Thelma Golden: How art gives shape to cultural change

テルマ・ゴールデン：芸術による文化の変革

翻訳: Chieko Tamakawa 校正: Wataru Narita

The brilliant playwright, Adrienne Kennedy,

脚本家のエイドリアン ケネディーは

wrote a volume called

「私の劇の役者達」という

"People Who Led to My Plays."

本を書きました

And if I were to write a volume,

私が本を書くとしたら

it would be called,

タイトルはおそらく

"Artists Who Have Led My Exhibitions"

「私の展覧会の芸術家達」

because my work,

私の仕事である

in understanding art and in understanding culture,

芸術と文化を理解するには

has come by following artists,

芸術家達に寄り添い

by looking at what artists mean

その活動の意図や個性に

and what they do and who they are.

注目する必要があります

J.J. from "Good Times,"

ジェイ ジェイの「グッド タイムズ」

(Applause)

（拍手）

significant to many people of course

みなさんには「ダイ ノ マイト」で

because of "Dy-no-mite,"

おなじみかもしれませんが

but perhaps more significant

彼はゴールデン タイムの

as the first, really, black artist

TVに最初に出演した

on primetime TV.

黒人アーティストなのです

Jean-Michel Basquiat,

ジャン ミシェル バスキアは

important to me because [he was]

リアルタイムで

the first black artist in real time

私に芸術の持つ可能性を

that showed me the possibility of

示してくれた

who and what I was about to enter into.

最初の黒人アーティストです

My overall project is about art --

私が主に対象とするのは

specifically, about black artists --

黒人アーティストですが

very generally

彼らを通じて

about the way in which art

芸術がどのように

can change the way we think

文化や自分に対する見方を

about culture and ourselves.

変える方法を探っています

My interest is in artists

私が興味を持つのは

who understand and rewrite history,

歴史を踏まえ 新たにするべく

who think about themselves

時代を超えて残る

within the narrative

芸術という世界で

of the larger world of art,

自らを顧みつつ

but who have created new places

私達が見て理解すべき

for us to see and understand.

新たな場所を創った人々です

I'm showing two artists here, Glenn Ligon and Kara Walker,

学芸員としてこれから話すことは

two of many who really form for me

グレン ライゴンや

the essential questions that I wanted to bring

キャロル ウォーカーの様な

as a curator to the world.

芸術家から思いつきました

I was interested in the idea

そもそも私は一体どうしたら

of why and how

芸術史や世界史の中で

I could create a new story,

新しい物語を

a new narrative in art history

作り出せるかに

and a new narrative in the world.

興味がありました

And to do this, I knew

そのために私は

that I had to see the way in which artists work,

芸術家の作品の作り方を見て

understand the artist's studio

彼らの創作現場を

as a laboratory,

実験室と理解しました

imagine, then,

そこから考えると

reinventing the museum as a think tank

美術館は知識の集積場

and looking at the exhibition

そして展覧会は

as the ultimate white paper -- asking questions,

質問を投げかけ

providing the space

その答えを探し考えるための

to look and to think about answers.

白紙の解答用紙なのです

In 1994,

1994年に行った

when I was a curator at the Whitney Museum,

ホイットニー美術館での

I made an exhibition called Black Male.

「黒人男性」という展覧会は

It looked at the intersection

米国の現代芸術で

of race and gender

人種と性別の交わりを

in contemporary American art.

表現するものでした

It sought to express

展覧会の目的は

the ways in which art

芸術表現によって

could provide a space for dialogue --

たくさんの争点を持つ

complicated dialogue,

難しいテーマに関する

dialogue with many, many points of entry --

対話の場を生み出し

and how the museum could be the space

美術館でその考えを

for this contest of ideas.

競わせることでした

This exhibition included

この展覧会では

over 20 artists

年齢も人種も違う

of various ages and races,

20人以上の芸術家が

but all looking at black masculinity

「黒人男性らしさ」を

from a very particular point of view.

特定の視点から探りました

What was significant about this exhibition

この展覧会で重要なことは

is the way in which

私が学芸員として

it engaged me in my role

そしてつなぎ役として

as a curator, as a catalyst,

この対話において

for this dialogue.

果たした役割です

One of the things that happened

展覧会の最中に

very distinctly in the course of this exhibition

非常にはっきりと

is I was confronted with the idea

感じたのは

of how powerful images can be

人はイメージに頼って

in people's understanding of themselves and each other.

物事を理解するということです

I'm showing you two works, one on the right by Leon Golub,

右がレオン ゴラブ

one on the left by Robert Colescott.

左がロバート コールスコット

And in the course of the exhibition --

この展覧会で

which was contentious, controversial

激しい議論を重ねて

and ultimately, for me,

芸術の可能性に対する

life-changing

私の考えは

in my sense of what art could be --

完全に変わりました

a woman came up to me on the gallery floor

展覧会場で ある女性が

to express her concern about the nature

強烈なイメージによって

of how powerful images could be

相手を理解した気になるのを

and how we understood each other.

心配していました

And she pointed to the work on the left

彼女は 左の絵を指して

to tell me how problematic this image was,

こちらの絵は 今までの

as it related, for her, to the idea of

黒人のイメージを描いていて

how black people had been represented.

問題があると思うが

And she pointed to the image on the right

右は メディアで語られてきた

as an example, to me, of the kind of dignity

イメージに抵抗する

that needed to be portrayed

自尊心が感じられる

to work against those images in the media.

いい作品だと私に言い

She then assigned these works racial identities,

自信を持って 作者の人種は

basically saying to me that the work on the right,

右の作品が

clearly, was made by a black artist,

黒人アーティストで

the work on the left, clearly, by a white artist,

左が白人だと

when, in effect,

答えましたが

that was the opposite case:

実際は正反対

Bob Colescott, African-American artist;

ボブは黒人で

Leon Golub, a white artist.

レオンは白人です

The point of that for me was

その場所で その時に

to say -- in that space, in that moment --

そう言われた私が

that I really, more than anything,

知りたくなったのは

wanted to understand

伝えたいイメージが

how images could work, how images did work,

実際どのように伝わるのか

and how artists provided

芸術家はどのように

a space bigger than one

私達が日常からは

that we could imagine in our day-to-day lives

想像できない空間を

to work through these images.

イメージによって創るのかです

Fast-forward and I end up in Harlem;

私が今いるハーレムは

home for many of black America,

米国に住む多くの黒人にとって

very much the psychic heart

「黒人らしい」生活ができる

of the black experience,

心の故郷であり

really the place where the Harlem Renaissance existed.

ハーレム ルネッサンスの地でした

Harlem now, sort of explaining

またハーレムは

and thinking of itself in this part of the century,

今世紀におけるあり方を探って

looking both backwards and forwards ...

過去や未来も見つめています

I always say Harlem is an interesting community

ハーレムが面白いのは

because, unlike many other places,

他の都市とは違い

it thinks of itself in the past, present

過去と現在と未来を

and the future simultaneously;

同時進行で考えていることです

no one speaks of it just in the now.

ハーレムの今を語るには

It's always what it was and what it can be.

過去や未来の話がつき物なのです

And, in thinking about that,

そう考えていた時に

then my second project, the second question I ask is:

思いついた疑問が

Can a museum

美術館が

be a catalyst in a community?

地域のつなぎ役として

Can a museum house artists

地域社会に自らを再認識させる

and allow them to be change agents

変化の担い手となる芸術家に

as communities rethink themselves?

場所を提供できないかです

This is Harlem, actually, on January 20th,

1月20日のハーレムです

thinking about itself in a very wonderful way.

とても素晴らしい日でした

So I work now at The Studio Museum in Harlem,

現在私はハーレムの

thinking about exhibitions there,

スタジオ美術館で展覧会をし

thinking about what it means to

芸術の可能性を発見する意味を

discover art's possibility.

考えています

Now, what does this mean to some of you?

皆さんはどう思いますか

In some cases, I know that many of you

皆さんと同じような環境で

are involved in cross-cultural dialogues,

異文化との対話や

you're involved in ideas of creativity and innovation.

創造的革新的な考えの中で

Think about the place that artists can play in that --

芸術家が創作できるとしたら？

that is the kind of incubation and advocacy

私はそういう形の支援を目指して

that I work towards, in working with young, black artists.

若い黒人の芸術家と仕事をしています

Think about artists, not as content providers,

芸術家の仕事は

though they can be brilliant at that,

素晴らしい作品を作る他に

but, again, as real catalysts.

真のつなぎ役をすることです

The Studio Museum was founded in the late 60s.

私の取り組みを語る上で

And I bring this up because it's important to locate

歴史に触れる事は重要で

this practice in history.

スタジオ美術館の

To look at 1968,

1968年の開館は

in the incredible historic moment that it is,

歴史的な瞬間でした

and think of the arc that has happened since then,

その後の出来事も考慮した上で

to think of the possibilities that we are all

現在の私達の特権的な立場を

privileged to stand in today

考えてみましょう

and imagine that this museum

そしてこの美術館は

that came out of a moment of great protest

公民権運動が盛んな時代に設立され

and one that was so much about

米国の芸術史における

examining the history and the legacy

アフリカ系米国人の

of important African-American artists

歴史と伝統の持つ意味を

to the history of art in this country

ジャコブ ローレンスや

like Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis,

ロメール ベアデンの

Romare Bearden.

作品を通じて探り

And then, of course,

今日に至ったという事に

to bring us to today.

思いを馳せて下さい

In 1975, Muhammad Ali

1975年にモハメド アリが

gave a lecture at Harvard University.

ハーバード大で講演をしました

After his lecture, a student got up and said to him,

講演後ある学生から

"Give us a poem."

詩を作って欲しいと頼まれた彼は

And Mohammed Ali said, "Me, we."

「Me，We」と答えました

A profound statement about the individual and the community.

個人と社会の関係をとらえた

The space in which now,

意味深い言葉です

in my project of discovery, of thinking about artists,

私が芸術家と接しながら

of trying to define

探っているのは

what might be

今世紀における

black art cultural movement of the 21st century.

黒人芸術運動の状況であり

What that might mean

現代における

for cultural movements all over this moment,

文化的な運動の意味です

the "me, we" seems

アリの「Me，We」の言葉は

incredibly prescient

現代社会に対する

totally important.

重大な予言でした

To this end,

私の目標を達成するために

the specific project that has made this possible for me

「自由形式」 「頻度」 「流動」の

is a series of exhibitions,

テーマで行った

all titled with an F --

一連の展覧会について

Freestyle, Frequency and Flow --

お話ししましょう

which have set out to discover

展覧会の目的は

and define

現在活躍していて

the young, black artists working in this moment

将来も期待できる

who I feel strongly

若い黒人アーティストを

will continue to work over the next many years.

発掘することでした

This series of exhibitions

この展覧会では特に

was made specifically

現代において

to try and question

芸術をつなぎ役と

the idea of what it would mean

とらえる考え方に

now, at this point in history,

疑問を投げかけ

to see art as a catalyst;

黒人文化に限らず

what it means now, at this point in history,

私達が一般的に

as we define and redefine culture,

文化を再定義する上で

black culture specifically in my case,

芸術の持つ意味を

but culture generally.

探りました

I named this group of artists

私は何人かの芸術家を

around an idea, which I put out there

「ポスト ブラック」と

called post-black,

呼んでいます

really meant to define them

その芸術家達は

as artists who came and start their work now,

過去の歴史を踏まえたうえで

looking back at history but start in this moment, historically.

歴史的一歩を踏み出す人達です

It is really in this sense of discovery

このような中で私が

that I have a new set of questions that I'm asking.

思いついたことがあります

This new set of questions is:

現在の米国の

What does it mean, right now,

アフリカ系米国人の立場が

to be African-American in America?

どういうものであるのかを

What can artwork say about this?

芸術で表現したり

Where can a museum exist

みんなで こうした事を

as the place for us all

話し合うに ふさわしい

to have this conversation?

美術館があるのかです

Really, most exciting about this

若い芸術家が持っている

is thinking about the energy and the excitement

あり余るパワーを考えると

that young artists can bring.

とても わくわくします

Their works for me are about,

芸術家の作品は

not always just simply

自分の心情や意見だけを

about the aesthetic innovation

革新的な芸術表現として

that their minds imagine, that their visions create

反映させている

and put out there in the world,

ものばかりではありません

but more, perhaps, importantly,

より大切なことは

through the excitement of the community

芸術作品が

that they create as important voices

コミュニティの議論を活性化し

that would allow us right now to understand our situation,

私達が現状や将来の状況を

as well as in the future.

理解できることです

I am continually amazed

人種というテーマが

by the way in which

思いがけないほど

the subject of race

様々な場面で

can take itself in many places

顔を出すことに

that we don't imagine it should be.

いつも驚いています

I am always amazed

芸術家達が積極的に

by the way in which artists are willing

そのテーマに取り組んでいるのも

to do that in their work.

素晴らしいことです

It is why I look to art.

私が芸術に関心を持ち

It's why I ask questions of art.

疑問を投げかけ

It is why I make exhibitions.

展覧会を開くのはこのためです

Now, this exhibition, as I said,

この展覧会では

40 young artists done over the course of eight years,

8年間で40人の若手作家が

and for me it's about considering the implications.

他の世代の人々に

It's considering the implications of

暗に伝えたい事を

what this generation has to say to the rest of us.

深く考えました

It's considering what it means for these artists

作品が世界中を回り

to be both out in the world as their work travels,

広く世に出ると同時に

but in their communities

私達が直面している問題を

as people who are seeing and thinking

内部の人間として考えることを

about the issues that face us.

芸術家はどう思うのでしょう

It's also about thinking about

この展覧会はまた

the creative spirit and nurturing it,

創造性について考え

and imagining, particularly in urban America,

米国の都市において

about the nurturing of the spirit.

どう育むかを考えました

Now, where, perhaps, does this end up right now?

話をまとめましょう

For me, it is about re-imagining

この展覧会は私にとって

this cultural discourse in an international context.

文化の言説を国際的な文脈で捉え直すためのものでした

So the last iteration of this project

展覧会の最後の題材は

has been called Flow,

「流動性」でした

with the idea now of creating

ここで念頭に置いたのは

a real network

世界中の芸術家による

of artists around the world;

本物のネットワークです

really looking, not so much

ハーレムから外を見るのではなく

from Harlem and out, but looking across,

ぐるりと世界を見渡せるように

and Flow looked at artists all born on the continent of Africa.

アフリカ出身の芸術家を集めました

And as many of us think about that continent

私達にもアフリカ大陸が

and think about what if means

21世紀に持つ意味は

to us all in the 21st century,

分かると思います

I have begun that looking

芸術家や作品を見ると

through artists, through artworks,

アフリカの事を考えるのです

and imagining what they can tell us about the future,

それらは将来について何を語り

what they tell us about our future,

私達の広い対話の中に

and what they create in their sense of

アフリカを含めるために

offering us this great possibility of watching

芸術作品はどのような

that continent emerge as part

可能性を作り出せるのかを

of our bigger dialogue.

考えるようになりました

So, what do I discover

さて 芸術作品を見て

when I look at artworks?

私が発見するものは？

What do I think about

芸術を考えるとき

when I think about art?

私が考えることは？

I feel like the privilege I've had as a curator

学芸員の良い所は

is not just the discovery of new works,

新しい作品に会える事や

the discovery of exciting works.

わくわくする作品に会える事

But, really, it has been

だけではありません

what I've discovered about myself

自分自身を発見したり

and what I can offer

展覧会を開いて

in the space of an exhibition,

美しさや権力や

to talk about beauty, to talk about power,

私達自身について お互いに

to talk about ourselves,

話し合える場を

and to talk and speak to each other.

私が提供できる楽しさ

That's what makes me get up every day

そのために毎朝目覚めて

and want to think about

現代の芸術家について

this generation of black artists and artists around the world.

いろいろと考えているのです

Thank you. (Applause)

ありがとう