A simple new blood test that can catch cancer early | Jimmy Lin

87,114 views ใƒป 2017-08-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SeungGyu Min ๊ฒ€ํ† : Changkyun Ahn
00:13
Cancer.
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์•”(็™Œ)
00:15
Many of us have lost family, friends or loved ones
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์ด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
to this horrible disease.
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00:19
I know there are some of you in the audience
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—๋„
00:22
who are cancer survivors,
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์•” ์ƒ์กด์ž์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ํˆฌ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์‹ค ์ค„๋กœ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
or who are fighting cancer at this moment.
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00:25
My heart goes out to you.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์œ„๋กœ์™€ ์‘์›์„ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
While this word often conjures up emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
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'์•”' ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์ž์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
I bring you good news from the front lines of cancer research.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
The fact is, we are starting to win the war on cancer.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
In fact, we lie at the intersection
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
00:42
of the three of the most exciting developments within cancer research.
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
The first is cancer genomics.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์•” ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
The genome is a composition
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ DNA๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
of all the genetic information encoded by DNA
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00:54
in an organism.
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00:55
In cancers, changes in the DNA called mutations
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DNA์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€
00:58
are what drive these cancers to go out of control.
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์ด ์•”๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์žก์ด๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Around 10 years ago, I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
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์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „, ์ €๋Š” ์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:05
that first mapped the mutations of cancers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์•”์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
We did this first for colorectal,
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๋Œ€์žฅ์•”, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๋ฐ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
01:10
breast, pancreatic and brain cancers.
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01:12
And since then, there have been over 90 projects in 70 countries
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 70๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ 90๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:16
all over the world,
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01:18
working to understand the genetic basis of these diseases.
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์•”์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์›์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์–ด์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:21
Today, tens of thousands of cancers are understood
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์ด
01:24
down to exquisite molecular detail.
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๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
The second revolution is precision medicine,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ •๋ฐ€์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
also known as "personalized medicine."
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"๋งž์ถค ์˜ํ•™"์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:32
Instead of one-size-fits-all methods to be able to treat cancers,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งŒ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์น˜์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:36
there is a whole new class of drugs that are able to target cancers
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์•”์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
based on their unique genetic profile.
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01:42
Today, there are a host of these tailor-made drugs,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด
01:45
called targeted therapies,
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” 'ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ'์— ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:47
available to physicians even today
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
01:49
to be able to personalize their therapy for their patients,
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
and many others are in development.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:55
The third exciting revolution is immunotherapy,
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
and this is really exciting.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
02:00
Scientists have been able to leverage the immune system
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ
02:03
in the fight against cancer.
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์•”๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
For example, there have been ways where we find the off switches of cancer,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ 
02:09
and new drugs have been able to turn the immune system back on,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผœ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
02:13
to be able to fight cancer.
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ํ•ญ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
In addition, there are ways where you can take away immune cells
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๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
02:19
from the body,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์„ธํฌ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
train them, engineer them and put them back into the body
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02:23
to fight cancer.
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02:24
Almost sounds like science fiction, doesn't it?
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ฃ ?
02:27
While I was a researcher at the National Cancer Institute,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:30
I had the privilege of working with some of the pioneers of this field
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:34
and watched the development firsthand.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€์ผœ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
It's been pretty amazing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:38
Today, over 600 clinical trials are open,
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ํ˜„์žฌ 600๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ
02:41
actively recruiting patients to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์—ญ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
While these three exciting revolutions are ongoing,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:49
unfortunately, this is only the beginning,
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:51
and there are still many, many challenges.
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์•„์ง ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ์ ํ•ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Let me illustrate with a patient.
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ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
Here is a patient with a skin cancer called melanoma.
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์ด ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์ด๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์•”์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
It's horrible; the cancer has gone everywhere.
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
However, scientists were able to map the mutations of this cancer
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด
03:08
and give a specific treatment that targets one of the mutations.
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ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งž์ถค ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
And the result is almost miraculous.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Tumors almost seem to melt away.
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์ข…์–‘์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Unfortunately, this is not the end of the story.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
A few months later, this picture is taken.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ํ›„์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
The tumor has come back.
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์ข…์–‘์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
The question is: Why?
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์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:30
The answer is tumor heterogeneity.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Let me explain.
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:36
Even a cancer as small as one centimeter in diameter
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์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 1 cm์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์—๋„
03:40
harbors over a hundred million different cells.
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1์–ต ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
While genetically similar,
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:45
there are small differences in these different cancers
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์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ
03:48
that make them differently prone to different drugs.
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์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
So even if you have a drug that's highly effective,
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
03:53
that kills almost all the cells,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„
03:55
there is a chance that there's a small population
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์•ฝ์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์€
03:58
that's resistant to the drug.
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
This ultimately is the population
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
that comes back,
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04:03
and takes over the patient.
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04:05
So then the question is: What do we do with this information?
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ• ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
Well, the key, then,
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
04:09
is to apply all these exciting advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
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์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง„์ „์„
04:14
as soon as we can,
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
before these resistance clones emerge.
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:19
The key to cancer and curing cancer is early detection.
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์•”๊ณผ ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And we intuitively know this.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
04:25
Finding cancer early results in better outcomes,
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์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
and the numbers show this as well.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
For example, in ovarian cancer, if you detect cancer in stage four,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 4๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:35
only 17 percent of the women survive at five years.
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ 5๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 17%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
However, if you are able to detect this cancer as early as stage one,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•”์„ 1๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:43
over 92 percent of women will survive.
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92% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
But the sad fact is, only 15 percent of women are detected at stage one,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ 1๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‚œ์†Œ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 15%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
whereas the vast majority, 70 percent, are detected in stages three and four.
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๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด 70%์˜ ๋‚œ์†Œ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด 3๊ธฐ๋‚˜ 4๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
We desperately need better detection mechanisms for cancers.
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๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ˆ์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
The current best ways to screen cancer fall into one of three categories.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
First is medical procedures,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์  ์‹œ์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
which is like colonoscopy for colon cancer.
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋Œ€์žฅ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:11
Second is protein biomarkers, like PSA for prostate cancer.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, PSA์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฃ .
05:15
Or third, imaging techniques,
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
such as mammography for breast cancer.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฃ .
05:22
Medical procedures are the gold standard;
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์˜ํ•™์  ์‹œ์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ด ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ
05:24
however, they are highly invasive
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์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:26
and require a large infrastructure to implement.
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
Protein markers, while effective in some populations,
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
05:33
are not very specific in some circumstances,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ
05:36
resulting in high numbers of false positives,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ '๊ฑฐ์ง“์–‘์„ฑ' ํŒ์ •์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
which then results in unnecessary work-ups and unnecessary procedures.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Imaging methods, while useful in some populations,
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์˜์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:48
expose patients to harmful radiation.
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
In addition, it is not applicable to all patients.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
For example, mammography has problems in women with dense breasts.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ๋ช…์ˆ ์€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
So what we need is a method that is noninvasive,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:02
that is light in infrastructure,
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์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ 
06:04
that is highly specific,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:05
that also does not have false positives,
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'๊ฑฐ์ง“์–‘์„ฑ' ํŒ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:09
does not use any radiation
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:11
and is applicable to large populations.
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Even more importantly,
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๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:15
we need a method to be able to detect cancers
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1์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์•”์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
06:17
before they're 100 million cells in size.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
Does such a technology exist?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์กด์žฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:22
Well, I wouldn't be up here giving a talk if it didn't.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐํžˆ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:26
I'm excited to tell you about this latest technology we've developed.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ตœ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Central to our technology is a simple blood test.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
The blood circulatory system, while seemingly mundane,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
06:37
is essential for you to survive,
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์ƒ์กด์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
providing oxygen and nutrients to your cells,
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์„ธํฌ์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:42
and removing waste and carbon dioxide.
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๋…ธํ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
Here's a key biological insight:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
Cancer cells grow and die faster than normal cells,
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์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
and when they die,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ
06:52
DNA is shed into the blood system.
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DNA๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์†์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Since we know the signatures of these cancer cells
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ DNA๋Š”
์•” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:58
from all the different cancer genome sequencing projects,
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07:00
we can look for those signals in the blood
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์†์—์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:02
to be able to detect these cancers early.
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์•”์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
So instead of waiting for cancers to be large enough to cause symptoms,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ปค์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:10
or for them to be dense enough to show up on imaging,
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์˜์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:12
or for them to be prominent enough
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
07:15
for you to be able to visualize on medical procedures,
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
07:18
we can start looking for cancers while they are relatively pretty small,
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์•”์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:22
by looking for these small amounts of DNA in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์† ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
So let me tell you how we do this.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
First, like I said, we start off with a simple blood test --
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์šฐ์„  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
no radiation, no complicated equipment --
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
07:34
a simple blood test.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
Then the blood is shipped to us,
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๊ทธ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด
07:37
and what we do is extract the DNA out of it.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
While your body is mostly healthy cells,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:43
most of the DNA that's detected will be from healthy cells.
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๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ DNA์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
However, there will be a small amount, less than one percent,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
that comes from the cancer cells.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
07:53
Then we use molecular biology methods to be able to enrich this DNA
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
for areas of the genome which are known to be associated with cancer,
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์•” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ DNA ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:02
based on the information from the cancer genomics projects.
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08:05
We're able to then put this DNA into DNA-sequencing machines
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์ด DNA๋ฅผ DNA ๋ถ„์„ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
08:09
and are able to digitize the DNA into A's, C's, T's and G's
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A, C, T, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  G์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ธฐํ˜ธํ™”๋œ
08:14
and have this final readout.
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์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
Ultimately, we have information of billions of letters
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:22
that output from this run.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
We then apply statistical and computational methods
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:29
to be able to find the small signal that's present,
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์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
indicative of the small amount of cancer DNA in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•” DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
08:37
So does this actually work in patients?
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:39
Well, because there's no way of really predicting right now
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์•„์ง์€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
08:43
which patients will get cancer,
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์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์—
08:44
we use the next best population:
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์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
cancers in remission;
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
08:49
specifically, lung cancer.
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
The sad fact is, even with the best drugs that we have today,
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋”๋ผ๋„
08:55
most lung cancers come back.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ์•”์€ ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
The key, then, is to see
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์ด์ œ ์š”์ ์€
08:59
whether we're able to detect these recurrences of cancers
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ์“ฐ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ผ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•”์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„
09:02
earlier than with standard methods.
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๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
We just finished a major trial
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ์Šค์™„ํŠธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
09:07
with Professor Charles Swanton at University College London,
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์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
examining this.
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09:12
Let me walk you through an example of one patient.
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ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
Here's an example of one patient who undergoes surgery
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Day 0 ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
at time point zero,
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09:20
and then undergoes chemotherapy.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
09:23
Then the patient is under remission.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
He is monitored using clinical exams and imaging methods.
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ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
09:30
Around day 450, unfortunately, the cancer comes back.
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450์—ฌ ์ผ ํ›„, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•”์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
The question is: Are we able to catch this earlier?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ .
09:39
During this whole time, we've been collecting blood serially
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ์—
09:43
to be able to measure the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด ์•” DNA์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
So at the initial time point, as expected,
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ฒ˜์Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
09:50
there's a high level of cancer DNA in the blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์†์—์„œ ์•” DNA์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
However, this goes away to zero in subsequent time points
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„์— ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:58
and remains negligible after subsequent points.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์น˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:02
However, around day 340, we see the rise of cancer DNA in the blood,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ 340์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์•” DNA๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
and eventually, it goes up higher for days 400 and 450.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 400์—์„œ 450์ผ ์‹œ์ ์— ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
Here's the key, if you've missed it:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:15
At day 340, we see the rise in the cancer DNA in the blood.
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340์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์† ์•” DNA์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:20
That means we are catching this cancer over a hundred days earlier
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
100์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
than traditional methods.
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10:26
This is a hundred days earlier where we can give therapies,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์ด 100์ผ ๋” ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:29
a hundred days earlier where we can do surgical interventions,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
or even a hundred days less for the cancer to grow
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•”์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 100์ผ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:36
or a hundred days less for resistance to occur.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 100์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:40
For some patients, this hundred days means the matter of life and death.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด 100์ผ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
We're really excited about this information.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
Because of this assignment, we've done additional studies now
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
in other cancers,
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10:52
including breast cancer, lung cancer
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ํ์•”, ๋‚œ์†Œ์•” ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
and ovarian cancer,
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10:57
and I can't wait to see how much earlier we can find these cancers.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์งˆ์ง€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Ultimately, I have a dream,
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์ œ๊ฒ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
a dream of two vials of blood,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ์šฉ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์ด์ฃ .
11:09
and that, in the future, as part of all of our standard physical exams,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ
11:13
we'll have two vials of blood drawn.
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์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
And from these two vials of blood we will be able to compare
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์ด ๋‘ ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•” DNA์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:19
the DNA from all known signatures of cancer,
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11:22
and hopefully then detect cancers months to even years earlier.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Even with the therapies we have currently,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
11:29
this could mean that millions of lives could be saved.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
And if you add on to that recent advancements in immunotherapy
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์™€
11:36
and targeted therapies,
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ํ‘œ์ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:37
the end of cancer is in sight.
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์•”์˜ ๋์€ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
The next time you hear the word "cancer,"
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๋‹ค์Œ์— "์•”" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:42
I want you to add to the emotions: hope.
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"ํฌ๋ง"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
Hold on.
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
11:48
Cancer researchers all around the world are working feverishly
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•”์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
11:51
to beat this disease,
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:52
and tremendous progress is being made.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
This is the beginning of the end.
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์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
We will win the war on cancer.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์ด๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
And to me, this is amazing news.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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