.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์žฌํ˜ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ตฌ์š”.
17:23
I brought my wife with me, actually, to make sure I could get through this.
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์•„๋‚ด๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‰ด ํ—ค์ด๋ธ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
17:29
My children
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์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ ์š”
17:32
came back
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17:34
to live with us.
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17:35
We had two more children after that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณค ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ 
17:37
Resuscitated the career,
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์ง์žฅ๋„ ๋˜์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ๊ตฌ์š”.
17:40
even better than it had been before.
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17:43
Went right back into the university
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๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•ด์„œ
17:47
and began to write books.
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์ฑ…๋„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
Well, you know,
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์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
it's been a wonderful life.
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17:53
It's been, as I said, close to 30 years.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋Œ€์— ์„  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ 30๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
17:57
I stopped doing surgery about six years ago
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6๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ ,
18:00
and became a full-time writer, as many people know.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:04
But it's been very exciting. It's been very happy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ปค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
Every once in a while, I have to say, "Ah, fuck it."
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์š”์ฆ˜๋„ "์•„์•„, ์”จ๋ฐœ!"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:09
Every once in a while, I get somewhat depressed and a little obsessional.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ์šธํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ด ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ด๊ฒจ๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
18:13
So, I'm not free of all of this.
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18:17
But it's worked. It's always worked.
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18:21
Why have I chosen,
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์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํƒœ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํ•œ ์  ์—†๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:25
after never, ever talking about this,
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18:29
to talk about it now?
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18:30
Well, those of you who know some of these books
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์ œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ข€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
18:33
know that one is about death and dying,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ…์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž„์ข…์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
18:36
one is about the human body and the human spirit,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
18:38
one is about the way mystical thoughts are constantly in our minds.
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
18:43
And they have always to do with my own personal experiences.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:48
One might think reading these books --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
18:51
and I've gotten thousands of letters about them
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-- ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ ํ†ต์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
18:53
by people who do think this --
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š” --
18:56
that, based on my life's history as I portray it in the books,
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์ฑ…์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด
18:59
my early life's history,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋”›๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
I am someone who has overcome adversity,
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19:04
that I am someone who has drunk -- drank? -- drunk
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์•™์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜
19:09
of the bitter dregs of near-disaster in childhood
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์“ฐ๋”” ์“ด ์•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ง› ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
19:16
and emerged not just unscathed but strengthened.
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๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”›๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:21
I really have it figured out
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ
19:22
so that I can advise people about death and dying,
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์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž„์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
so that I can talk about mysticism
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19:27
and the human spirit.
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19:28
And I've always felt guilty about that.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:31
I've always felt that somehow I was an impostor,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
because my readers don't know what I have just told you.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
19:39
It's known by some people in New Haven, obviously,
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๋‰ด ํ—ค์ด๋ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:41
but it is not generally known.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:44
So one of the reasons that I have come here to talk about this today
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ์™€์„œ ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
19:50
is to -- frankly, selfishly --
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19:53
unburden myself and let it be known
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์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ง์„ ๋œ๊ณ 
19:57
that this is not an untroubled mind that has written all of these books.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์“ด ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:03
But more importantly, I think,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
20:06
is the fact that a very significant proportion of people in this audience
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
30์„ธ ์ดํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:09
are under 30,
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20:12
and there are many, of course, who are well over 30.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , 30์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ›Œ์ฉ ๋„˜๊ธฐ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹œ์ง€๋งŒ์š”
20:17
For people under 30,
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30์„ธ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
20:19
and it looks to me like almost all of you, I would say all of you,
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-- ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”--
20:22
are either on the cusp of a magnificent and exciting career
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์•„์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด์— ๋ง‰ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
20:26
or right into a magnificent and exciting career:
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:31
anything can happen to you.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด๋“  ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”. ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฌด์Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:33
Things change.
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20:34
Accidents happen.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”. ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹  ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:36
Something from childhood comes back to haunt you.
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20:39
You can be thrown off the track.
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์ •์ƒ์ฝ”์Šค์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
20:40
I hope it happens to none of you,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:42
but it will probably happen to a small percentage of you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
20:47
To those to whom it doesn't happen, there will be adversities.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€, ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:52
If I, with the bleakness of spirit -- with no spirit --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€, ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ด๊ณ 
์•„๋ฌด ์˜์ง€๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ 1970๋…„๋„์—
20:57
that I had in the 1970s,
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21:00
and no possibility of recovery
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๊ทธ ์ž„์› ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ๋Œ€๋กœ
21:03
as far as that group of very experienced psychiatrists thought,
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ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„
21:07
if I can find my way back from this,
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์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์„ธ์š”, ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
21:10
believe me, anybody can find their way back
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21:13
from any adversity that exists in their lives.
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๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:17
And for those who are older,
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21:18
who have lived through perhaps not something as bad as this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค
์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋งŒํผ ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์€ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค
21:22
but who have lived through difficult times,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค
21:24
perhaps where they lost everything, as I did,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žƒ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค
21:27
and started out all over again:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์‹ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:29
some of these things will seem very familiar.
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21:34
There is recovery.
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ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:39
There is redemption.
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๊ตฌ์›์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ™œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:42
And there is resurrection.
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21:46
There are resurrection themes
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์—๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ™œ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:48
in every society that has ever been studied,
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21:51
and it is because not just only do we fantasize
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์›๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
21:54
about the possibility of resurrection and recovery,
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ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
21:57
but it actually happens.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:59
And it happens a lot.
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22:01
Perhaps the most popular resurrection theme,
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์ข…๊ต๊ตฌ์ ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ
22:05
outside of specifically religious ones,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„
22:08
is the one about the phoenix, the ancient story of the phoenix,
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๋ถˆ์‚ฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์‚ฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์„ค๋ง์ด์ฃ .
22:12
who, every 500 years,
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๋ถˆ์‚ฌ์กฐ๋Š” 500๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์—ฌ
22:15
resurrects itself from its own ashes
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22:18
to go on to live a life
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๊ทธ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ถ์„
22:21
that is even more beautiful than it was before.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:25
Richard, thanks very much.
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๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ, ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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