James Watson: How we discovered DNA

286,088 views ・ 2007-05-16

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seah Kang κ²€ν† : Jun Ha Park
00:25
Well, I thought there would be a podium, so I'm a bit scared.
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단상이 μžˆμ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°, μ§€κΈˆ 쑰금 λ‘λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:31
Chris asked me to tell again how we found the structure of DNA.
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ μ €μ—κ²Œ DNA ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°ν˜€λƒˆλŠ”μ§€ λ§ν•˜λΌκ³  ν–ˆκ³ 
00:34
And since, you know, I follow his orders, I'll do it.
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μ €λŠ” 그의 μ§€μ‹œλ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ£ .
00:37
But it slightly bores me.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 살짝 μ§€λ£¨ν•˜λ„€μš”.
00:39
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:41
And, you know, I wrote a book. So I'll say something --
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ €λŠ” 책도 μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:48
-- I'll say a little about, you know, how the discovery was made,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 뭐, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ²Œ λλŠ”μ§€, 그리고 ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€μ™€ μ œκ°€ μ™œ 찾게 λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€
00:51
and why Francis and I found it.
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쑰금 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜μ£ .
00:53
And then, I hope maybe I have at least five minutes to say
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그리고 적어도 5λΆ„ μ •λ„λŠ” μ œκ°€ μš”μ¦˜ 무엇을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
00:57
what makes me tick now.
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말씀 λ“œλ¦΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² λ„€μš”.
01:01
In back of me is a picture of me when I was 17.
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μ—¬κΈ° 뒀에 μ œκ°€ 17μ‚΄ λ•Œμ˜ 사진이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
I was at the University of Chicago, in my third year,
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μ €λŠ” μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  λŒ€ν•™κ΅ 3학년에 μž¬ν•™ μ€‘μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
01:09
and I was in my third year because the University of Chicago
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μ œκ°€ 3ν•™λ…„ μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ” μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ”
01:15
let you in after two years of high school.
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고등학ꡐ 2λ…„λ§Œ 마치면 μž…ν•™μ„ ν—ˆλ½ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:17
So you -- it was fun to get away from high school -- (Laughter) --
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κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것은 맀우 μ‹ λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
because I was very small, and I was no good in sports,
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μ €λŠ” 맀우 μž‘μ•„μ„œ μš΄λ™μ΄λ‚˜, 뭐 그런 것듀을
01:26
or anything like that.
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잘 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
01:27
But I should say that my background -- my father was, you know,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ μžλž€ ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄, μ €μ˜ μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ”
01:33
raised to be an Episcopalian and Republican,
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감독ꡐ μ‹ λ„μ΄μž κ³΅ν™”μ£Όμ˜μžλ‘œ μžλΌμ…¨μ§€λ§Œ
01:35
but after one year of college, he became an atheist and a Democrat.
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λŒ€ν•™ 1λ…„ ν›„, λ¬΄μ‹ λ‘ μžμ΄μž λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μžκ°€ λ˜μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:43
And my mother was Irish Catholic,
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μ €μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μ•„μΌλžœλ“œ κ°€ν†‘λ¦­κ΅λ„μ…¨μ§€λ§Œ
01:45
and -- but she didn't take religion too seriously.
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쒅ꡐλ₯Ό κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμœΌμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
And by the age of 11, I was no longer going to Sunday Mass,
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μ œκ°€ 11μ‚΄ λ•Œ, μ €λŠ” 더 이상 μΌμš” 미사에 가지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
01:54
and going on birdwatching walks with my father.
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λŒ€μ‹  아버지와 μ‚°μ±…ν•˜λ©° μƒˆλ“€μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
So early on, I heard of Charles Darwin.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 일찍이 μ €λŠ” 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
I guess, you know, he was the big hero.
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뭐, κ·ΈλŠ” μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ˜μ›…κ°™μ€ μ‘΄μž¬μ˜€λ‚˜ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
And, you know, you understand life as it now exists through evolution.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ 생λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•΄ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 방식이 진화둠을 톡해 κ°€λŠ₯해지기도 ν–ˆμ£ .
02:11
And at the University of Chicago I was a zoology major,
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μ €λŠ” μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 동물학 μ „κ³΅μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
and thought I would end up, you know, if I was bright enough,
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그리고 μ œκ°€ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄ ꢁ극적으둜
02:18
maybe getting a Ph.D. from Cornell in ornithology.
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μ½”λ„¬λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ‘°λ₯˜ν•™ λ°•μ‚¬ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό λ”°κ²Œ 될 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Then, in the Chicago paper, there was a review of a book
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κ·Έ ν›„, μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  μ‹ λ¬Έμ—μ„œ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ μŠˆλ’°λ”©κ±°κ°€ μ“΄ "생λͺ…μ΄λž€ 무엇인가"
02:29
called "What is Life?" by the great physicist, Schrodinger.
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λΌλŠ” μ±…μ˜ 평둠을 읽게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
And that, of course, had been a question I wanted to know.
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그리고 이 λ˜ν•œ μ œκ°€ 맀우 μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
You know, Darwin explained life after it got started,
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λ‹€μœˆμ€ 생λͺ…이 νƒ„μƒν•œ 이후에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:39
but what was the essence of life?
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생λͺ…μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
02:41
And Schrodinger said the essence was information
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μŠˆλ’°λ”©κ±°λŠ” κ·Έ 본질이 우리 염색체에 μžˆλŠ”
02:45
present in our chromosomes, and it had to be present
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정보라고 ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ΄λŠ” λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
on a molecule. I'd never really thought of molecules before.
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μ €λŠ” 이전에 λΆ„μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 생각해 λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
02:55
You know chromosomes, but this was a molecule,
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μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λŠ” μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ, 이것은 λΆ„μžμ˜€κ³ 
02:59
and somehow all the information was probably present
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œλ“  λͺ¨λ“  정보가 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 디지털 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
in some digital form. And there was the big question
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그리고 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
03:06
of, how did you copy the information?
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이 정보λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΅μ‚¬ν•˜λŠλƒλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
So that was the book. And so, from that moment on,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그게 μ±…μ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ΄μ—ˆκ³ , κ·Έ μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
03:13
I wanted to be a geneticist --
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μ €λŠ” μœ μ „ν•™μžκ°€ 되고 μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
understand the gene and, through that, understand life.
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό 톡해 생λͺ…을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμ£ .
03:20
So I had, you know, a hero at a distance.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ˜μ›…κ³Ό μ•½κ°„μ˜ 거리가 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:25
It wasn't a baseball player; it was Linus Pauling.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 야ꡬ μ„ μˆ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ, λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ ν΄λ§μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
And so I applied to Caltech and they turned me down.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 칼텍에 μ§€μ›ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ €λ₯Ό λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:35
So I went to Indiana,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μΈλ””μ•„λ‚˜λŒ€μ— κ°”κ³ 
03:36
which was actually as good as Caltech in genetics,
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이 곳은 μœ μ „ν•™μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μΉΌν…λ§ŒνΌ 쒋은 κ³³μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:39
and besides, they had a really good basketball team. (Laughter)
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ λ†κ΅¬νŒ€λ„ 맀우 ν›Œλ₯­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
So I had a really quite happy life at Indiana.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μΈλ””μ•„λ‚˜μ—μ„œ κ½€ ν–‰λ³΅ν•œ 삢을 μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
And it was at Indiana I got the impression
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그리고 μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ DNA일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
03:49
that, you know, the gene was likely to be DNA.
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생각을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
And so when I got my Ph.D., I should go and search for DNA.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λ°•μ‚¬ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ DNA에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμ£ .
03:55
So I first went to Copenhagen because I thought, well,
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μ²˜μŒμ— μ½”νŽœν•˜κ²μœΌλ‘œ κ°”κ³ 
04:01
maybe I could become a biochemist,
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μ œκ°€ μƒν™”ν•™μžκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
but I discovered biochemistry was very boring.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생화학은 μ €μ—κ²Œ 맀우 μ§€λ£¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
It wasn't going anywhere toward, you know, saying what the gene was;
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μœ μ „μžκ°€ 무엇인지에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ „ν˜€ κ·Όμ ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
it was just nuclear science. And oh, that's the book, little book.
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κ·Έμ € ν•΅κ³Όν•™μ΄μ—ˆμ£ . μ•„, μ €κ²Œ κ·Έ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ € μž‘μ€κ±°μš”.
04:13
You can read it in about two hours.
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두 μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ©΄ 읽을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
And -- but then I went to a meeting in Italy.
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그리고 λ‚˜μ„œ μ΄νƒœλ¦¬μ—μ„œ ν•œ νšŒμ˜μ— μ°Έμ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
And there was an unexpected speaker who wasn't on the program,
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그리고 κ³„νšν‘œμ— μ˜ˆμ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ μ—°μ„€μžκ°€
04:24
and he talked about DNA.
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DNA에 λŒ€ν•œ 강연을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
And this was Maurice Wilkins. He was trained as a physicist,
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κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ¨λ¦¬μŠ€ μœŒν‚¨μŠ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ‘œ μžλΌμ„œ
04:29
and after the war he wanted to do biophysics, and he picked DNA
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μ „μŸ ν›„μ—λŠ” 생물 물리학을 ν•˜κΈΈ μ›ν–ˆκ³  DNAλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:33
because DNA had been determined at the Rockefeller Institute
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둝펠러 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ DNAκ°€ μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 염색체에 μžˆλŠ”
04:36
to possibly be the genetic molecules on the chromosomes.
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μœ μ „μ  λΆ„μžμΌ 것이라 κ²°μ •ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Most people believed it was proteins.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄λΌ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
04:41
But Wilkins, you know, thought DNA was the best bet,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœŒν‚¨μŠ€λŠ” DNAκ°€ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄λΌ μƒκ°ν–ˆκ³ 
04:45
and he showed this x-ray photograph.
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이 μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 사진을 보여쀬죠.
04:49
Sort of crystalline. So DNA had a structure,
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결정체 같은 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ³  DNAκ°€ κ·Έ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
even though it owed it to probably different molecules
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μ΄λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ…령듀을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
04:56
carrying different sets of instructions.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μžμ— μ˜ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ² μ§€λ§Œμš”.
04:58
So there was something universal about the DNA molecule.
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DNAλΆ„μžμ—λŠ” λ³΄νŽΈμ„± κ°™μ€κ²Œ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:00
So I wanted to work with him, but he didn't want a former birdwatcher,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 그와 일을 ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ·ΈλŠ” 전직 μ‘°λ₯˜κ΄€μ°°μžλŠ” μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
and I ended up in Cambridge, England.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” κ²°κ΅­ 영ꡭ μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— κ°€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
So I went to Cambridge,
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μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— κ°„ 것은
05:08
because it was really the best place in the world then
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 결정학을 μœ„ν•œ κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 μž₯μ†Œμ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
05:11
for x-ray crystallography. And x-ray crystallography is now a subject
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ κ²°μ •ν•™μ΄λž€ κ³Όλͺ©μ΄
05:15
in, you know, chemistry departments.
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화학과에 μ†ν•΄μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:17
I mean, in those days it was the domain of the physicists.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œλ§Œ 해도 μ΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
So the best place for x-ray crystallography
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 결정학을 μœ„ν•œ 졜고의 μž₯μ†ŒλŠ”
05:24
was at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge.
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μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— μžˆλŠ” μΊλ²ˆλ””μ‹œ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
05:27
And there I met Francis Crick.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ €λŠ” ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€ 크릭을 λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
I went there without knowing him. He was 35. I was 23.
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κ·Έ 곳에 κ°€κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” κ·Έλ₯Ό λͺ°λžμ—ˆκ³  κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œ 35μ„Έ, μ €λŠ” 23μ„Έ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
And within a day, we had decided that
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그리고 ν•˜λ£¨λ§Œμ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ” DNAꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°ν˜€λ‚Ό
05:41
maybe we could take a shortcut to finding the structure of DNA.
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지름길을 찾을 수 μžˆμ„ 것이라 κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Not solve it like, you know, in rigorous fashion, but build a model,
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μ—„κ²©ν•˜κ³  μ •λ°€ν•œ 방법이 μ•„λ‹Œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§“λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
an electro-model, using some coordinates of, you know,
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μ „μžλͺ¨ν˜•μ²˜λŸΌ μ’Œν‘œμ˜ 길이 같은 것을
05:56
length, all that sort of stuff from x-ray photographs.
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μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ μ‚¬μ§„μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ–»μ–΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이죠.
05:59
But just ask what the molecule -- how should it fold up?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆ„μžκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ ‘νžκΉŒμš”?
06:02
And the reason for doing so, at the center of this photograph,
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이 μ‚¬μ§„μ˜ μ€‘μ•™μ—λŠ” λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 폴링이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
is Linus Pauling. About six months before, he proposed
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6κ°œμ›” μ „ μ―€ κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ•ŒνŒŒλ‚˜μ„  ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
the alpha helical structure for proteins. And in doing so,
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그리고 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
06:13
he banished the man out on the right,
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그의 였λ₯ΈνŽΈμ— μžˆλŠ” μΊλ²ˆλ””μ‹œ ꡐ수인
06:15
Sir Lawrence Bragg, who was the Cavendish professor.
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둜렌슀 브래그 경을 λ‚΄μ«“κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:18
This is a photograph several years later,
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이 사진은 λͺ‡ 년후에 찍은 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
when Bragg had cause to smile.
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λΈŒλž˜κ·Έκ°€ 웃을 μ΄μœ κ°€ 생겼을 λ•Œμ£ .
06:22
He certainly wasn't smiling when I got there,
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μ œκ°€ κ·Έ 곳에 갔을 λ•Œλ§Œν•΄λ„ κ·ΈλŠ” 웃고 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ 
06:24
because he was somewhat humiliated by Pauling getting the alpha helix,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 폴링이 μ•ŒνŒŒλ‚˜μ„ μ„ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ„ λ•Œ μˆ˜μΉ˜μ‹¬μ„ 느끼고
06:28
and the Cambridge people failing because they weren't chemists.
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그듀은 ν™”ν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:32
And certainly, neither Crick or I were chemists,
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그리고 ν¬λ¦­μ΄λ‚˜ μ € μ—­μ‹œ ν™”ν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€κ³ 
06:37
so we tried to build a model. And he knew, Francis knew Wilkins.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§“κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€λŠ” μœŒν‚¨μŠ€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•˜κ³ 
06:43
So Wilkins said he thought it was the helix.
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μœŒν‚¨μŠ€λŠ” λ‚˜μ„ ν˜•μΌ 것이라 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
X-ray diagram, he thought was comparable with the helix.
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μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ λ„ν˜•μ΄ λ‚˜μ„ ν˜•κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
06:48
So we built a three-stranded model.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„Έ κ°€λ‹₯의 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
The people from London came up.
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λŸ°λ˜μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ™”μ£ .
06:52
Wilkins and this collaborator, or possible collaborator,
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μœŒν‚¨μŠ€μ™€ 그의 ν˜‘λ ₯자둜 μ§μž‘λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμΈ
06:57
Rosalind Franklin, came up and sort of laughed at our model.
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λ‘œμž˜λ¦°λ“œ ν”„λž­ν΄λ¦°μ΄ μ™€μ„œλŠ” 우리의 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λΉ„μ›ƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
They said it was lousy, and it was.
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그듀은 ν—ˆμ ‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆκ³ , 사싀 κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
So we were told to build no more models; we were incompetent.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 더 이상 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓지 말라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무λŠ₯ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:07
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:11
And so we didn't build any models,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 이상 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
07:13
and Francis sort of continued to work on proteins.
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ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
And basically, I did nothing. And -- except read.
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 아무것도 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ±… μ½λŠ” 것 λΉΌκ΅¬μš”.
07:22
You know, basically, reading is a good thing; you get facts.
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뭐, 기본적으둜 μ½λŠ” 것은 맀우 쒋은 일이죠, 사싀듀을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜κ΅¬μš”.
07:25
And we kept telling the people in London
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŸ°λ˜μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ
07:28
that Linus Pauling's going to move on to DNA.
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λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 폴링이 DNA둜 연ꡬλ₯Ό 진행할 것이라 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
If DNA is that important, Linus will know it.
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DNAκ°€ 그만큼 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€λŠ” μ•Œκ²Œ 되겠죠.
07:32
He'll build a model, and then we're going to be scooped.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§“κ²Œ 될 것이고 그러면 우리의 자리λ₯Ό μ±„κ°€κ²Œ 되겠죠.
07:34
And, in fact, he'd written the people in London:
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œλ„ κ·ΈλŠ” λŸ°λ˜μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
07:36
Could he see their x-ray photograph?
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μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 사진을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό 썼닀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
And they had the wisdom to say "no." So he didn't have it.
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그리고 그듀은 μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³  ν• λ§ŒνΌ μ§€ν˜œλ‘œμ› κ³  폴링은 사진을 λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
07:42
But there was ones in the literature.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έν—Œμ—λ„ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
07:44
Actually, Linus didn't look at them that carefully.
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사싀 λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€λŠ” 그것듀을 주의 깊게 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
But about, oh, 15 months after I got to Cambridge,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— λ„μ°©ν•œμ§€ 15κ°œμ›” ν›„ 정도가 λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
07:52
a rumor began to appear from Linus Pauling's son,
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λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 폴링의 μ•„λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ†Œλ¬Έμ΄ 돌기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ 
07:55
who was in Cambridge, that his father was now working on DNA.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— μžˆμ—ˆκ³  그의 아버지가 DNAλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
And so, one day Peter came in and he said he was Peter Pauling,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•˜λ£¨λŠ” ν”Όν„°κ°€ λ“€μ–΄μ™€μ„œλŠ” κ·Έκ°€ ν”Όν„° 폴링이라고 ν–ˆκ³ 
08:03
and he gave me a copy of his father's manuscripts.
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그의 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ μ›κ³ μ˜ 사본을 μ €μ—κ²Œ κ±΄λ„€μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:05
And boy, I was scared because I thought, you know, we may be scooped.
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μ €λŠ” 맀우 λ‘λ €μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 저희λ₯Ό μ•žμ§ˆλ €μ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:11
I have nothing to do, no qualifications for anything.
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μ €λŠ” ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 게 μ—†μ—ˆκ³  μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μžκ²©λ„ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:16
And so there was the paper, and he proposed a three-stranded structure.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ±°κΈ° 눈문이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  κ·ΈλŠ” μ„Έκ°€λ‹₯의 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
And I read it, and it was just -- it was crap.
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μ €λŠ” μ½μ–΄λ³΄μ•˜κ³  그것은 κ·Έμ € ν—ˆνŠΌμ†Œλ¦¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:29
So this was, you know, unexpected from the world's --
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이것은 μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ£ 
08:32
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:34
-- and so, it was held together by hydrogen bonds
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그것은 인산기 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ†Œκ²°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ
08:37
between phosphate groups.
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λͺ¨μ—¬μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
Well, if the peak pH that cells have is around seven,
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자, μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ 졜고 pHκ°€ 7 정도라고 ν•˜λ©΄
08:43
those hydrogen bonds couldn't exist.
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이 μˆ˜μ†Œκ²°ν•©λ“€μ€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
We rushed over to the chemistry department and said,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™”ν•™κ³Όλ‘œ λ‹¬λ €κ°€μ„œ
08:48
"Could Pauling be right?" And Alex Hust said, "No." So we were happy.
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"폴링이 λ§žλŠ”κ±΄κ°€μš”?" 라고 묻자 μ•Œλ ‰μŠ€ ν—ˆμŠ€νŠΈλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆκ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°λ»€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:56
And, you know, we were still in the game, but we were frightened
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ²½μŸμ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:59
that somebody at Caltech would tell Linus that he was wrong.
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μΉΌν…μ˜ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έκ°€ ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•΄μ€„κΉŒλ΄ λ‘λ €μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
And so Bragg said, "Build models."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λΈŒλž˜κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§€μœΌλΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
And a month after we got the Pauling manuscript --
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그리고 폴링의 원고λ₯Ό 받은지 ν•œ 달 ν›„
09:09
I should say I took the manuscript to London, and showed the people.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 원고λ₯Ό 런던으둜 κ°–κ³  κ°€μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
Well, I said, Linus was wrong and that we're still in the game
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λΌμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€λŠ” ν‹€λ Έκ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직 κ²½μŸμ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆ
09:17
and that they should immediately start building models.
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μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓기 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
But Wilkins said "no." Rosalind Franklin was leaving in about two months,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœŒν‚¨μŠ€λŠ” μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆκ³  λ‘œμž˜λ¦°λ“œ ν”„λž­ν΄λ¦°μ΄ 두 달 후에 λ– λ‚˜λ‹ˆ
09:24
and after she left he would start building models.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ– λ‚œ 후에 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓겠닀고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
And so I came back with that news to Cambridge,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 이 μ†Œμ‹μ„ κ°–κ³  μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€λ‘œ μ™”κ³ 
09:31
and Bragg said, "Build models."
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λΈŒλž˜κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ§€μœΌλΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
Well, of course, I wanted to build models.
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ €λŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓고 μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
And there's a picture of Rosalind. She really, you know,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ‘œμž˜λ¦°λ“œμ˜ 사진이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ§„μ§œ..
09:39
in one sense she was a chemist,
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ν•œ νŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” ν™”ν•™μžμ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
09:41
but really she would have been trained --
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사싀 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ°›μ•˜μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:43
she didn't know any organic chemistry or quantum chemistry.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μœ κΈ°ν™”ν•™μ΄λ‚˜ μ–‘μžν™”ν•™μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
She was a crystallographer.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ²°μ •ν•™μžμ˜€μ£ .
09:47
And I think part of the reason she didn't want to build models
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓기 μ‹«μ–΄ν–ˆλ˜ 뢀뢄적인 μ΄μœ λ‘œλŠ”
09:52
was, she wasn't a chemist, whereas Pauling was a chemist.
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν™”ν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκ³  폴링은 ν™”ν•™μžμ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:55
And so Crick and I, you know, started building models,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 크릭과 μ €λŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 짓기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
and I'd learned a little chemistry, but not enough.
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μ €λŠ” 화학을 쑰금 λ°°μ› μ§€λ§Œ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
Well, we got the answer on the 28th February '53.
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μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 1953λ…„ 2μ›” 28일에 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
And it was because of a rule, which, to me, is a very good rule:
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그리고 이것은 μ–΄λ– ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμ£ . μ €μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 쒋은 κ·œμΉ™μ΄μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”.
10:11
Never be the brightest person in a room, and we weren't.
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μ ˆλŒ€ λ°© μ•ˆμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜μ§€ λ§λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·ΈλŸ¬μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
We weren't the best chemists in the room.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°©μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ ν™”ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
I went in and showed them a pairing I'd done,
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μ €λŠ” λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ μ œκ°€ ν•œ μ§μ§€μŒμ„ 보여쀬고
10:21
and Jerry Donohue -- he was a chemist -- he said, it's wrong.
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ν™”ν•™μžμ˜€λ˜ μ‘° λ„λ‚˜νœ΄λŠ” ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:25
You've got -- the hydrogen atoms are in the wrong place.
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μˆ˜μ†Œ μ›μžλ“€μ΄ 잘 λͺ» λ°°μΉ˜λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
I just put them down like they were in the books.
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μ €λŠ” 책에 μžˆλŠ” 데둜 λ†“μ•˜μ„ 뿐이고
10:31
He said they were wrong.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
So the next day, you know, after I thought, "Well, he might be right."
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ λ‹€μŒλ‚  κ·Έκ°€ λ§žμ•˜μ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
So I changed the locations, and then we found the base pairing,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”λ³΄μ•˜κ³  κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” μ—ΌκΈ° λŒ€ν•©μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
and Francis immediately said the chains run in absolute directions.
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ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€λŠ” κ³§λ°”λ‘œ μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ΄ μ ˆλŒ€μ  λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ§„ν–‰λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ£ .
10:43
And we knew we were right.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§žμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
So it was a pretty, you know, it all happened in about two hours.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 뭐, λͺ¨λ“ κ²Œ 두 μ‹œκ°„λ§Œμ— μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
10:52
From nothing to thing.
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λ¬΄μ—μ„œ μœ λ‘œμš”.
10:56
And we knew it was big because, you know, if you just put A next to T
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것이 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. Tμ˜†μ— Aλ₯Ό, 그리고
11:01
and G next to C, you have a copying mechanism.
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C μ˜†μ— Gλ₯Ό λ†“κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ μ΄λŠ” 볡제 κΈ°μž‘μ΄ 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:04
So we saw how genetic information is carried.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ μ „μ  정보가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μš΄λ°˜λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
It's the order of the four bases.
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μ΄λŠ” λ„€ 개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜μ£ .
11:09
So in a sense, it is a sort of digital-type information.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보면 디지털 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 정보라고 ν•  수 있죠.
11:13
And you copy it by going from strand-separating.
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그리고 κ°€λ‹₯이 λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜λ©΄μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ³΅μ œκ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
So, you know, if it didn't work this way, you might as well believe it,
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이 방법이 λ§žμ§€ μ•Šλ”λΌλ„ λ―ΏλŠ” μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
because you didn't have any other scheme.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 달리 λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:27
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:30
But that's not the way most scientists think.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
Most scientists are really rather dull.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 였히렀 λ‘”ν•΄μ„œ
11:36
They said, we won't think about it until we know it's right.
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그것이 λ§žλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€λŠ” μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
But, you know, we thought, well, it's at least 95 percent right or 99 percent right.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 뭐, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 적어도 95%λ‚˜ 99%λŠ” λ§žμ•˜μ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
So think about it. The next five years,
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μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ‹œκΈΈ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ ν›„ 5λ…„κ°„
11:48
there were essentially something like five references
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우리 넀이쳐 논문을 μ°Έμ‘°ν•œ 것은
11:50
to our work in "Nature" -- none.
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λ‹€μ„― 건 정도밖에 λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
And so we were left by ourselves,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ ν™€λ‘œ λ‚¨κ²¨μ‘Œκ³ 
11:55
and trying to do the last part of the trio: how do you --
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μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 뢀뢄을 찾으렀 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ΄λŠ”
12:00
what does this genetic information do?
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이 μœ μ „ 정보가 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”κ°€? ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
It was pretty obvious that it provided the information
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이것이 RNAλΆ„μžμ— 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은 κ½€ λͺ…ν™•ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
12:08
to an RNA molecule, and then how do you go from RNA to protein?
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RNAμ—μ„œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
12:11
For about three years we just -- I tried to solve the structure of RNA.
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3λ…„κ°„ μ €ν¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € RNA의 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 밝히렀 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
It didn't yield. It didn't give good x-ray photographs.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ 잘 μ‚°μΆœλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³  λͺ…ν™•ν•œ μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 사진을 얻을 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
I was decidedly unhappy; a girl didn't marry me.
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μ €λŠ” ν™•μ‹€νžˆ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ–΄λ–€ μ—¬μžλΆ„μ€ 저와 κ²°ν˜Όν•΄μ£Όμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
It was really, you know, sort of a shitty time.
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정말 μ €μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 μ§œμ¦λ‚˜λŠ” μ‹œκΈ°μ˜€μ£ .
12:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:28
So there's a picture of Francis and I before I met the girl,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ° ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€μ™€ μ €μ˜ 사진이 μžˆλ„€μš”. κ·Έ μ—¬μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚˜κΈ° 전이라
12:32
so I'm still looking happy.
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아직은 행볡해 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:36
But there is what we did when we didn't know
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μ—¬κΈ΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ λ°©ν–₯으둜 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ•Ό 할지 λͺ¨λ₯Ό λ•Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ 일이 μžˆλ„€μš”.
12:39
where to go forward: we formed a club and called it the RNA Tie Club.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” RNA 타이 ν΄λŸ½μ΄λΌλŠ” λͺ¨μž„을 κ²°μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
George Gamow, also a great physicist, he designed the tie.
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ 쑰지 κ°€λͺ¨λΈŒκ°€ λ„₯타이λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
He was one of the members. The question was:
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그도 일원 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
12:52
How do you go from a four-letter code
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λ„€ 개의 문자둜 이루어진 μ•”ν˜Έμ—μ„œ
12:54
to the 20-letter code of proteins?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 20 개짜리 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠλƒλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:56
Feynman was a member, and Teller, and friends of Gamow.
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파인먼과 ν…”λŸ¬λ„ μΌμ›μ΄μ—ˆκ³  κ°€λͺ¨λΈŒμ˜ μΉœκ΅¬μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
13:01
But that's the only -- no, we were only photographed twice.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 번 밖에 사진을 찍지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
13:07
And on both occasions, you know, one of us was missing the tie.
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두 경우 λͺ¨λ‘ 우리 쀑 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” λ„₯타이λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
There's Francis up on the upper right,
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μ—¬κΈ° 였λ₯Έμͺ½ μœ—νŽΈμ— ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€κ°€ 있고,
13:13
and Alex Rich -- the M.D.-turned-crystallographer -- is next to me.
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막 μ˜ν•™λ°•μ‚¬κ°€ 된 κ²°μ •ν•™μžμΈ μ•Œλ ‰μŠ€ λ¦¬μΉ˜κ°€ 제 μ˜†μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:18
This was taken in Cambridge in September of 1955.
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이 사진은 1955λ…„ 9월에 μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ—μ„œ μ°μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
And I'm smiling, sort of forced, I think,
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μ €λŠ” 웃고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” μ–΅μ§€λ‘œ 그랬던 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
because the girl I had, boy, she was gone.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ μ—¬μžλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ– λ‚˜κ°€λ²„λ ΈκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
13:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
13:35
And so I didn't really get happy until 1960,
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 1960λ…„κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:40
because then we found out, basically, you know,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ λ•Œμ„œμ•Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
13:44
that there are three forms of RNA.
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μ„Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ RNAκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ .
13:46
And we knew, basically, DNA provides the information for RNA.
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그리고 기본적으둜 DNAκ°€ RNA에 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
13:49
RNA provides the information for protein.
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RNAλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ— μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
13:51
And that let Marshall Nirenberg, you know, take RNA -- synthetic RNA --
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그리고 μ΄λŠ” λ§ˆμ…œ λ‹ˆλŸ°λ²„κ·Έκ°€ ν•©μ„± RNAλ₯Ό κ°–κ³ 
13:56
put it in a system making protein. He made polyphenylalanine,
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λ„μž…ν•  수 있게 ν•˜μ˜€κ³  κ·ΈλŠ” ν΄λ¦¬νŽ˜λ‹μ•ŒλΌλ‹Œμ„
14:02
polyphenylalanine. So that's the first cracking of the genetic code,
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λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό 처음 ν•΄λ…ν•˜κ²Œ 된 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
14:10
and it was all over by 1966.
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1966년에 λͺ¨λ“  것이 λλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:12
So there, that's what Chris wanted me to do, it was --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€κ°€ ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ μ €μ—κ²Œ λΆ€νƒν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
so what happened since then?
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κ·Έ ν›„λ‘œ 무슨 일이 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
14:19
Well, at that time -- I should go back.
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자, λ‹€μ‹œ κ·Έ λ•Œλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:22
When we found the structure of DNA, I gave my first talk
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ DNA의 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ μ €λŠ” μ½œλ“œ μŠ€ν”„λ§ ν•˜λ²„μ—μ„œ
14:27
at Cold Spring Harbor. The physicist, Leo Szilard,
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첫 강연을 ν•˜κ²Œ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ˜€λ˜ 레였 싀라λ₯΄λ“œλŠ”
14:30
he looked at me and said, "Are you going to patent this?"
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μ €λ₯Ό 보며 "μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚΄μ‹€κ»λ‹ˆκΉŒ?" 라고 λ¬Όμ—ˆκ³ 
14:33
And -- but he knew patent law, and that we couldn't patent it,
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κ·ΈλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆλ²•μ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것도 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
14:38
because you couldn't. No use for it.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚Ό μˆ˜λ„ μ—†κ³  μ“Έλͺ¨λ„ μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
14:40
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:42
And so DNA didn't become a useful molecule,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ DNAλŠ” 그닀지 μœ μš©ν•œ λΆ„μžκ°€ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ 
14:46
and the lawyers didn't enter into the equation until 1973,
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€λ„ 이 λΆ„μ•Όλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ°€ 20λ…„ 후인 1973년에
14:51
20 years later, when Boyer and Cohen in San Francisco
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보이어와 코헨이 μƒŒν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€μ½”μ™€
14:56
and Stanford came up with their method of recombinant DNA,
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μŠ€νƒ ν¬λ“œμ—μ„œ DNA μž¬μ‘°ν•© κΈ°μˆ μ„ 발λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
14:58
and Stanford patented it and made a lot of money.
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μŠ€νƒ ν¬λ“œμ—μ„œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚΄κ³  λˆμ„ 많이 벌게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:01
At least they patented something
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적어도 그듀은 λ­”κ°€ μ“Έλͺ¨μžˆλŠ” 일을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄
15:02
which, you know, could do useful things.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λƒˆμ£ .
15:05
And then, they learned how to read the letters for the code.
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κ·Έ ν›„ 그듀은 μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 문자λ₯Ό μ½λŠ” 법을 λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
And, boom, we've, you know, had a biotech industry. And,
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ°‘μžκΈ° 생λͺ…곡학 산업이 μƒκΈ°κ²Œ 됐죠.
15:13
but we were still a long ways from, you know,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ €μ˜ μœ μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν–ˆλ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ”
15:20
answering a question which sort of dominated my childhood,
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아직 λ©€μ—ˆμ£ . μ΄λŠ”
15:22
which is: How do you nature-nurture?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν›„μ²œμ„±μ„ μ„ μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  것인가? μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
And so I'll go on. I'm already out of time,
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κ³„μ†ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이미 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λ‹€ λ˜μ–΄κ°€μ§€λ§Œ
15:31
but this is Michael Wigler, a very, very clever mathematician
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μ—¬κΈ° 마이클 μœ„κΈ€λŸ¬κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맀우 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μžκ°€ 된 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ˜€μ£ .
15:34
turned physicist. And he developed a technique
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κ·ΈλŠ” DNA μƒ˜ν”Œκ³Ό 그것을 따라 100만 개 μ •λ„μ˜ 지점을
15:37
which essentially will let us look at sample DNA
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κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
15:41
and, eventually, a million spots along it.
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
There's a chip there, a conventional one. Then there's one
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μ—¬κΈ° 일반적인 칩이 있고 이μͺ½μ—λŠ”
15:46
made by a photolithography by a company in Madison
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λ§€λ””μŠ¨μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‹˜λΈ”μ  μ΄λΌλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ ν¬ν† λ¦¬μ†Œκ·Έλž˜ν”Όλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  것이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
called NimbleGen, which is way ahead of Affymetrix.
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이 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” μ• ν”Όλ§€νŠΈλ¦­μŠ€μ‚¬λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 μ•žμ„œμžˆμ£ .
15:54
And we use their technique.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:56
And what you can do is sort of compare DNA of normal segs versus cancer.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 일반적인 κ΅¬μ‘°μžλ“€μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
16:01
And you can see on the top
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μ—¬κΈ° 암이 있고 μœ„μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
16:05
that cancers which are bad show insertions or deletions.
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λ‚˜μœ μ•”μ˜ 경우 μ‚½μž…μ΄λ‚˜ 결싀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 것을 μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:10
So the DNA is really badly mucked up,
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DNAκ°€ 정말 엉망인 μƒνƒœμ£ .
16:13
whereas if you have a chance of surviving,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— 살아남을 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
16:15
the DNA isn't so mucked up.
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DNAκ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ 엉망이진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:17
So we think that this will eventually lead to what we call
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이것이 ꢁ극적으둜 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ "DNA 생체검사법"이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것에
16:20
"DNA biopsies." Before you get treated for cancer,
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도달할 것이라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•”μΉ˜λ£Œλ₯Ό λ°›κΈ° 전에
16:24
you should really look at this technique,
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ„ 잘 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:26
and get a feeling of the face of the enemy.
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그리고 적의 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
16:29
It's not a -- it's only a partial look, but it's a --
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뢀뢄적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄κΈ΄ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
16:32
I think it's going to be very, very useful.
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μ΄λŠ” 맀우 μœ μš©ν•  것이라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:35
So, we started with breast cancer
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ λ°©μ•”μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ 
16:37
because there's lots of money for it, no government money.
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 자금이 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . μ •λΆ€ 자금 λ§κ³ μš”.
16:40
And now I have a sort of vested interest:
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이제 맀우 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 관심뢄야가 μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:44
I want to do it for prostate cancer. So, you know,
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μ €λŠ” 이λ₯Ό 전립선암을 μœ„ν•΄ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
you aren't treated if it's not dangerous.
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μœ„ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ„ 받지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:49
But Wigler, besides looking at cancer cells, looked at normal cells,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ„κΈ€λŸ¬λŠ” 암세포λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것 외에 정상 세포도 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
16:55
and made a really sort of surprising observation.
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κ½€ λ†€λΌμš΄ κ΄€μ°° κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
Which is, all of us have about 10 places in our genome
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μ΄λŠ” 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 10ꡰ데 μ •λ„μ—λŠ”
17:02
where we've lost a gene or gained another one.
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μœ μ „μž ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ–»κ±°λ‚˜ μžƒμ€ 곳이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
So we're sort of all imperfect. And the question is well,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ μ…ˆμ΄μ£ . κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
17:11
if we're around here, you know,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 것은
17:13
these little losses or gains might not be too bad.
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이 μž‘μ€ μ†μ‹€μ΄λ‚˜ νšλ“μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ λ‚˜μ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:16
But if these deletions or amplifications occurred in the wrong gene,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°μ‹€μ΄λ‚˜ ν™•μž₯이 잘λͺ»λœ μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λ©΄
17:21
maybe we'll feel sick.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³‘λ“€κ²Œ 될지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
17:22
So the first disease he looked at is autism.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έκ°€ 처음 관찰을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 병은 μžνμ¦μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:26
And the reason we looked at autism is we had the money to do it.
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μžνμ¦μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ” 자금이 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
17:31
Looking at an individual is about 3,000 dollars. And the parent of a child
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ν•œ κ°œμΈμ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 데에 λ“œλŠ” λΉ„μš©μ€ 300λ§Œμ›μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:36
with Asperger's disease, the high-intelligence autism,
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더 높은 지λŠ₯의 자폐증이라 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ•„μŠ€νŽ˜λ₯΄κ±° 증후ꡰ을 μ•“λŠ” μ•„μ΄μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€
17:38
had sent his thing to a conventional company; they didn't do it.
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일반 νšŒμ‚¬μ— 이λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒˆμ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:43
Couldn't do it by conventional genetics, but just scanning it
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전톡적인 μœ μ „ν•™ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ©΄λ°€νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨
17:46
we began to find genes for autism.
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μžνμ¦μ— κ΄€κ³„λœ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:49
And you can see here, there are a lot of them.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”λ°λ‘œ, 정말 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:53
So a lot of autistic kids are autistic
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λ§Žμ€ 아이듀이 μžνμ•„μΈ 것은
17:57
because they just lost a big piece of DNA.
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큰 DNA 덩어리λ₯Ό μžƒμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
17:59
I mean, big piece at the molecular level.
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제 말은, λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ 큰 λ©μ–΄λ¦¬λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:01
We saw one autistic kid,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³Έ ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ 자폐 μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λŠ”
18:03
about five million bases just missing from one of his chromosomes.
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μ•½ 500만 개의 μ—ΌκΈ°κ°€ 그의 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—μ„œ λΉ μ Έμžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:06
We haven't yet looked at the parents, but the parents probably
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아직 그의 λΆ€λͺ¨λŠ” μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 그듀은
18:09
don't have that loss, or they wouldn't be parents.
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그만큼의 손싀이 μ—†κ±°λ‚˜ ν˜Ήμ€ 그의 λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€ 아닐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:12
Now, so, our autism study is just beginning. We got three million dollars.
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우리의 자폐증 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 이제 막 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 30μ–΅ μ •λ„μ˜ 자금이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:19
I think it will cost at least 10 to 20 before you'd be in a position
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그리고 제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” 적어도 10λ…„μ—μ„œ 20년은 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό
18:23
to help parents who've had an autistic child,
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μžνμ•„λ₯Ό ν˜Ήμ€ μžνμ•„μΌ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ§€λ‹Œ 아이λ₯Ό 가진
18:26
or think they may have an autistic child,
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ₯Ό λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:28
and can we spot the difference?
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 차이λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
18:30
So this same technique should probably look at all.
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같은 기술둜 λͺ¨λ“  사둀듀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:33
It's a wonderful way to find genes.
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 데에 맀우 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 방법이죠.
18:37
And so, I'll conclude by saying
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이 말을 ν•˜λ©° 마무리 μ§“κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:39
we've looked at 20 people with schizophrenia.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 20λͺ…μ˜ μ •μ‹  뢄열증 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:41
And we thought we'd probably have to look at several hundred
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그리고 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ λ°±λͺ…을 더 κ΄€μ°°ν•΄μ•Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 상황을
18:45
before we got the picture. But as you can see,
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μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:47
there's seven out of 20 had a change which was very high.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλ“― 20λͺ… 쀑에 7λͺ…은 맀우 높은 λ³€ν™”μœ¨μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:51
And yet, in the controls there were three.
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그리고 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ—λŠ” 3λͺ…이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:54
So what's the meaning of the controls?
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μ΄λŠ” λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
18:56
Were they crazy also, and we didn't know it?
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그듀도 μ—­μ‹œ λ―Έμ³μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ 저희가 λͺ°λžλ˜ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
18:58
Or, you know, were they normal? I would guess they're normal.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 그듀은 μ •μƒμΌκΉŒμš”? μ œκ°€ μ§μž‘ν•˜κ±΄λ° 그듀은 정상일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:02
And what we think in schizophrenia is there are genes of predisposure,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 정신뢄열증에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•œ 것은 μ†ŒμΈκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μžˆμ„ 것이고
19:09
and whether this is one that predisposes --
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이것이 κ·Έ μ†ŒμΈκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ—ˆλ“  간에
19:15
and then there's only a sub-segment of the population
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그리고 λ˜ν•œ 전체 인ꡬ 쀑 정신뢄열증에 걸릴 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ μžˆλŠ”
19:19
that's capable of being schizophrenic.
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집단은 단 μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:21
Now, we don't have really any evidence of it,
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아직 이것에 λŒ€ν•œ μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
19:25
but I think, to give you a hypothesis, the best guess
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가섀을 μ„Έμš°μžλ©΄ κ°€μž₯ κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ μΆ”μΈ‘μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
19:30
is that if you're left-handed, you're prone to schizophrenia.
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μ™Όμ†μž‘μ΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 정신뢄열증일 κ²½ν–₯이 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:36
30 percent of schizophrenic people are left-handed,
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정신뢄열증인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 30%κ°€ μ™Όμ†μž‘μ΄μ΄κ³ 
19:39
and schizophrenia has a very funny genetics,
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정신뢄열증은 맀우 ν₯미둜운 μœ μ „μ  νŠΉμ§•μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:42
which means 60 percent of the people are genetically left-handed,
335
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60%의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ„ μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œ μ™Όμ†μž‘μ΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
19:46
but only half of it showed. I don't have the time to say.
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κ·Έ 쀑 반만 정신뢄열증을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ„€λͺ…ν•  μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ—†κ΅°μš”.
19:49
Now, some people who think they're right-handed
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μžμ‹ μ΄ 였λ₯Έμ† 작이일 것이라 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ μ€‘μ—λŠ”
19:52
are genetically left-handed. OK. I'm just saying that, if you think,
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μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μ™Όμ†μž‘μ΄μΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:58
oh, I don't carry a left-handed gene so therefore my, you know,
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생각해보면 λ‚˜λŠ” μ™Όμ†μž‘μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
20:02
children won't be at risk of schizophrenia. You might. OK?
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λ‚˜μ˜ μžμ‹λ“€μ€ 정신뢄열증에 걸릴 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μ—†μ–΄, 라고 생각할 수 있겠죠?
20:05
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
20:08
So it's, to me, an extraordinarily exciting time.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:11
We ought to be able to find the gene for bipolar;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μŒκ·Ήμ„± μž₯애에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μœ μ „μžλ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:13
there's a relationship.
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관련성이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
20:14
And if I had enough money, we'd find them all this year.
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그리고 자금이 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ μ˜¬ν•΄ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 찾을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:18
I thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

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