Math is the hidden secret to understanding the world | Roger Antonsen

1,844,157 views ・ 2016-12-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Mijin Kim κ²€ν† : νƒœμ€€ 곡
μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
00:13
Hi.
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00:14
I want to talk about understanding, and the nature of understanding,
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μ €λŠ” 이해와 μ΄ν•΄μ˜ νŠΉμ„±
그리고 μ΄ν•΄μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
and what the essence of understanding is,
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00:21
because understanding is something we aim for, everyone.
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μ΄ν•΄λŠ” 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:24
We want to understand things.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사물을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
My claim is that understanding has to do
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μ €μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μ€ 무언가 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은
00:30
with the ability to change your perspective.
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관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό 관련이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
If you don't have that, you don't have understanding.
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그런 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ 무언가 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€μ£ .
그게 제 μ˜κ²¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
So that is my claim.
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00:37
And I want to focus on mathematics.
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μ €λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ 두고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ λ”ν•˜κΈ°, λΉΌκΈ°
00:40
Many of us think of mathematics as addition, subtraction,
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00:43
multiplication, division,
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κ³±ν•˜κΈ°, λ‚˜λˆ„κΈ°
00:45
fractions, percent, geometry, algebra -- all that stuff.
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λΆ„μˆ˜, λ°±λΆ„μœ¨, κΈ°ν•˜ν•™, λŒ€μˆ˜ν•™ λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
But actually, I want to talk about the essence of mathematics as well.
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00:53
And my claim is that mathematics has to do with patterns.
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μ œκ°€ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ€ νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό 관련이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
제 뒀에 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ³΄μ΄μ‹œμ£ .
00:57
Behind me, you see a beautiful pattern,
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00:59
and this pattern actually emerges just from drawing circles
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이 νŒ¨ν„΄μ€ 사싀 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
01:03
in a very particular way.
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원을 κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
So my day-to-day definition of mathematics that I use every day
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μΌμƒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ μ •μ˜λŠ”
01:10
is the following:
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
첫째, νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
First of all, it's about finding patterns.
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"νŒ¨ν„΄"이라 함은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” 것을 μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ΄€κ³„λ‚˜ ꡬ쑰
01:16
And by "pattern," I mean a connection, a structure, some regularity,
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01:21
some rules that govern what we see.
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μΌμ •ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ
01:24
Second of all,
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01:25
I think it is about representing these patterns with a language.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ€ 이 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
We make up language if we don't have it,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§ˆλ•…ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ μ—†μœΌλ©΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ£ .
01:31
and in mathematics, this is essential.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” 이게 ν•„μˆ˜μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μˆ˜ν•™μ€ λ˜ν•œ 가정을 ν•˜κ³ 
01:35
It's also about making assumptions
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01:36
and playing around with these assumptions and just seeing what happens.
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이 가정듀을 가지고 λ†€λ©΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
We're going to do that very soon.
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ 곧 ν•΄λ³Ό κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:42
And finally, it's about doing cool stuff.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν•™μ€ 멋진 일을 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
Mathematics enables us to do so many things.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ€ λ§Žμ€ 일을 ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
So let's have a look at these patterns.
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이제 이 νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ ν•œ 번 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:52
If you want to tie a tie knot,
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λ„₯타이λ₯Ό 맬 λ•Œλ„
νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
there are patterns.
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01:56
Tie knots have names.
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각 λ§€λ“­μ—λŠ” 이름이 있죠.
01:58
And you can also do the mathematics of tie knots.
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λ„₯타이 λ§€λ“­μœΌλ‘œλ„ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
This is a left-out, right-in, center-out and tie.
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이건 μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λΉΌκ³  였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ„£μ–΄μ„œ μ€‘κ°„μœΌλ‘œ λΊ€ λ„₯타이 맀듭이고
이건 μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ„£κ³  였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λΊ€ λ’€ μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ„£μ–΄ μ€‘κ°„μœΌλ‘œ λΉΌλŠ” 맀듭이죠.
02:04
This is a left-in, right-out, left-in, center-out and tie.
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이것은 λ„₯타이 맀듭 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  μ–Έμ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
This is a language we made up for the patterns of tie knots,
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02:12
and a half-Windsor is all that.
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ν•˜ν”„ μœˆμ € 맀듭은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„λ˜κ² μ£ .
02:15
This is a mathematics book about tying shoelaces
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이건 μ‹ λ°œλˆ λ¬ΆλŠ” 것에 κ΄€ν•œ λŒ€ν•™κ΅ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜
02:18
at the university level,
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μˆ˜ν•™μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
because there are patterns in shoelaces.
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μ‹ λ°œλˆμ—λ„ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
You can do it in so many different ways.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 묢을 수 있고
02:23
We can analyze it.
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뢄석할 수 있고
그에 λ§žλŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
We can make up languages for it.
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02:28
And representations are all over mathematics.
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그리고 κΈ°ν˜Έκ°€ μˆ˜ν•™ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ£ .
02:31
This is Leibniz's notation from 1675.
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이건 1675년에 λΌμ΄ν”„λ‹ˆμΈ κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ κΈ°ν˜Έλ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
He invented a language for patterns in nature.
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λΌμ΄ν”„λ‹ˆμΈ λŠ” μžμ—°μ— μžˆλŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ κΈ°μˆ ν•˜λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 발λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
When we throw something up in the air,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무언가λ₯Ό 곡쀑에 λ˜μ§€λ©΄
02:41
it falls down.
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μ•„λž˜λ‘œ 떨어지죠.
02:42
Why?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
02:43
We're not sure, but we can represent this with mathematics in a pattern.
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μž˜μ€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ 이걸 μˆ˜ν•™μ  νŒ¨ν„΄μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
This is also a pattern.
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이것 λ˜ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄κ³ 
02:49
This is also an invented language.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ–Έμ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Can you guess for what?
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무엇인지 μ•„μ‹œκ² λ‚˜μš”?
02:55
It is actually a notation system for dancing, for tap dancing.
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이건 νƒ­λŒ„μŠ€μ˜ ν‘œκΈ° μ²΄κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
That enables him as a choreographer to do cool stuff, to do new things,
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이걸둜 μ•ˆλ¬΄κ°€λŠ” λ©‹μžˆκ³  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ™μž‘μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
because he has represented it.
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κ·Έκ±Έ 기호둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:07
I want you to think about how amazing representing something actually is.
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무언가λ₯Ό 기호둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 게 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 멋진 일인지 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:12
Here it says the word "mathematics."
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μ—¬κΈ° "μˆ˜ν•™"이라고 μ ν˜€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
But actually, they're just dots, right?
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그런데 사싀은 κ·Έλƒ₯ 점듀이죠.
03:18
So how in the world can these dots represent the word?
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그럼 λŒ€μ²΄ 이 점듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 단어λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
03:21
Well, they do.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
They represent the word "mathematics,"
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"μˆ˜ν•™"μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
and these symbols also represent that word
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그리고 이 κΈ°ν˜Έλ“€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 듀을 수 μžˆλŠ”
03:27
and this we can listen to.
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단어λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
It sounds like this.
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이런 μ†Œλ¦¬λ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ£ .
03:30
(Beeps)
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(삐 μ†Œλ¦¬)
03:32
Somehow these sounds represent the word and the concept.
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이런 μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€λ‘œ 단어와 κ°œλ…μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
How does this happen?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
03:37
There's something amazing going on about representing stuff.
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무언가λ₯Ό 기호둜 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ—λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ 점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
So I want to talk about that magic that happens
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–€ 것을 기호둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ
03:47
when we actually represent something.
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μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λ§ˆλ²•μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Here you see just lines with different widths.
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여기에 λ„ˆλΉ„κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 선듀이 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
They stand for numbers for a particular book.
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이것듀은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ„œμ μ— λΆ€μ—¬λœ 번호λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
03:55
And I can actually recommend this book, it's a very nice book.
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μ €λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 책을 μΆ”μ²œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 μ±…μ΄μ—μš”.
03:58
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:59
Just trust me.
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μ €λ₯Ό λ―Ώμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:01
OK, so let's just do an experiment,
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그럼 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•΄ 보죠.
04:03
just to play around with some straight lines.
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직선 λͺ‡ 개λ₯Ό 가지고 λ…ΈλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것은 μ§μ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
This is a straight line.
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04:07
Let's make another one.
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ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ£ .
04:08
So every time we move, we move one down and one across,
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맀번 그릴 λ•Œ λ§ˆλ‹€ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ ν•œ 번, 그리고 μ˜†μœΌλ‘œλ„ ν•œ 번 μ›€μ§μ—¬μ„œ
04:11
and we draw a new straight line, right?
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 선을 κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”, μ•Œκ² μ£ ?
04:13
We do this over and over and over,
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이 μž‘μ—…μ„ 계속 λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ
04:16
and we look for patterns.
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νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:17
So this pattern emerges,
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그러면 이런 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
and it's a rather nice pattern.
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κ½€ κ·ΈλŸ΄λ“―ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄λ„€μš”.
04:22
It looks like a curve, right?
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κ³‘μ„ μ²˜λŸΌ 보이지 μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 직선을 그리기만 ν–ˆλŠ”λ°λ„ 말이죠.
04:24
Just from drawing simple, straight lines.
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04:27
Now I can change my perspective a little bit. I can rotate it.
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—” 관점을 λ°”κΏ”λ³΄λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. νšŒμ „μ‹œμΌœ λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
Have a look at the curve.
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이 곑선을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:32
What does it look like?
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λ¬΄μ—‡μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λ‚˜μš”?
04:33
Is it a part of a circle?
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μ›μ˜ μΌλΆ€λΆ„μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:35
It's actually not a part of a circle.
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사싀 μ›μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
04:37
So I have to continue my investigation and look for the true pattern.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 탐색을 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ˜ 싀체을 찾아봐야겠죠.
04:41
Perhaps if I copy it and make some art?
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이것을 μ—¬λŸ¬ 개 λ³΅μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄ 예술 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:45
Well, no.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 아닐 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
04:46
Perhaps I should extend the lines like this,
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선듀을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ—°μž₯ν•΄μ„œ
νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
04:49
and look for the pattern there.
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04:50
Let's make more lines.
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선을 더 κ·Έλ € λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
μ΄λ ‡κ²Œμš”.
04:52
We do this.
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04:53
And then let's zoom out and change our perspective again.
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그리고 사진을 μΆ•μ†Œν•΄μ„œ 관점을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ°”κΏ”λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
04:57
Then we can actually see that what started out as just straight lines
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직선 λͺ‡ 개둜 μ‹œμž‘λœ 것이
05:01
is actually a curve called a parabola.
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"포물선"μ΄λΌλŠ” κ³‘μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ£ .
05:03
This is represented by a simple equation,
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이것은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μˆ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„λ˜λŠ”
μ•„μ£Ό μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ νŒ¨ν„΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
and it's a beautiful pattern.
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05:09
So this is the stuff that we do.
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—μš”.
05:11
We find patterns, and we represent them.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°Ύκ³ , 그것을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜μ£ .
05:13
And I think this is a nice day-to-day definition.
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이게 μ•„μ£Ό λ©‹μžˆλŠ” 일상적인 ν‘œν˜„μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
But today I want to go a little bit deeper,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λŠ˜μ€ 더 깊이 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
05:18
and think about what the nature of this is.
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μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보고 μ‹Άμ–΄μš”.
05:22
What makes it possible?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
05:24
There's one thing that's a little bit deeper,
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μ’€ 더 κΉŠμ΄μžˆλŠ” ν•œ 가지가 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
05:26
and that has to do with the ability to change your perspective.
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그것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 관점을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
05:30
And I claim that when you change your perspective,
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05:32
and if you take another point of view,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 바라본닀면
05:35
you learn something new about what you are watching
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κ³  μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  λ“£λŠ” 것듀을
05:39
or looking at or hearing.
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μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
And I think this is a really important thing that we do all the time.
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 우리 μΌμƒμ—μ„œ 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄이라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
05:45
So let's just look at this simple equation,
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그럼 이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μˆ˜μ‹μ„ ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
05:49
x + x = 2 β€’ x.
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x + x = 2 β€’ x
05:52
This is a very nice pattern, and it's true,
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정말 멋진 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄μ£ . μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
because 5 + 5 = 2 β€’ 5, etc.
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5 + 5 = 2 β€’ 5 λ‚˜ κ·Έ 외에도 μ„±λ¦½ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:57
We've seen this over and over, and we represent it like this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 자주 보아 μ™”κ³  μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
But think about it: this is an equation.
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그런데 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 이것은 λ“±μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–€ 것이 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것과 κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 의미죠.
06:03
It says that something is equal to something else,
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06:05
and that's two different perspectives.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” 두 가지 관점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
One perspective is, it's a sum.
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ν•œ 가지 관점은 ν•©κ³„λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
06:09
It's something you plus together.
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무언가λ₯Ό μ„œλ‘œ λ”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
On the other hand, it's a multiplication,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ 이것은 κ³±μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 두 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
06:14
and those are two different perspectives.
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λͺ¨λ“  등식이 이런 식이라고 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
And I would go as far as to say that every equation is like this,
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06:20
every mathematical equation where you use that equality sign
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ“±ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ 등식은
사싀 λΉ„μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
is actually a metaphor.
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06:26
It's an analogy between two things.
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두 가지 사물 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λΉ„μœ μ΄μ£ .
06:28
You're just viewing something and taking two different points of view,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 단지 μ–΄λ–€ 것을 보고 두 가지 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점을 μ·¨ν•˜λ©°
06:32
and you're expressing that in a language.
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이것을 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
Have a look at this equation.
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이 등식을 ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:36
This is one of the most beautiful equations.
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이것은 κ°€μž₯ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 등식 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
It simply says that, well,
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 의미죠.
06:41
two things, they're both -1.
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두 가지 λͺ¨λ‘ -1μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
06:44
This thing on the left-hand side is -1, and the other one is.
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μ’Œλ³€μ΄ -1이고 λ°˜λŒ€μͺ½λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ .
06:47
And that, I think, is one of the essential parts
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이렇듯 μˆ˜ν•™μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점을 κ°–λŠ” 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
of mathematics -- you take different points of view.
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06:52
So let's just play around.
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그럼 이제 λ†€μ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:53
Let's take a number.
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숫자λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ κ³ λ₯Όκ²Œμš”.
06:55
We know four-thirds. We know what four-thirds is.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 4/3을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 4/3이 μ–Όλ§ˆμΈμ§€ μ•Œμ£ .
1.333μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 끝에 3개의 점을 두어야 ν•˜μ£ .
06:58
It's 1.333, but we have to have those three dots,
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07:01
otherwise it's not exactly four-thirds.
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그렇지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μ •ν™•ν•œ 4/3이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
But this is only in base 10.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 10진법일 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
You know, the number system, we use 10 digits.
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 10진법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ 두 개의 숫자만 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
07:08
If we change that around and only use two digits,
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07:10
that's called the binary system.
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이것은 이진법이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
It's written like this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 쓰이죠.
07:13
So we're now talking about the number.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 숫자둜 λŒμ•„κ°€λ³΄μ£ .
07:15
The number is four-thirds.
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μˆ«μžλŠ” 4/3μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
We can write it like this,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œλ„ μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
and we can change the base, change the number of digits,
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진법을 λ°”κΏ€ μˆ˜λ„ 있고, 숫자의 개수λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
and we can write it differently.
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이것을 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 숫자λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
So these are all representations of the same number.
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07:28
We can even write it simply, like 1.3 or 1.6.
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1.3μ΄λ‚˜ 1.6처럼 더 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:31
It all depends on how many digits you have.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μžλ¦Ώμˆ˜μ— 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
Or perhaps we just simplify and write it like this.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이것을 λ‹¨μˆœν™”μ‹œμΌœ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
07:37
I like this one, because this says four divided by three.
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μ €λŠ” 이게 μ’‹μ•„μš”. 4 λ‚˜λˆ„κΈ° 3이라고 λ§ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
그리고 이 μˆ«μžλŠ” 두 숫자 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:41
And this number expresses a relation between two numbers.
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07:44
You have four on the one hand and three on the other.
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ν•œ μͺ½μ€ 4λ₯Ό 가지고 있고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ€ 3을 가지고 있죠.
07:47
And you can visualize this in many ways.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œκ°ν™” ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
What I'm doing now is viewing that number from different perspectives.
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μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 숫자λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
07:53
I'm playing around.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œ λ…ΈλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:54
I'm playing around with how we view something,
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사물을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³Ό 것인가 λŒ€ν•œ 놀이이고
μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
and I'm doing it very deliberately.
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07:58
We can take a grid.
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κ²©μžνŒμ„ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
κ°€λ‘œλ‘œ 4μΉΈ, μ„Έλ‘œλ‘œ 3칸을 κ°€κ²Œ 되면 이 선은 항상 5κ°€ 되죠.
08:00
If it's four across and three up, this line equals five, always.
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08:04
It has to be like this. This is a beautiful pattern.
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것도 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄μ£ .
08:07
Four and three and five.
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4와 3κ³Ό 5.
그리고 4κ³±ν•˜κΈ° 3인 이 μ§μ‚¬κ°ν˜•.
08:09
And this rectangle, which is 4 x 3,
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08:11
you've seen a lot of times.
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자주 보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
This is your average computer screen.
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일반적인 컴퓨터 ν™”λ©΄ 크기죠.
08:15
800 x 600 or 1,600 x 1,200
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800 x 600 ν˜Ήμ€ 1,600 x 1,200
08:18
is a television or a computer screen.
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이것은 ν…”λ ˆλΉ„μ „μ΄λ‚˜ 컴퓨터 ν™”λ©΄μ˜ ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
So these are all nice representations,
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이듀도 κ½€ 멋진 ν‘œκΈ°λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
but I want to go a little bit further and just play more with this number.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 쑰금 더 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ 이 숫자λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 가지고 λ†€λ €κ³ ν•΄μš”.
08:27
Here you see two circles. I'm going to rotate them like this.
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μ—¬κΈ° 두 개의 원이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것듀을 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚¬ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
μ™Όμͺ½ 상단에 μžˆλŠ” 것을 ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:31
Observe the upper-left one.
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08:32
It goes a little bit faster, right?
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μ’€ 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 돌죠, κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
λ³΄μ΄μ‹œμ£ .
08:35
You can see this.
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08:36
It actually goes exactly four-thirds as fast.
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이것은 μ •ν™•νžˆ 4/3의 μ†λ„λ‘œ 돌고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
That means that when it goes around four times,
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이것은 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 4번 돌 λ•Œ
λ‹€λ₯Έ 것은 3번 λˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
the other one goes around three times.
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이제 두 개의 선을 κ·Έλ €λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€. 그리고 선듀이 λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” 곳에 점을 κ·Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
Now let's make two lines, and draw this dot where the lines meet.
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08:47
We get this dot dancing around.
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점이 이리저리 좀을 μΆ”μ£ .
08:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:50
And this dot comes from that number.
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그리고 이 점은 λ°”λ‘œ μ € μˆ«μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
Right? Now we should trace it.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 이제 이걸 따라가보죠.
08:55
Let's trace it and see what happens.
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이 점을 따라가면 μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:57
This is what mathematics is all about.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μˆ˜ν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
It's about seeing what happens.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ€ ν˜„μƒμ„ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 이것은 4/3μ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ«μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
And this emerges from four-thirds.
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이게 4/3의 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄λΌκ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άλ„€μš”.
09:04
I like to say that this is the image of four-thirds.
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09:07
It's much nicer -- (Cheers)
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훨씬 멋지죠. (ν™˜ν˜Έ)
09:08
Thank you!
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€!
09:09
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:16
This is not new.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
This has been known for a long time, but --
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이미 μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있던 κ±°μ£ . ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ..
09:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:21
But this is four-thirds.
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이것이 4/3μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 해보죠.
09:23
Let's do another experiment.
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09:24
Let's now take a sound, this sound: (Beep)
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이 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 이 μ†Œλ¦¬μš”. (삐- μ†Œλ¦¬)
09:28
This is a perfect A, 440Hz.
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이것은 μ •ν™•ν•œ '라'μŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 440 Hz의 주파수 음이죠.
09:31
Let's multiply it by two.
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여기에 2λ₯Ό κ³±ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
09:33
We get this sound. (Beep)
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그러면 이 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ 되죠. (μ‚‘- μ†Œλ¦¬)
09:34
When we play them together, it sounds like this.
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이 λ‘˜μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ μ—°μ£Όν•˜λ©΄ 이런 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
This is an octave, right?
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ν•œ μ˜₯νƒ€λΈŒ 차이죠. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
09:38
We can do this game. We can play a sound, play the same A.
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κ²Œμž„λ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—°μ£Όν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”. 같은 '라'μŒμ„ μ—°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:41
We can multiply it by three-halves.
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2λΆ„μ˜ 3을 κ³±ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
(Beep)
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(μ‚‘- μ†Œλ¦¬)
09:44
This is what we call a perfect fifth.
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이게 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ™„μ „ 5λ„μŒμ΄λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μŒμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
(Beep)
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(μ‚‘- μ†Œλ¦¬)
09:47
They sound really nice together.
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정말 멋진 μ†Œλ¦¬μ£ .
09:49
Let's multiply this sound by four-thirds. (Beep)
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이 μ†Œλ¦¬μ— 4/3λ₯Ό κ³±ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.(μ‚‘)
09:53
What happens?
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ£ ?
09:55
You get this sound. (Beep)
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이런 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ²Œ 되죠. (μ‚‘)
09:57
This is the perfect fourth.
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이것은 μ™„μ „ 4λ„μŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
If the first one is an A, this is a D.
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§Έκ°€ '라'μŒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ 이것은 '레'μŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
They sound like this together. (Beeps)
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λ™μ‹œμ— λ“€μœΌλ©΄ 이런 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 되죠. (μ‚‘- μ†Œλ¦¬)
10:02
This is the sound of four-thirds.
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이것이 4/3의 μ†Œλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
What I'm doing now, I'm changing my perspective.
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μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것은 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
I'm just viewing a number from another perspective.
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단지 숫자λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
I can even do this with rhythms, right?
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심지어 리듬을 μ—°μ£Όν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
I can take a rhythm and play three beats at one time (Drumbeats)
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리듬을 λ”ν•˜κ³  ν•œ λ²ˆμ— μ„Έ 개의 λΉ„νŠΈλ‘œ 연주해보죠. (λ“œλŸΌμ†Œλ¦¬)
10:16
in a period of time,
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μΌμ •ν•œ κ°„κ²©μœΌλ‘œμš”.
여기에 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 같은 κ°„κ²©μœΌλ‘œ 4번 더 μ—°μ£Όν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
and I can play another sound four times in that same space.
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10:22
(Clanking sounds)
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(탁탁 μ†Œλ¦¬)
10:23
Sounds kind of boring, but listen to them together.
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μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μ’€ μ§€λ£¨ν•˜λ„€μš”. κ·Έλž˜λ„ ν•¨κ»˜ 듀어보죠.
10:25
(Drumbeats and clanking sounds)
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(λ“œλŸΌ μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ 탁탁 μ†Œλ¦¬)
10:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
헀이!
10:30
Hey! So.
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10:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:33
I can even make a little hi-hat.
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ν•˜μ΄ν–‡ μ†Œλ¦¬λ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
(Drumbeats and cymbals)
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(λ“œλŸΌ μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ ν•˜μ΄ν–‡ μ†Œλ¦¬)
10:37
Can you hear this?
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λ“€λ¦¬μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
10:38
So, this is the sound of four-thirds.
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그러면 이것도 4/3의 μ†Œλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
Again, this is as a rhythm.
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여기에 리듬이 또 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
(Drumbeats and cowbell)
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(λ“œλŸΌ μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ 카우벨 μ†Œλ¦¬)
10:44
And I can keep doing this and play games with this number.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 계속 이 숫자λ₯Ό 가지고 놀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
Four-thirds is a really great number. I love four-thirds!
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4/3은 정말 ꡉμž₯ν•œ μˆ«μžμ—μš”. μ €λŠ” 4/3을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€!
(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:50
(Laughter)
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10:51
Truly -- it's an undervalued number.
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μ •λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ³Όμ†Œ ν‰κ°€λœ μˆ«μžμ—μš”.
10:53
So if you take a sphere and look at the volume of the sphere,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ 가지고 κ·Έ ꡬ의 λΆ€ν”Όλ₯Ό 보게 λ˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
10:56
it's actually four-thirds of some particular cylinder.
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 원기λ‘₯에 μžˆλŠ” 4/3μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
So four-thirds is in the sphere. It's the volume of the sphere.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 4/3은 κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이건 ꡬ의 λΆ€ν”Όμ—μš”.
11:03
OK, so why am I doing all this?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ œκ°€ μ™œ 이런 κ±Έ ν• κΉŒμš”?
11:05
Well, I want to talk about what it means to understand something
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μ €λŠ” λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ μ˜λ―Έμ™€
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΈμ§€λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
and what we mean by understanding something.
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11:11
That's my aim here.
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이것이 였늘 κ°•μ—°μ˜ λͺ©μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 가진닀면
11:13
And my claim is that you understand something
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11:15
if you have the ability to view it from different perspectives.
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사물을 이해할 수 있게 λœλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ €μ˜ μ£Όμž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
Let's look at this letter. It's a beautiful R, right?
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이 κΈ€μžλ₯Ό λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ R이죠. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
11:20
How do you know that?
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그런데 κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œμ£ ?
11:22
Well, as a matter of fact, you've seen a bunch of R's,
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사싀 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ R을 λ΄μ˜€μ…¨μ£ .
11:25
and you've generalized
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그리고 이듀 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μΌλ°˜ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
11:27
and abstracted all of these and found a pattern.
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κ΄€λ…ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것이죠.
11:30
So you know that this is an R.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이걸 R이라고 μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
So what I'm aiming for here is saying something
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ œκ°€ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은
11:38
about how understanding and changing your perspective
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방법과 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 방법은
11:41
are linked.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
And I'm a teacher and a lecturer,
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μ €λŠ” ꡐ수이자 κ°•μ—°μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
and I can actually use this to teach something,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이것을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
because when I give someone else another story, a metaphor, an analogy,
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μ œκ°€ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ 이야기, λΉ„μœ , μ€μœ λ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•Œ
11:52
if I tell a story from a different point of view,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄
μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° 쉽기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:55
I enable understanding.
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11:56
I make understanding possible,
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이해λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
because you have to generalize over everything you see and hear,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 보고 λ“£λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 μΌλ°˜ν™”ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
12:01
and if I give you another perspective, that will become easier for you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 관점을 μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ’€ 더 μ‰¬μ›Œμ§€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
Let's do a simple example again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
이것은 4와 3μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 4개의 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄μ£ .
12:08
This is four and three. This is four triangles.
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12:10
So this is also four-thirds, in a way.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ 이것도 μ—­μ‹œ μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 4/3μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
Let's just join them together.
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이것듀을 ν•©μ³λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. 이것을 접을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
Now we're going to play a game; we're going to fold it up
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12:17
into a three-dimensional structure.
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3차원 ꡬ쑰둜 말이죠.
12:19
I love this.
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μ „ 이게 정말 μ’‹μ•„μš”.
12:20
This is a square pyramid.
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이것은 사각 ν”ΌλΌλ―Έλ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
And let's just take two of them and put them together.
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이것 두 개λ₯Ό ν•©μ³λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
12:25
So this is what is called an octahedron.
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이것을 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
It's one of the five platonic solids.
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ν”ŒλΌν†€μ˜ 닀섯가지 μž…μ²΄ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
이제 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 우리의 관점을 λ°”κΏ” λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
Now we can quite literally change our perspective,
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12:33
because we can rotate it around all of the axes
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λͺ¨λ“  좕을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ νšŒμ „ ν•  수 있고
12:36
and view it from different perspectives.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 바라 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
And I can change the axis,
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μ €λŠ” 좕을 λ°”κΏ€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
and then I can view it from another point of view,
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그리고 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
12:42
but it's the same thing, but it looks a little different.
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같은 λ¬Όμ²΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 보이죠.
12:45
I can do it even one more time.
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ν•œλ²ˆ 더 ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
Every time I do this, something else appears,
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맀번 νšŒμ „ ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨μŠ΅λ“€μ΄ μƒκ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
so I'm actually learning more about the object
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그러면 물체에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ’€ 더 배울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
when I change my perspective.
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μ €μ˜ 관점을 λ°”κΏ€ λ•Œ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
12:54
I can use this as a tool for creating understanding.
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이해λ₯Ό μ¦μ§„μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλ„ 이 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš© ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:58
I can take two of these and put them together like this
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이것 두 개λ₯Ό μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•©μ³λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
13:02
and see what happens.
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13:03
And it looks a little bit like the octahedron.
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그러면 μ–΄λŠ 정도 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄μ²˜λŸΌ 보이죠.
13:07
Have a look at it if I spin it around like this.
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μ œκ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 돌리면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
13:09
What happens?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λ‚˜μš”?
두 개λ₯Ό ν•©μΉ˜κ³  돌리면
13:11
Well, if you take two of these, join them together and spin it around,
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13:14
there's your octahedron again,
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λ‹€μ‹œ νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
a beautiful structure.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ κ΅¬μ‘°μ§€μš”.
13:18
If you lay it out flat on the floor,
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이것을 λ°”λ‹₯에 펼쳐 λ†“μœΌλ©΄
13:20
this is the octahedron.
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또 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
This is the graph structure of an octahedron.
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이것은 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄μ˜ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ κ΅¬μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:25
And I can continue doing this.
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이걸 계속 해보죠.
13:27
You can draw three great circles around the octahedron,
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νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄ μ£Όμœ„μ— 큰 원 μ„Έκ°œλ₯Ό κ·Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
and you rotate around,
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그리고 νšŒμ „μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
그러면 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 큰 μ„Έκ°œμ˜ 원도 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄μ™€ 관련이 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
so actually three great circles is related to the octahedron.
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13:37
And if I take a bicycle pump and just pump it up,
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μžμ „κ±° κ³΅κΈ°μ£Όμž…κΈ°λ‘œ 곡기λ₯Ό λ„£μœΌλ©΄
13:41
you can see that this is also a little bit like the octahedron.
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이것도 νŒ”λ©΄μ²΄μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ 보이죠.
13:44
Do you see what I'm doing here?
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μ œκ°€ 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
μ €λŠ” 계속 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
I am changing the perspective every time.
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13:50
So let's now take a step back --
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그러면 이제 ν•œ 걸음 λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬λ‚˜
13:53
and that's actually a metaphor, stepping back --
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이것 μ—­μ‹œ λΉ„μœ μ£ . λ¬ΌλŸ¬λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” 것.
13:56
and have a look at what we're doing.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
13:58
I'm playing around with metaphors.
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λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©° 놀고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:00
I'm playing around with perspectives and analogies.
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μ €λŠ” 관점과 λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό 가지고 놀고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν‘ΈλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:03
I'm telling one story in different ways.
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14:05
I'm telling stories.
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이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
14:06
I'm making a narrative; I'm making several narratives.
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μ €λŠ” μ„€λͺ…을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„€λͺ…을 ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:09
And I think all of these things make understanding possible.
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 이해λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ€€λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
I think this actually is the essence of understanding something.
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 사물을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 본질이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
I truly believe this.
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정말 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ―Ώμ–΄μš”.
14:18
So this thing about changing your perspective --
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이것은 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것과 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
it's absolutely fundamental for humans.
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μ ˆλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈκ°„μ˜ 기본이죠.
14:23
Let's play around with the Earth.
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지ꡬλ₯Ό 가지고 ν•œ 번 λ†€μ•„λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
14:25
Let's zoom into the ocean, have a look at the ocean.
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λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 ν™•λŒ€ν•΄λ³΄μ£ . λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
뭐든지 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
We can do this with anything.
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14:29
We can take the ocean and view it up close.
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λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ—μ„œ λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
We can look at the waves.
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νŒŒλ„λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 있죠.
14:34
We can go to the beach.
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해변에도 갈 수 μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
14:35
We can view the ocean from another perspective.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
Every time we do this, we learn a little bit more about the ocean.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 바닀에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ’€ 더 많이 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
해변에 κ°€λ©΄ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑을 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
14:41
If we go to the shore, we can kind of smell it, right?
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14:43
We can hear the sound of the waves.
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νŒŒλ„ μ†Œλ¦¬λ„ 듀을 수 있죠.
14:45
We can feel salt on our tongues.
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ν˜€λ‘œ μ†ŒκΈˆμ„ 맛볼 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:47
So all of these are different perspectives.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μ „λΆ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
And this is the best one.
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그리고 κ°€μž₯ 멋진 것은
14:51
We can go into the water.
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λ¬Ό μ†μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:53
We can see the water from the inside.
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μ•ˆμͺ½μ—μ„œ 물을 λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
14:55
And you know what?
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μ•Œμ•„μ±„μ…¨λ‚˜μš”?
14:56
This is absolutely essential in mathematics and computer science.
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이것은 μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό 컴퓨터 κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œ μ ˆλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
If you're able to view a structure from the inside,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ•ˆμͺ½μ—μ„œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
15:02
then you really learn something about it.
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그것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 무언가λ₯Ό 배울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:05
That's somehow the essence of something.
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이것이 μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„λŠ” μ‚¬λ¬Όμ˜ 본질이죠.
15:07
So when we do this, and we've taken this journey
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
λ°”λ‹€λ‘œ 여행을 λ– λ‚  λ•Œ
15:11
into the ocean,
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15:12
we use our imagination.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 상상λ ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:14
And I think this is one level deeper,
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 더 높은 단계라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
15:17
and it's actually a requirement for changing your perspective.
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄ κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
15:21
We can do a little game.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
거기에 앉아 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
15:23
You can imagine that you're sitting there.
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μ € μœ„μͺ½μ— 앉아 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. 여기에 앉아 μžˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
15:25
You can imagine that you're up here, and that you're sitting here.
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15:28
You can view yourselves from the outside.
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그럼 λ°–μ—μ„œ μžμ‹ μ„ 바라 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:30
That's really a strange thing.
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정말 μ΄μƒν•œ 일이죠.
15:32
You're changing your perspective.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 관점을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
15:34
You're using your imagination,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 상상λ ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
15:36
and you're viewing yourself from the outside.
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그리고 λ°”κΉ₯μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μžμ‹ μ„ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
상상λ ₯이 κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:39
That requires imagination.
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μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό 컴퓨터 곡학은 μ–΄λ–€ 것보닀 상상λ ₯을 μš”ν•˜λŠ” 예술의 ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:41
Mathematics and computer science are the most imaginative art forms ever.
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15:46
And this thing about changing perspectives
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그리고 관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것과 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ–΄λŠ 정도 μΉœμˆ™ν•˜κ²Œ 듀릴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
should sound a little bit familiar to you,
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15:51
because we do it every day.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀일 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
15:54
And then it's called empathy.
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이것은 곡감이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:56
When I view the world from your perspective,
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 세상을 바라보면
16:00
I have empathy with you.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό κ³΅κ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:02
If I really, truly understand
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μ œκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ
16:04
what the world looks like from your perspective,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³Έ 세상이 어떀지λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
16:07
I am empathetic.
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μ €λŠ” 곡감 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
이것은 상상λ ₯을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:09
That requires imagination.
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16:11
And that is how we obtain understanding.
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그리고 이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:15
And this is all over mathematics and this is all over computer science,
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이것은 μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό 컴퓨터 κ³΅ν•™μ˜ μ „λ°˜μ—μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
and there's a really deep connection between empathy and these sciences.
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곡감과 이런 κ³Όν•™λΆ„μ•Ό μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” 정말 κΉŠμ€ 연관이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:25
So my conclusion is the following:
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그럼 이제 결둠을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
16:29
understanding something really deeply
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λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ •λ§λ‘œ 깊게 μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
관점을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:32
has to do with the ability to change your perspective.
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16:35
So my advice to you is: try to change your perspective.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 쑰언을 λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄ 관점을 바꾸도둝 λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
16:39
You can study mathematics.
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μˆ˜ν•™μ„ κ³΅λΆ€ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ‹¨λ ¨μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 정말 쒋은 λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
It's a wonderful way to train your brain.
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16:44
Changing your perspective makes your mind more flexible.
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관점을 λ°”κΎΌλ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ§ˆμŒμ„ μ’€ 더 μœ΅ν†΅μ„±μžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:48
It makes you open to new things,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세상을 μ—΄μ–΄μ£Όκ³ 
16:50
and it makes you able to understand things.
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사물을 이해할 수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
16:53
And to use yet another metaphor:
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μžλ©΄
16:55
have a mind like water.
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λ¬Ό 같은 λ§ˆμŒμ„ κ°€μ Έλ³΄μ„Έμš”.
16:56
That's nice.
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정말 λ©‹μ§ˆ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
16:57
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
16:59
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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