We can start winning the war against cancer | Adam de la Zerda

62,277 views ใƒป 2016-10-26

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Tomoyuki Suzuki ๆ กๆญฃ: Masaki Yanagishita
00:12
"We're declaring war against cancer,
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ใ€Œๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใŒใ‚“ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅฎฃๆˆฆๅธƒๅ‘Šใ—
00:14
and we will win this war by 2015."
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2015ๅนดใพใงใซๅ‹ๅˆฉใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใพใ™ใ€
00:18
This is what the US Congress and the National Cancer Institute declared
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่ญฐไผšใจ ๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ใŒใ‚“็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ใŒ
00:22
just a few years ago, in 2003.
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ใปใ‚“ใฎๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‰ 2003ๅนดใซ ๅฎฃ่จ€ใ—ใŸใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใงใ™
00:25
Now, I don't know about you, but I don't buy that.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใฉใ†ใŠๆ€ใ„ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๆ‡็–‘็š„ใงใ™
00:28
I don't think we quite won this war yet,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใ„ใพใ  ๅ‹ๅˆฉใ‹ใ‚‰ใปใฉ้ ใ„ๆ‰€ใซใ„ใพใ™
00:30
and I don't think anyone here will question that.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚‚ ใใฃใจใใ†ใŠๆ€ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:33
Now, I will argue that a primary reason
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎใŒใ‚“ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆฆใ„ใฎ
00:36
why we're not winning this war against cancer
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ๅ‹ๅˆฉใฎ็›ฎ้€”ใŒ็ซ‹ใŸใชใ„ใฎใฏ
00:38
is because we're fighting blindly.
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ใŒใ‚“ใ‚’ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใชใ ๆˆฆใ„ใ‚’ไป•ๆŽ›ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:40
I'm going to start by sharing with you a story about a good friend of mine.
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ใพใšใฏ็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™
00:44
His name is Ehud,
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ๅฝผใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใงใ™
00:45
and a few years ago, Ehud was diagnosed with brain cancer.
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ๆ•ฐๅนดๅ‰ใซ ๅฝผใฏ่„ณใฎๆ‚ชๆ€ง่…ซ็˜ใจ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
00:48
And not just any type of brain cancer:
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ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ่„ณ่…ซ็˜ใงใฏใชใ
00:50
he was diagnosed with one of the most deadly forms of brain cancer.
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่„ณ่…ซ็˜ใฎไธญใงใ‚‚ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ ใจ ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ™
00:53
In fact, it was so deadly
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ไบ‹ๅฎŸ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ‚ชๆ€งใง
00:55
that the doctors told him that they only have 12 months,
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ๅŒปๅธซ้”ใฏไฝ™ๅ‘ฝใฏ12ใ‚ซๆœˆใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใจ ๅฝผใซ่จ€ใ„ๆธกใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
00:57
and during those 12 months, they have to find a treatment.
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ใ“ใฎ12ใ‚ซๆœˆใฎ้–“ใซ ๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ๅ‡บใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:01
They have to find a cure,
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ๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
01:02
and if they cannot find a cure, he will die.
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ๅฝผใฏๆญปใซ่‡ณใ‚Šใพใ™
01:05
Now, the good news, they said,
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ใงใ‚‚ ่‰ฏใ„็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
01:07
is that there are tons of different treatments to choose from,
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ๆฒป็™‚ใซๆง˜ใ€…ใช้ธๆŠž่‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:10
but the bad news is
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ไธ€ๆ–น ๆ‚ชใ„็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฏ
01:11
that in order for them to tell if a treatment is even working or not,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใŒ ๆœ‰ๅŠนใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใชใ
01:15
well, that takes them about three months or so.
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๏ผ“ใ‚ซๆœˆ้–“่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใชใ„ใจ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:17
So they cannot try that many things.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใใ‚“ใชใซๅคšใใฎๆฒป็™‚ๆณ•ใ‚’ ่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
01:19
Well, Ehud is now going into his first treatment,
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ใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใฏ๏ผ‘ใค็›ฎใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—
01:23
and during that first treatment, just a few days into that treatment,
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้–‹ๅง‹ๅพŒ ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅ็ตŒใฃใŸๆ™‚ ๅฝผใจ้ขไผšใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
01:26
I'm meeting with him, and he tells me, "Adam, I think this is working.
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ๅฝผใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ  ๅŠนๆžœใŒๅ‡บใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
01:29
I think we really lucked out here. Something is happening."
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅนธ้‹ใ ใ‚ˆ ไฝ•ใ‹ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€
01:32
And I ask him, "Really? How do you know that, Ehud?"
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็งใฏๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸ ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใ‹ใ„๏ผŸใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‚“ใ ๏ผŸใ€
01:35
And he says, "Well, I feel so terrible inside.
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ๅฝผใฎ่ฟ”ไบ‹ใฏ ใ€Œ้ ญใฎไธญใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๅ…ทๅˆๆ‚ชใๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ 
01:37
Something's gotta be working up there.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฃใฆใ“ใจใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
01:39
It just has to."
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ๅŠนใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€
01:40
Well, unfortunately, three months later, we got the news, it didn't work.
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ ๏ผ“ใ‹ๆœˆๅพŒใซ ๅŠนๆžœใŒใงใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใฎ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
01:45
And so Ehud goes into his second treatment.
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ใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใฏ๏ผ’ใค็›ฎใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’ ่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
01:47
And again, the same story.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
01:48
"It feels so bad, something's gotta be working there."
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ใ€Œใฒใฉใๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒๆ‚ชใ„ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅŠนใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€
01:51
And then three months later, again we get bad news.
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๏ผ“ใ‚ซๆœˆๅพŒ ใพใŸใ‚‚ใ‚„ๆ‚ชใ„ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
01:54
Ehud is going into his third treatment, and then his fourth treatment.
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๏ผ“ใค็›ฎใ€๏ผ”ใค็›ฎใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’่ฉฆใ—
01:58
And then, as predicted, Ehud dies.
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ไบˆๅ‘Š้€šใ‚Š ใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใฏไบกใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
02:01
Now, when someone really close to you is going through such a huge struggle,
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่ชฐใ‹่บซ่ฟ‘ใชไบบใŒ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ใจใฆใคใ‚‚ใชใ„่‹ฆใ—ใฟใจๆˆฆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ
02:06
you get really swamped with emotions.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:08
A lot of things are going through your head.
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ๆง˜ใ€…ใชใ“ใจใŒ้ ญใ‚’ใ‚ˆใŽใ‚Šใพใ™
02:10
For me, it was mostly outrage.
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็งใฎๅ ดๅˆ ๆ†คใ‚Šใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ—ใŸ
02:11
I was just outraged that, how come this is the best that we can offer?
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆฒป็™‚ใ—ใ‹ใงใใชใ„ใฎใ‹ ใจใ„ใ†ๆ†คใ‚Šใงใ—ใŸ
02:16
And I started looking more and more into this.
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่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฟในใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ ใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
02:18
As it turns out, this is not just the best that doctors could offer Ehud.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŒปๅธซใŒใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใซไธŽใˆๅพ—ใ‚‹ ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ ใฃใŸใฎใฟใชใ‚‰ใš ใพใŸโ€•
02:22
It's not just the best doctors could offer patients with brain cancer generally.
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ไธ€ๆตใฎๅŒปๅธซใŒ่„ณ่…ซ็˜ๅ…จ่ˆฌใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅฏ่ƒฝใช ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
02:26
We're actually not doing that well all across the board with cancer.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ใŒใ‚“ๅ…จ่ˆฌใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๆฑบใ‚ๆ‰‹ใซๆฌ ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆง˜ใงใ™
02:30
I picked up one of those statistics,
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็งใฏ็ตฑ่จˆใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
02:32
and I'm sure some of you have seen those statistics before.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎไธญใซใ‚‚ ่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒ ใใฃใจใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
02:34
This is going to show you here how many patients actually died of cancer,
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ใ“ใ“ใซใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ 1930ๅนดไปฃไปฅ้™
02:38
in this case females in the United States,
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซไฝใ‚€ๅฅณๆ€งใฎใŒใ‚“ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใง
02:40
ever since the 1930s.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไบกใใชใฃใŸไบบใฎๆ•ฐใงใ™
02:41
You'll notice that there aren't that many things that have changed.
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็›ฎ็ซ‹ใฃใŸๆ”นๅ–„ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใš ็›ธๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšๅคงใใชๅ•้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
02:44
It's still a huge issue.
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ใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:46
You'll see a few changes, though.
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ใงใ‚‚ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:48
You'll see lung cancer, for example, on the rise.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ่‚บใŒใ‚“ใฏๅข—ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:50
Thank you, cigarettes.
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ใŸใฐใ“ใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ™
02:52
And you'll also see that, for example, stomach cancer
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ใพใŸ ไพ‹ใˆใฐ่ƒƒใŒใ‚“ใฏ
02:54
once used to be one of the biggest killers of all cancers,
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ใ‹ใคใฆใฏใŒใ‚“ใฎไธญใงใ‚‚ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆญปไบกๆ•ฐใŒ ๅคšใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใŒ
02:58
is essentially eliminated.
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ใปใผ็„กใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:00
Now, why is that? Anyone knows, by the way?
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ใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:02
Why is it that humanity is no longer struck by stomach cancer?
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ใชใœไบบ้กžใฏ่ƒƒใŒใ‚“ใ‚’ ไน—ใ‚Š่ถŠใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
03:05
What was the huge, huge medical technology breakthrough
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ไบบ้กžใŒ่ƒƒใŒใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ•‘ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏ ใ„ใฃใŸใ„ใฉใ‚“ใช
03:10
that came to our world that saved humanity from stomach cancer?
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ๅŒป็™‚ๆŠ€่ก“ใฎๅคง็™บๆ˜ŽใŒ ไธ–็•Œใซ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
03:15
Was it maybe a new drug, or a better diagnostic?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ–ฐ่–ฌใฎ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ‚„ ่จบๆ–ญๆณ•ใซใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:19
You guys are right, yeah.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ™ใญ
03:20
It's the invention of the refrigerator,
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใฆ
03:23
and the fact that we're no longer eating spoiled meats.
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่…ใฃใŸ่‚‰ใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
03:25
So the best thing that happened to us so far
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ๅŒป็™‚ใฎๅˆ†้‡ŽใซใŠใ„ใฆ ใŒใ‚“็ ”็ฉถใซ้–ขใ—
03:28
in the medical arena in cancer research
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฏ
03:29
is the fact that the refrigerator was invented.
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ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
03:32
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
03:33
And so -- yeah, I know.
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ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™
03:34
We're not doing so well here.
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ๅคงใ—ใŸๆˆๆžœใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
03:36
I don't want to miniaturize the progress
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ใŒใ‚“็ ”็ฉถใฎ้€ฒๆญฉใ‚„่ซธใ€…ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’
03:38
and everything that's been done in cancer research.
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้Žๅฐ่ฉ•ไพกใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็งใฎๆ„ๅ›ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:41
Look, there is like 50-plus years of good cancer research
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ใ”่ฆงใฎ้€šใ‚Š50ๅนดใ‚ใพใ‚Šใฎ้–“ใซ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใŒใ‚“็ ”็ฉถใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œ
03:45
that discovered major, major things that taught us about cancer.
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ใŒใ‚“ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ ใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช็™บ่ฆ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
03:48
But all that said,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใใ‚Œใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš
03:50
we have a lot of heavy lifting to still do ahead of us.
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็ซ‹ใกใฏใ ใ‹ใ‚‹ๅฃใฏๅŽšใ„ใฎใงใ™
03:54
Again, I will argue that the primary reason why this is the case,
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ใชใœ้ก•่‘—ใชๆˆๆžœใŒๅ‡บใ›ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎใ‹ ใใฎไธปใช็†็”ฑใฏ
03:58
why we have not done that remarkably well,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ ใŒใ‚“ใ‚’ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใชใ
04:00
is really we're fighting blindly here.
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ๆˆฆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจ ็งใฏๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:01
And this is where medical imaging comes in.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅŒป็™‚ใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใƒณใ‚ฐๆŠ€่ก“ใŒ ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
04:04
This is where my own work comes in.
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็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅˆ†้‡Žใฎๅ‡บ็•ชใงใ™
04:06
And so to give you a sense of the best medical imaging
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่„ณ่…ซ็˜ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฎ่จบๆ–ญใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๆœ€ๆ–ฐๆŠ€่ก“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็”ปๅƒใŒ
04:09
that's offered today to brain cancer patients,
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:11
or actually generally to all cancer patients,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใปใผๅ…จใฆใฎใŒใ‚“ใซใ‚‚ ้ฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™
04:13
take a look at this PET scan right here.
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PETใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™
04:15
Let's see. There we go.
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ใฏใ„ ใ“ใฎ้€šใ‚Š
04:17
So this is a PET/CT scan,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏPET/CTใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใง
04:19
and what you'll see in this PET/CT scan
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
04:21
is the CT scan will show you where the bones are,
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CTใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใฏ้ชจใ‚’ ๅฏ่ฆ–ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใฆ
04:25
and the PET scan will show you where tumors are.
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PETใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใฏ่…ซ็˜ใŒ ใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
04:27
Now, what you can see here
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ใ“ใ“ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
04:30
is essentially a sugar molecule
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็ณ–ใฎๅˆ†ๅญใง
04:32
that was added a small little tag
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ๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ฟใ‚ฐใŒไป˜ใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
04:34
that is signaling to us outside of the body,
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ไฝ“ๅค–ใธไฟกๅทใ‚’็™บไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:36
"Hey, I'm here."
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ใ€Œๅƒ•ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€
04:37
And those sugar molecules are injected into these patients by the billions,
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ไฝ•ๅๅ„„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ•ฐใฎ็ณ–ๅˆ†ๅญใŒ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใซๆณจๅฐ„ใ•ใ‚Œ
04:41
and they're going all over the body
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ไฝ“ไธญใ‚’ๅ‹•ใๅ›žใ‚Š
04:43
looking for cells that are hungry for sugar.
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็ณ–ใ‚’ๆฌฒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’ ๆŽขใ—ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
04:46
You'll see that the heart, for example, lights up there.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๅฟƒ่‡“ใŒ ๅ…‰ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:49
That's because the heart needs a lot of sugar.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฟƒ่‡“ใŒๅคง้‡ใฎ็ณ–ใ‚’ ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
04:51
You'll also see that the bladder lights up there.
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่†€่ƒฑใ‚‚ๅ…‰ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:53
That's because the bladder is the thing that's clearing
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ่†€่ƒฑใฏ ไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰็ณ–ใ‚’
04:56
the sugar away from our body.
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ๆŽ’ๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝน็›ฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
04:58
And then you'll see a few other hot spots,
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ไป–ใซใ‚‚ไฝ•ใ‚ซๆ‰€ใ‹ใ‚‰ ไฟกๅทใŒๅ‡บใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
05:00
and these are in fact the tumors.
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ๅฎŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ่…ซ็˜ใชใฎใงใ™
05:01
Now, this is a really a wonderful technology.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸใซ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆŠ€่ก“ใงใ™
05:03
For the first time it allowed us to look into someone's body
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ๅˆใ‚ใฆ ไบบใ€…ใฎไฝ“ๅ†…ใ‚’ๆคœๆŸปใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
05:07
without picking up each and every one of the cells
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้ก•ๅพฎ้กใง่ชฟในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใชใ
05:09
and putting them under the microscope,
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้ก•ๅพฎ้กใง่ชฟในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใชใ
05:11
but in a noninvasive way allowing us to look into someone's body
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้žไพต่ฅฒ็š„ใซ ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
05:14
and ask, "Hey, has the cancer metastasized?
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ใ“ใ†ๅ•ใ„ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ ใ€ŒใŒใ‚“ใฏ่ปข็งปใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
05:16
Where is it?"
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ใ€ŒใŒใ‚“ใฏใฉใ“ใซ๏ผŸใ€
05:17
And the PET scans here are showing you very clearly
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ใ”่ฆงใฎ้€šใ‚Š PETใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใฏ ่…ซ็˜ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’
05:20
where are these hot spots, where is the tumor.
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ใƒ›ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใจใ—ใฆ ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใจ็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
05:23
So as miraculous as this might seem,
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฅ‡่ทก็š„ใชใ“ใจใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใพใ™ใŒ
05:26
unfortunately, well, it's not that great.
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ ใใ†ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:30
You see, those small little hot spots there.
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ๅฐใ•ใชใƒ›ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒ
05:33
Can anyone guess how many cancer cells are in any one of these tumors?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่…ซ็˜ใฎไธญใซ ใ„ใใคใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:38
So it's about 100 million cancer cells,
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็ด„๏ผ‘ๅ„„ๅ€‹ใฎใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
05:40
and let me make sure that this number sunk in.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ ใ‘้›†ใพใฃใฆ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚„ใ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
05:43
In each and every one of these small little blips
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ใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใง่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹
05:46
that you're seeing on the image,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธ€ใคไธ€ใคใฎๅฐใ•ใช็‚นใŒ
05:47
there needs to be at least 100 million cancer cells
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ๆคœ็Ÿฅใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚๏ผ‘ๅ„„ๅ€‹ใฎใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใŒ
05:51
in order for it to be detected.
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้›†ใพใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:53
Now, if that seemed to you like a very large number,
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ๅคงๅค‰ๅคงใใชๆ•ฐใซ ๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
05:55
it is a very large number.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™
05:58
This is in fact an incredibly large number,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸ ๆ‚ฉใพใ—ใ„ใปใฉใซๅคงใใชๆ•ฐใงใ™
06:00
because what we really need in order to pick up something early enough
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ใŒใ‚“ใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’ ็œŸใซๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ
06:04
to do something about it, to do something meaningful about it,
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ๅๅˆ†ใซๆ—ฉๆœŸใซ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง
06:07
well, we need to pick up tumors that are a thousand cells in size,
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๏ผ‘ๅƒๅ€‹ใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๆคœ็Ÿฅใ— ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็†ๆƒณใ‚’่จ€ใˆใฐโ€•
06:10
and ideally just a handful of cells in size.
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ใ‚ใšใ‹ๆ•ฐๅ€‹ใงใ‚‚ ๆคœ็Ÿฅใงใใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:12
So we're clearly pretty far away from this.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ่งฃๆฑบใซใปใฉ้ ใ„ใฎใฏ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™
06:14
So we're going to play a little experiment here.
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ใ•ใฆใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:16
I'm going to ask each of you to now play and imagine
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่„ณๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใซใชใฃใŸใจ
06:19
that you are brain surgeons.
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ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:21
And you guys are now at an operating room,
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ไปŠ ๆ‰‹่ก“ๅฎคใซใ„ใฆ
06:25
and there's a patient in front of you,
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็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใซๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ•ใ‚“ใŒใ„ใพใ™
06:27
and your task is to make sure that the tumor is out.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฝน็›ฎใฏ ่…ซ็˜ใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซๆ‘˜ๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:31
So you're looking down at the patient,
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ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ
06:34
the skin and the skull have already been removed,
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้ ญ็šฎใจ้ ญ่“‹้ชจใฏ ๆ—ขใซๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ‹ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Š
06:37
so you're looking at the brain.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่„ณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:38
And all you know about this patient
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ใ“ใฎๆ‚ฃ่€…ใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
06:40
is that there's a tumor about the size of a golf ball or so
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ใ‚ดใƒซใƒ•ใƒœใƒผใƒซๅคงใฎ่…ซ็˜ใŒ
06:43
in the right frontal lobe of this person's brain.
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่„ณใฎๅณๅ‰้ ญ่‘‰ใซ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:46
And that's more or less it.
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็›ฎใง่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹่…ซ็˜ใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™
06:47
So you're looking down, and unfortunately everything looks the same,
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ใ˜ใฃใใ‚Š่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใฆใ‚‚ ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰โ€•
06:50
because brain cancer tissue and healthy brain tissue
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ใŒใ‚“็ต„็น”ใ‚‚ ๅฅๅบทใช็ต„็น”ใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใง
06:53
really just look the same.
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ๅŒบๅˆฅใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
06:55
And so you're going in with your thumb,
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ใใ“ใง่ฆชๆŒ‡ใ‚’ไธญใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆ
06:57
and you start to press a little bit on the brain,
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่„ณใ‚’่ปฝใ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ
06:59
because tumors tend to be a little harder, stiffer,
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่…ซ็˜็ต„็น”ใฎๆ–นใŒ ๅนพๅˆ†ๅ›บใ ใดใ‚“ใจๅผตใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง
07:02
and so you go in and go a little bit like this and say,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใง่งฆใฃใฆใ„ใใจ ใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใพใ™
07:04
"It seems like the tumor is right there."
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ใ€Œ่…ซ็˜ใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ€
07:06
Then you take out your knife and start cutting the tumor
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ใใ“ใงใƒกใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ— ่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคไธๅฏงใซ
07:09
piece by piece by piece.
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ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
07:10
And as you're taking the tumor out,
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่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆใ„ใใจ
07:12
then you're getting to a stage where you think,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ“ใ†่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ๆฎต้šŽใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใพใ™
07:14
"Alright, I'm done. I took out everything."
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ— ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸ ๅ…จใฆๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ„ใŸใžใ€
07:16
And at this stage, if that's --
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ใ“ใฎๆฎต้šŽใงโ€•
07:18
so far everything sounded, like, pretty crazy --
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸใซ้‡Ž่›ฎใช่ฉฑใจ ๆ€ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒ
07:21
you're now about to face the most challenging decision of your life here.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ ไบบ็”Ÿใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ›ฐ้›ฃใช ๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’่ฟซใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
07:24
Because now you need to decide,
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ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ ใใฎๆฑบๆ–ญใฏ
07:26
should I stop here and let this patient go,
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆ‰‹่ก“ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ‚’ๅธฐใ™ใฎใ‹ ใคใพใ‚Šโ€•
07:29
risking that there might be some leftover cancer cells behind
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰็›ฎใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ„ ่…ซ็˜็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†
07:32
that I just couldn't see,
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ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ในใใชใฎใ‹
07:33
or should I take away some extra margins,
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ใ„ใใ‚‰ใ‹ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใชๅน…ใ‚’ๅŠ ๅ‘ณใ—ใฆ
07:36
typically about an inch or so around the tumor
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้€šๅธธ 2-3 cm็จ‹ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใซ ่…ซ็˜ๅ‘จๅ›ฒใ‚’ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆ
07:39
just to be sure that I removed everything?
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็ขบๅฎŸใซ่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๅ…จ้ƒจ ๆ‘˜ๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:43
So this is not a simple decision to make,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๆฑบๆ–ญใงใ™ใŒ
07:47
and unfortunately this is the decision
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ ่„ณ่…ซ็˜ใฎๆ‰‹่ก“ใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใŒ
07:49
that brain cancer surgeons have to take every single day
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ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ‚’ๅ‰ใซใ—ใฆ ๆ—ฅใ€… ้ฟใ‘ใฆ้€šใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„
07:53
as they're seeing their patients.
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ๆฑบๆ–ญใชใฎใงใ™
07:55
And so I remember talking to a few friends of mine in the lab,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ—ฅ ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใฎๅŒๅƒšใจใฎ้–“ใง ใ“ใ‚“ใชไผš่ฉฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
07:58
and we say, "Boy, there's got to be a better way."
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจใ„ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใ€
08:00
But not just like you tell a friend that there's got to be a better way.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ‹ไบบใซๅฏพใ— ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใ„ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฅไธŠใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™
08:04
There's just got to be a better way here.
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ใพใ•ใซ่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใชใฎใงใ™
08:06
This is just incredible.
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่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใชใ„ใจใฏใฒใฉใ™ใŽใพใ™
08:07
And so we looked back.
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ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใŸ
08:09
Remember those PET scans I told you about, the sugar and so on.
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ๅ…ˆใปใฉใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸPETใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใ‚„ ็ณ–ใฎใ“ใจใชใฉใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
08:12
We said, hey, how about instead of using sugar molecules,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸ ใ€Œ็ณ–ๅˆ†ๅญใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ
08:15
let's maybe take tiny, tiny little particles made of gold,
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้‡‘ใฎๆฅตๅฐๅพฎ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
08:18
and let's program them with some interesting chemistry around them.
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่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅญฆ็š„ๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†
08:21
Let's program them to look for cancer cells.
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ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๆŽขใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€
08:24
And then we will inject these gold particles
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ไฝ•ๅๅ„„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ•ฐใฎ้‡‘ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’
08:26
into these patients by the billions again,
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ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใซๆณจๅฐ„ใ—
08:28
and we'll have them go all over the body,
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ไฝ“ไธญใซ่กŒใๆธกใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:30
and just like secret agents, if you will,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:32
go and walk by every single cell in our body
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ไฝ“ใฎๅ…จใฆใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใธใจ็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใฆใ„ใฃใฆ
08:35
and knock on the door of that cell,
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็ดฐ่ƒžใฎๆˆธใ‚’ใƒŽใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆๅ›žใ‚Šใพใ™
08:37
and ask, "Are you a cancer cell or are you a healthy cell?
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ใ€ŒใŠๅ‰ใฏใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๆญฃๅธธใช็ดฐ่ƒž๏ผŸใ€
08:40
If you're a healthy cell, we're moving on.
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ๆญฃๅธธใช็ดฐ่ƒžใชใ‚‰ๆฌกใธใจ้€ฒใฟใพใ™
08:42
If you're a cancer cell, we're sticking in and shining out
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ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใชใ‚‰ ใใ“ใซใใฃใคใ„ใฆ ่ผใ„ใฆ ใ“ใ†ไผใˆใพใ™
08:44
and telling us, "Hey, look at me, I'm here."
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ใ€Œไฟบใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใ€
08:47
And they'll do it through some interesting cameras
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆˆ‘ใŒ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใŒ้–‹็™บใ—ใŸ ็‰นๆฎŠใชใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใŒ
08:49
that we developed in the lab.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ‰ใˆใพใ™
08:50
And once we see that, maybe we can guide brain cancer surgeons
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ใ„ใฃใŸใ‚“ ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Œใฐ ่„ณ่…ซ็˜ๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใŒ
08:53
towards taking only the tumor and leaving the healthy brain alone.
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่…ซ็˜ใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๅˆ‡้™คใ— ๅฅๅบทใช็ดฐ่ƒžใฏ ่งฆใ‚Œใšใซๆธˆใ‚€ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:57
And so we've tested that, and boy, this works well.
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ๅฎŸ้š›่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ ไธŠๆ‰‹ใใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
09:00
So I'm going to show you an example now.
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ใงใฏๅฎŸไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:02
What you're looking at here
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ”่ฆงใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
09:04
is an image of a mouse's brain,
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ใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใฎ่„ณใฎ็”ปๅƒใงใ™
09:08
and we've implanted into this mouse's brain
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ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใฎ่„ณใซใฏ ๅ‰ใ‚‚ใฃใฆๅฐใ•ใช่…ซ็˜ใŒ
09:11
a small little tumor.
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็งปๆคใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
09:13
And so this tumor is now growing in this mouse's brain,
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่…ซ็˜ใฏใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใฎ่„ณใงๆˆ้•ทใ—
09:15
and then we've taken a doctor and asked the doctor
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ใใ“ใงๅŒปๅธซใ‚’ๅ‘ผใณ ใ“ใ†ไพ้ ผใ—ใพใ™
09:18
to please operate on the mouse as if that was a patient,
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ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใ‚’ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใจๆ€ใฃใฆ ๆ‰‹่ก“ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:21
and take out piece by piece out of the tumor.
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่…ซ็˜ใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:23
And while he's doing that,
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ๅฝผใŒๆ‰‹่ก“ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“
09:25
we're going to take images to see where the gold particles are.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ้‡‘ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’็คบใ™ ็”ปๅƒใ‚’ๆ’ฎใ‚Š็ถšใ‘ใพใ™
09:28
And so we're going to first start
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ใพใšๅˆใ‚ใซ
09:30
by injecting these gold particles into this mouse,
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้‡‘ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใฎไฝ“ๅ†…ใซๆณจๅฐ„ใ—ใพใ™
09:32
and we're going to see right here at the very left there
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็”ป้ขๅทฆ้š…ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
09:35
that image at the bottom
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ไธ‹ๅดใฎ็”ปๅƒใŒ
09:36
is the image that shows where the gold particles are.
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้‡‘ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’ ่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:39
The nice thing is that these gold particles
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่ฆ‹ไบ‹ใชใฎใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้‡‘ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใŒ
09:41
actually made it all the way to the tumor,
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่…ซ็˜ใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—
09:43
and then they shine out and tell us, "Hey, we're here. Here's the tumor."
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ใใ“ใง่ผใ ใ“ใ†ไผใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใ  ใ“ใ“ใซ่…ซ็˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใžใ€
09:47
So now we can see the tumor,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใซใฏ่…ซ็˜ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒ
09:48
but we're not showing this to the doctor yet.
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ๅŒปๅธซใซใฏ ใพใ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
09:50
We're asking the doctor, now please start cutting away the tumor,
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ๅŒปๅธซใซใ“ใ†ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€Œ่…ซ็˜ใฎๅˆ‡้™คใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใฆไธ‹ใ•ใ„ใ€
09:53
and you'll see here the doctor just took the first quadrant of the tumor
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ๅŒปๅธซใŒใพใš่…ซ็˜ใฎ๏ผ”ๅˆ†ใฎ๏ผ‘ใ‚’ๅˆ‡้™คใ—
09:57
and you see that first quadrant is now missing.
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ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใชใใชใฃใŸใฎใŒ ่ฆ‹ใฆๅ–ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:59
The doctor then took the second quadrant, the third,
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ๆฌก ใใฎใพใŸๆฌกใจ ๏ผ”ๅˆ†ใฎ๏ผ‘ใšใคๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆใ„ใ
10:01
and now it appears to be everything.
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ใคใ„ใซๅ…จใฆใŒ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
10:03
And so at this stage, the doctor came back to us and said,
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ใ“ใฎๆฎต้šŽใงๅŒปๅธซใŒๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใซๆฅใฆ ใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
10:06
"Alright, I'm done. What do you want me to do?
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ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ— ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸ ๆฌกใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ„๏ผŸ
10:08
Should I keep things as they are
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
10:10
or do you want me to take some extra margins around?"
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใซ ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใฎใ‹ใ„๏ผŸใ€
10:12
And then we said, "Well, hang on."
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใ€Œๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ใจ่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ—ใพใ™
10:14
We told the doctor, "You've missed those two spots,
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ†ไผใˆใพใ™ ใ€Œ่…ซ็˜ใŒ๏ผ’ใ‹ๆ‰€ใซๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:16
so rather than taking huge margins around,
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ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’ใ”ใฃใใ‚Šๅˆ‡้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ
10:18
only take out those tiny little areas.
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ใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใ ใ‘ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
10:20
Take them out, and then let's take a look."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅˆ‡้™คใ—ใŸใ‚‰ ใพใŸ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€
10:22
And so the doctor took them away, and lo and behold,
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ๅŒปๅธซใŒๅˆ‡้™คใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใจ ่ฆ‹ไบ‹ใชใ“ใจใซ
10:25
the cancer is now completely gone.
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่…ซ็˜็ดฐ่ƒžใฏๅ…จใฆใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
10:27
Now, the important thing
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ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏ
10:29
is that it's not just that the cancer is completely gone
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่…ซ็˜็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๆ‚ฃ่€…ใฎ่„ณใ‚„ ใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚นใฎ่„ณใ‹ใ‚‰
10:31
from this person's brain,
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้™คๅŽปใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:33
or from this mouse's brain.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้™คๅŽปใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:35
The most important thing
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชใ“ใจใฏ
10:36
is that we did not have to take huge amounts of healthy brain
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ใ“ใฎๆ‰‹่ก“ใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใง ๆญฃๅธธใช่„ณใ‚’ใ”ใฃใใ‚Šใจๅˆ‡้™คใ™ใ‚‹โ€•
10:39
in the process.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
10:40
And so now we can actually imagine a world
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ๅŒปๅธซใ€ๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใŒ ่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๅˆ‡้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
10:42
where doctors and surgeons, as they take away a tumor,
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ๅˆ‡้™คใ™ในใๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ ใใ‚“ใชไธ–ใฎไธญใ‚’ ไปŠใงใฏโ€•
10:46
they actually know what to take out,
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ๆ€ใ„ๆตฎใ‹ในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
10:48
and they no longer have to guess with their thumb.
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ใ‚‚ใฏใ‚„่ฆชๆŒ‡ใฎๅ‹˜ใซ้ ผใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:51
Now, here's why it's extremely important to take those tiny little leftover tumors.
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่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใงใ‚‚ๅ–ใ‚Šๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:55
Those leftover tumors, even if it's just a handful of cells,
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ๅ–ใ‚Šๆฎ‹ใ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ ใใ‚Œใฏๅƒ…ใ‹ใชๆ•ฐใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใงใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚
10:58
they will grow to recur the tumor,
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ๆˆ้•ทใ— ่…ซ็˜ใฏๅ†็”Ÿใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™
11:01
for the tumor to come back.
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่…ซ็˜ใŒ่ˆžใ„ๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:03
In fact, the reason why 80 to 90 percent
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ไบ‹ๅฎŸ ่„ณใฎๆ‚ชๆ€ง่…ซ็˜ๆ‘˜ๅ‡บใŒไธๆˆๅŠŸใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹
11:05
of those brain cancer surgeries ultimately fail
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็ฉถๆฅตใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใฎ80ใ‹ใ‚‰90๏ผ…ใฏ
11:07
is because of those small little extra margins that were left positive,
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ๅˆ‡้™ค้ƒจใฎใ™ใๅค–ๅดใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ
11:11
those small little leftover tumors that were left there.
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ๅพฎๅฐใช่…ซ็˜ใŒๅˆ‡้™คใ•ใ‚Œใš ๆฎ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™
11:15
So this is clearly very nice,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎๆคœๆŸปๆณ•ใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใ™
11:17
but what I really want to share with you is where I think we're heading from here.
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ใ•ใฆ ไธ€็•ชใŠไผใˆใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใฏ ใใฎๅ…ˆใซใ‚ใ–ใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
11:21
And so in my lab at Stanford,
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ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ๅคงใฎ็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใฏ
11:23
my students and I are asking, what should we be working on now?
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ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใ‚‚็งใ‚‚ ๆฌกใซใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใ็ ”็ฉถใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:29
And I think where medical imaging is heading to
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ๅŒป็™‚ใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใƒณใ‚ฐใŒ็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ™ใจใ“ใ‚ใฏ
11:32
is the ability to look into the human body
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ไบบ้–“ใฎไฝ“ๅ†…ใ‚’ๆคœๆŸปใ—
11:34
and actually see each and every one of these cells separately.
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็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’ๅ€‹ใ€…ใซๅŒบๅˆฅใ—ใฆ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
11:39
The ability like this would allow us
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
11:40
to actually pick up tumors way, way earlier in the process,
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๏ผ‘ๅ„„ใฎใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใธใจๅข—ๆฎ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ใšใฃใจๆ—ฉใ„ๆฎต้šŽใง
11:43
way before it's 100 million cells inside, so we can actually do something about it.
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่…ซ็˜ใ‚’ๆคœๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใง ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅฏพๅ‡ฆใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™
11:48
An ability to see each and every one of the cells might also allow us
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ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐ
11:51
to ask insightful questions.
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ๆดžๅฏŸ็š„ใช็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆ่ตทใงใใพใ™
11:53
So in the lab, we are now getting to a point
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็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใฏ ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹โ€•
11:55
where we can actually start asking these cancer cells real questions,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใช็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ่‡ณใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
11:58
like, for example, are you responding to the treatment we are giving you or not?
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๆ–ฝใ™ๆฒป็™‚ใฏ ใŒใ‚“็ดฐ่ƒžใซๅŠนๆžœใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:02
So if you're not responding, we'll know to stop the treatment right away,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๅŠนๆžœใŒใชใ„ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Œใฐ ๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ“ใ‹ๆœˆใ‚‚ๅพ…ใŸใšใซ
12:05
days into the treatment, not three months.
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ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅใง็›ดใกใซๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’ ไธญๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
12:08
And so also for patients like Ehud
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚จใƒ•ใƒ‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ‚ฃ่€…ใŒ
12:10
that are going through these nasty, nasty chemotherapy drugs,
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅŽ„ไป‹ใชๅŒ–ๅญฆ็™‚ๆณ•่–ฌใ‚’ ๅŠนใ็›ฎใŒใชใ„ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš
12:15
for them not to suffer
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ๆœ็”จใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
12:16
through those horrendous side effects of the drugs
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ใฒใฉใ„ๅ‰ฏไฝœ็”จใซ
12:19
when the drugs are in fact not even helping them.
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่‹ฆใ—ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:22
So to be frank here,
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ๆญฃ็›ด่จ€ใˆใฐ
12:24
we're pretty far away from winning the war against cancer,
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ใŒใ‚“ใจใฎๆˆฆใ„ใซๅ‹ๅˆฉใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ ใปใฉ้ ใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใŒ
12:28
just to be realistic.
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็พๅฎŸใงใ™
12:29
But at least I am hopeful
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚
12:31
that we should be able to fight this war with better medical imaging techniques
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๅŒป็™‚ใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใƒณใ‚ฐๆŠ€่ก“ใง ใŒใ‚“ใ‚’ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ๆฅตใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใง
12:35
in the way that is not blind.
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ใŒใ‚“ใจๆˆฆใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:37
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
12:38
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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