We can start winning the war against cancer | Adam de la Zerda

62,277 views ・ 2016-10-26

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Mijin Kim κ²€ν† : Kyo young Chu
00:12
"We're declaring war against cancer,
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•”κ³Όμ˜ μ „μŸμ„ μ„ ν¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
and we will win this war by 2015."
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그리고 2015λ…„μ—λŠ” 이 μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
00:18
This is what the US Congress and the National Cancer Institute declared
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이것은 λ―Έ μ˜νšŒμ™€ ꡭ립 μ•” μ„Όν„°μ—μ„œ μ„ μ–Έν•œ λ‚΄μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
just a few years ago, in 2003.
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뢈과 λͺ‡ λ…„ 전인 2003λ…„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Now, I don't know about you, but I don't buy that.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 어떨지 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 여기에 λ™μ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
I don't think we quite won this war yet,
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λŠ” 이 μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
and I don't think anyone here will question that.
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ° λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ 이에 μ΄μ˜μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•˜μ§„ μ•ŠμœΌλ¦¬λΌ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Now, I will argue that a primary reason
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이제 μ €λŠ” μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•”κ³Όμ˜ μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 것인지
00:36
why we're not winning this war against cancer
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 이유λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
is because we're fighting blindly.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ§Ήλͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹Έμš°κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
I'm going to start by sharing with you a story about a good friend of mine.
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제 μΉœν•œ 친ꡬ의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ 강연을 μ‹œμž‘ν• κΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그의 이름은 μ—ν›„λ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
His name is Ehud,
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00:45
and a few years ago, Ehud was diagnosed with brain cancer.
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λͺ‡ λ…„ μ „, κ·ΈλŠ” λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘ 진단을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
And not just any type of brain cancer:
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ν‰λ²”ν•œ λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:50
he was diagnosed with one of the most deadly forms of brain cancer.
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κ°€μž₯ 치λͺ…적인 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘μ„ μ§„λ‹¨λ°›μ•˜μ£ .
00:53
In fact, it was so deadly
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사싀은, λ„ˆλ¬΄ 치λͺ…적이라
μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 12κ°œμ›” μ‹œν•œλΆ€λ₯Ό μ„ κ³ ν–ˆκ³ 
00:55
that the doctors told him that they only have 12 months,
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00:57
and during those 12 months, they have to find a treatment.
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κ·Έ 12κ°œμ›” λ™μ•ˆ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
They have to find a cure,
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
01:02
and if they cannot find a cure, he will die.
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그렇지 λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” μ‚¬λ§ν•˜κ²Œ 될 거라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
01:05
Now, the good news, they said,
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€ 말이, 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€
01:07
is that there are tons of different treatments to choose from,
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κ³ λ₯Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
but the bad news is
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€
01:11
that in order for them to tell if a treatment is even working or not,
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ—†λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
3κ°œμ›” κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦°λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ˜€μ£ .
01:15
well, that takes them about three months or so.
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01:17
So they cannot try that many things.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό ν•΄ λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Well, Ehud is now going into his first treatment,
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μ•„λ¬΄νŠΌ μ—ν›„λ“œλŠ” 첫번째 치료 과정을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
κ·Έ 첫번째 μΉ˜λ£Œκ³Όμ •μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  λ©°μΉ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
01:23
and during that first treatment, just a few days into that treatment,
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κ·Έ μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 제게 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ•„λ‹΄, μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„.
01:26
I'm meeting with him, and he tells me, "Adam, I think this is working.
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01:29
I think we really lucked out here. Something is happening."
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 운이 정말 μ’‹μ•˜μ–΄. λ­”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄."
01:32
And I ask him, "Really? How do you know that, Ehud?"
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μ œκ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ£ . "정말이야? κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œμ•„, μ—ν›„λ“œ?"
κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "κΈ€μŽ„, λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ­”κ°€ λ”μ°ν•œ 기뢄이 느껴져.
01:35
And he says, "Well, I feel so terrible inside.
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01:37
Something's gotta be working up there.
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λͺΈμ—μ„œ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
ν‹€λ¦Όμ—†μ–΄."
01:39
It just has to."
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01:40
Well, unfortunately, three months later, we got the news, it didn't work.
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λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ 3κ°œμ›” λ’€, 이 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
And so Ehud goes into his second treatment.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—ν›„λ“œλŠ” λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ 치료 과정을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
And again, the same story.
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그리고 같은 상황이 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:48
"It feels so bad, something's gotta be working there."
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"λ‚˜ 기뢄이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 쒋지 μ•Šμ•„. λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ­”κ°€ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆμ–΄."
01:51
And then three months later, again we get bad news.
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그리고 3κ°œμ›” λ’€ μ €ν¬λŠ” 또 λ‹€μ‹œ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“£κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Ehud is going into his third treatment, and then his fourth treatment.
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μ—ν›„λ“œλŠ” μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ 치료λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ˜€κ³  이후 λ„€λ²ˆμ§Έ 치료 과정에 λ“€μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
And then, as predicted, Ehud dies.
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그리고 μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€λ‘œ μ—ν›„λ“œλŠ” μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
Now, when someone really close to you is going through such a huge struggle,
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό 정말 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 그런 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 일을 κ²ͺλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
02:06
you get really swamped with emotions.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 감정에 νœ©μ‹ΈμΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
A lot of things are going through your head.
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머리 속에 λ§Žμ€ 생각듀이 였갈 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
For me, it was mostly outrage.
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μ €μ˜ 경우, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ λΆ„λ…Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
I was just outraged that, how come this is the best that we can offer?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 해쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ΅œμ„ μ΄ 겨우 μ΄κ²ƒλΏμ΄λΌλŠ” 것에 ν™”κ°€ λ‚¬μ—ˆμ£ .
02:16
And I started looking more and more into this.
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
As it turns out, this is not just the best that doctors could offer Ehud.
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ—ν›„λ“œμ—κ²Œ μ œμ•ˆν•œ 것이 μ΅œμ„ μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
It's not just the best doctors could offer patients with brain cancer generally.
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그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 보톡 λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ μ΅œμƒμ˜ μ œμ•ˆμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
02:26
We're actually not doing that well all across the board with cancer.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•”κ³Όμ˜ μ‹Έμ›€μ—μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 잘 ν•΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
I picked up one of those statistics,
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그에 λŒ€ν•œ 톡계 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 보여 λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ€‘μ—λŠ” 이미 이 자료λ₯Ό 보신 뢄도 계싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
and I'm sure some of you have seen those statistics before.
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02:34
This is going to show you here how many patients actually died of cancer,
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이 μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžκ°€ μ•”μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ‚¬λ§ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
in this case females in the United States,
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이것은 1930λ…„ μ΄ν›„μ˜
λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄ μ—¬μ„± μ•”ν™˜μžμ˜ μˆ«μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
ever since the 1930s.
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02:41
You'll notice that there aren't that many things that have changed.
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큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†μŒμ„ λˆˆμΉ˜μ±„μ…¨μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
It's still a huge issue.
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λ„ 큰 λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
You'll see a few changes, though.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, νμ•”μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
02:48
You'll see lung cancer, for example, on the rise.
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02:50
Thank you, cigarettes.
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λ‹΄λ°° 덕뢄이죠.
02:52
And you'll also see that, for example, stomach cancer
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μœ„μ•”μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
02:54
once used to be one of the biggest killers of all cancers,
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ν•œ λ•Œ, μ£Όμš” 사망 원인 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
02:58
is essentially eliminated.
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κ°μ†Œ 좔세에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Now, why is that? Anyone knows, by the way?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, μ™œμΌκΉŒμš”? μ•„μ‹œλŠ” λΆ„ κ³„μ‹ κ°€μš”?
03:02
Why is it that humanity is no longer struck by stomach cancer?
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μ™œ 인λ₯˜λŠ” 더 이상 μœ„μ•”κ³Ό λ§ˆμ£ΌμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:05
What was the huge, huge medical technology breakthrough
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세상에 λ“±μž₯ν•΄ μœ„μ•”μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 인λ₯˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•œ
03:10
that came to our world that saved humanity from stomach cancer?
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κ·Έ ꡉμž₯ν•œ 의료기술의 λŒνŒŒκ΅¬λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:15
Was it maybe a new drug, or a better diagnostic?
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μ‹ μ•½μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 진단 기술의 λ°œμ „ λ•λΆ„μΌκΉŒμš”?
λ„€, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
You guys are right, yeah.
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03:20
It's the invention of the refrigerator,
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λ°”λ‘œ 냉μž₯고의 발λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
더 이상 μƒν•œ κ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό 먹지 μ•Šμ•„λ„ λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이죠.
03:23
and the fact that we're no longer eating spoiled meats.
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03:25
So the best thing that happened to us so far
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 의료 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ•” 연ꡬ에 μžˆμ–΄
μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 일 μ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 일은
03:28
in the medical arena in cancer research
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03:29
is the fact that the refrigerator was invented.
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λ°”λ‘œ 냉μž₯고의 발λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:32
(Laughter)
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03:33
And so -- yeah, I know.
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그리고, λ„€. 저도 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
We're not doing so well here.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직 잘 ν•΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €λŠ” μ•” 연ꡬ에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
03:36
I don't want to miniaturize the progress
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ˜ λ°œμ „μ΄λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ“  것을 κ³Όμ†Œ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λ €λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
and everything that's been done in cancer research.
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03:41
Look, there is like 50-plus years of good cancer research
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λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 암연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•œ μ§€λ‚œ 50λ…„ 역사λ₯Ό 톡해
03:45
that discovered major, major things that taught us about cancer.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 암에 λŒ€ν•΄ 배우고 μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
But all that said,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 역사가 λ§ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 것은
03:50
we have a lot of heavy lifting to still do ahead of us.
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우리 μ•žμ—λŠ” 아직 ν—€μ³λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•  것이 λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Again, I will argue that the primary reason why this is the case,
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그럴 수 밖에 μ—†λŠ” 주된 μ΄μœ μ™€
μ§€κΈˆκ» λšœλ ·ν•œ 업적을 μ„Έμš°μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 원인은
03:58
why we have not done that remarkably well,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬΄ν„±λŒ€κ³  μ‹Έμš°κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
is really we're fighting blindly here.
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04:01
And this is where medical imaging comes in.
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ 의료 μ˜μƒ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό μ£Όλͺ©ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ 이 일을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 것도 λ°”λ‘œ 이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:04
This is where my own work comes in.
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04:06
And so to give you a sense of the best medical imaging
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 제곡되고
λ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 일반적인 μ•” ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅λ˜λŠ”
04:09
that's offered today to brain cancer patients,
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04:11
or actually generally to all cancer patients,
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졜고의 의료 μ˜μƒμ΄ 무엇인지 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:13
take a look at this PET scan right here.
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μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” PET μ˜μƒμ„ ν•œ 번 봐 μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
04:15
Let's see. There we go.
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λ³΄μ‹œμ£ . 이 μ˜μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
So this is a PET/CT scan,
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이것이 PET/CT μ˜μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
and what you'll see in this PET/CT scan
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그리고 이 PET/CT μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
04:21
is the CT scan will show you where the bones are,
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CT μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ 뼈의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 있고
PET μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
and the PET scan will show you where tumors are.
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04:27
Now, what you can see here
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이 μ˜μƒμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것은
04:30
is essentially a sugar molecule
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기본적으둜 λ‹Ή λΆ„μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
that was added a small little tag
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여기에 μž‘μ€ ν‘œμ‹μ΄ λΆ™μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
04:34
that is signaling to us outside of the body,
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λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내주죠.
04:36
"Hey, I'm here."
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"이봐, λ‚˜ μ—¬κΈ°μžˆμ–΄."λΌκ³ μš”.
04:37
And those sugar molecules are injected into these patients by the billions,
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μˆ˜μ‹­ μ–΅ 개의 λ‹Ή λΆ„μžλ₯Ό ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄
04:41
and they're going all over the body
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당을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 세포λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ
04:43
looking for cells that are hungry for sugar.
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λͺΈ 전체λ₯Ό λˆ„λΉ„κ³  λ‹€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
You'll see that the heart, for example, lights up there.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ—¬κΈ° 밝게 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 뢀뢄이 심μž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
심μž₯은 λ§Žμ€ 당뢄을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:49
That's because the heart needs a lot of sugar.
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04:51
You'll also see that the bladder lights up there.
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이곳 방광도 밝은 λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”λ°μš”.
04:53
That's because the bladder is the thing that's clearing
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 방광은 당을 우리 λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΆœν•˜λŠ”
04:56
the sugar away from our body.
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기관이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ 개의 밝은 점듀을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
04:58
And then you'll see a few other hot spots,
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λ°”λ‘œ 이것듀이 μ’…μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
and these are in fact the tumors.
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05:01
Now, this is a really a wonderful technology.
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정말 λ†€λΌμš΄ 기술이라 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
For the first time it allowed us to look into someone's body
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이 기술둜 ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈμ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있게 λ˜λ©΄μ„œλΆ€ν„°
λͺ¨λ“  세포λ₯Ό 빠짐없이 κΊΌλ‚΄μ„œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ— 올릴 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
05:07
without picking up each and every one of the cells
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05:09
and putting them under the microscope,
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ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈμ— 칼을 λŒ€μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λ„ 관찰을 ν•˜λ©°
05:11
but in a noninvasive way allowing us to look into someone's body
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μ§ˆλ¬Έν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "어이, 암이 전이가 λ˜μ—ˆλ‚˜?
05:14
and ask, "Hey, has the cancer metastasized?
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05:16
Where is it?"
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μ§€κΈˆ μ–΄λ””μžˆμ§€?" 라고 말이죠.
05:17
And the PET scans here are showing you very clearly
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그리고 PET μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ 맀우 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ
05:20
where are these hot spots, where is the tumor.
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이 밝은 μ§€μ μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ‚˜ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
So as miraculous as this might seem,
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이것이 맀우 기적같은 일이라고 λ³΄μ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
05:26
unfortunately, well, it's not that great.
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λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 그리 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 일은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
You see, those small little hot spots there.
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λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ €κΈ° μ‘°κ·Έλ§ˆν•œ 밝은 점듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
Can anyone guess how many cancer cells are in any one of these tumors?
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ν•œ 개의 μ’…μ–‘ μ•ˆμ— λͺ‡ 개의 암세포가 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
05:38
So it's about 100 million cancer cells,
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λŒ€λž΅ 1μ–΅ 개의 암세포가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
and let me make sure that this number sunk in.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 μˆ«μžμΈμ§€ 이해가 λ˜μ…¨μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
In each and every one of these small little blips
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ 보고 계신
λͺ¨λ“  μž‘μ€ μ‹ ν˜Έ μ•ˆμ—λŠ”
05:46
that you're seeing on the image,
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05:47
there needs to be at least 100 million cancer cells
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적어도 1μ–΅ 개의 암세포가 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
in order for it to be detected.
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κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 탐지가 되죠.
05:53
Now, if that seemed to you like a very large number,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 숫자둜 λŠκ»΄μ§€μ‹œκ² μ£ .
05:55
it is a very large number.
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큰 숫자인 것은 λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
This is in fact an incredibly large number,
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이것은 사싀 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μˆ˜μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
because what we really need in order to pick up something early enough
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό 쑰기에 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ³  쑰치λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 정말 ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은
μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό ν•˜λ €λ©΄
06:04
to do something about it, to do something meaningful about it,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 천 개 정도 세포 크기의 쒅양을 μ œκ±°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
well, we need to pick up tumors that are a thousand cells in size,
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μ΄μƒμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 크기죠.
06:10
and ideally just a handful of cells in size.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 μ˜μƒκ³ΌλŠ” λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 차이가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
So we're clearly pretty far away from this.
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그럼 이제 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
So we're going to play a little experiment here.
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06:16
I'm going to ask each of you to now play and imagine
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‡Œ μ „λ¬Έ μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λΌκ³  상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:19
that you are brain surgeons.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ§€κΈˆ μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
And you guys are now at an operating room,
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μ•žμ—λŠ” ν™˜μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
and there's a patient in front of you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λŠ” 쒅양을 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
and your task is to make sure that the tumor is out.
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06:31
So you're looking down at the patient,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
피뢀와 λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ€ 이미 제거된 μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
the skin and the skull have already been removed,
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λ‡Œκ°€ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμ£ .
06:37
so you're looking at the brain.
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06:38
And all you know about this patient
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν™˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„λŠ” 것은
06:40
is that there's a tumor about the size of a golf ball or so
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κ³¨ν”„κ³΅λ§Œν•œ 크기의 쒅양이
06:43
in the right frontal lobe of this person's brain.
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ν™˜μž λ‡Œμ˜ 였λ₯Έμͺ½ 전두엽에 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그게 μ „λΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
And that's more or less it.
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06:47
So you're looking down, and unfortunately everything looks the same,
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κ΄€μ°°ν•΄λ³΄μ§€λ§Œ λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ λͺ¨λ“  세포가 λ˜‘κ°™μ•„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
because brain cancer tissue and healthy brain tissue
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘ 세포와 κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λ‡Œ μ„Έν¬λŠ”
06:53
really just look the same.
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정말 λ˜‘κ°™μ•„ 보이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
And so you're going in with your thumb,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 엄지λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‘°κΈˆμ”© λˆ„λ₯΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
and you start to press a little bit on the brain,
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쒅양은 μ’€ 더 λ”±λ”±ν•˜κ³  λ»‘λ»‘ν•œ κ²½ν–₯이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
because tumors tend to be a little harder, stiffer,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‘°κΈˆμ”© λ§Œμ§€λ©° μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
and so you go in and go a little bit like this and say,
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"쒅양이 λ°”λ‘œ 여기에 μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„."
07:04
"It seems like the tumor is right there."
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07:06
Then you take out your knife and start cutting the tumor
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κ³ λŠ” 수술용 칼을 κΊΌλ‚΄μ„œ 쒅양을 μ ˆμ œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
piece by piece by piece.
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μ‘°κΈˆμ”©, μ‘°κΈˆμ”© 말이죠.
07:10
And as you're taking the tumor out,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 쒅양을 μ œκ±°ν•œ 뒀에
07:12
then you're getting to a stage where you think,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 단계에 이λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
"μ’‹μ•„. 끝났어. 쒅양을 λ‹€ κΊΌλƒˆμ–΄."
07:14
"Alright, I'm done. I took out everything."
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07:16
And at this stage, if that's --
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  과정이 μ •μ‹ λ‚˜κ°„ μ†Œλ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ Έκ² μ§€λ§Œ
07:18
so far everything sounded, like, pretty crazy --
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μΈμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 결정을 λ‚΄λ €μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
you're now about to face the most challenging decision of your life here.
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07:24
Because now you need to decide,
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이제 선택해야 ν•  것은
07:26
should I stop here and let this patient go,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³ 
보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 곳에 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Ό 암세포λ₯Ό 남겨둔 채 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒλ €λ³΄λ‚Όμ§€
07:29
risking that there might be some leftover cancer cells behind
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07:32
that I just couldn't see,
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07:33
or should I take away some extra margins,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  암세포λ₯Ό ν™•μ‹€νžˆ μ œκ±°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:36
typically about an inch or so around the tumor
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μ’…μ–‘ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό 1인치 더 μ—¬μœ μžˆκ²Œ μ ˆμ œν• μ§€
07:39
just to be sure that I removed everything?
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결정을 λ‚΄λ €μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
So this is not a simple decision to make,
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이것은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 결정이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
and unfortunately this is the decision
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그리고 λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 이런 결정은
07:49
that brain cancer surgeons have to take every single day
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λ‡Œ μ „λ¬Έμ˜κ°€ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μ§„λ£Œν•˜λ©° 맀일 λ‚΄λ €μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ²°μ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
as they're seeing their patients.
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07:55
And so I remember talking to a few friends of mine in the lab,
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μ €λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ˜ λ™λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό 이런 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆˆ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
"이봐. λΆ„λͺ… 더 λ‚˜μ€ 방법이 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ•Ό."
07:58
and we say, "Boy, there's got to be a better way."
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ 방법이 μžˆμ„ 거라 μœ„λ‘œν•˜λŠ” 말은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
But not just like you tell a friend that there's got to be a better way.
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λΆ„λͺ… 더 λ‚˜μ€ 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
There's just got to be a better way here.
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정말 ꡉμž₯ν•˜μ£ .
08:06
This is just incredible.
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08:07
And so we looked back.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” μž μ‹œ 돌이켜 생각해 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
Remember those PET scans I told you about, the sugar and so on.
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μ•„κΉŒ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° PET μ˜μƒκ³Ό λ‹Ή λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ Έμ£ .
저흰 이런 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "λ‹Ή λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
08:12
We said, hey, how about instead of using sugar molecules,
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금으둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ μž…μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
08:15
let's maybe take tiny, tiny little particles made of gold,
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08:18
and let's program them with some interesting chemistry around them.
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그리고 κ·Έ 주변에 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ ν™”ν•™ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ„λ‘ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•˜λŠ” 거지.
08:21
Let's program them to look for cancer cells.
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이 μž…μžκ°€ 암세포λ₯Ό 찾게 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
08:24
And then we will inject these gold particles
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그리고 이 금 μž…μžλ“€μ„
ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈμ— μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 많이 μ£Όμž…ν•΄μ„œ
08:26
into these patients by the billions again,
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08:28
and we'll have them go all over the body,
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온λͺΈμ„ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
08:30
and just like secret agents, if you will,
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λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, λΉ„λ°€ μš”μ›μ²˜λŸΌ 말이지.
08:32
go and walk by every single cell in our body
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λͺΈ μ•ˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  세포λ₯Ό μ—¬κΈ°μ €κΈ° λˆ„λΉ„λ©΄μ„œ
08:35
and knock on the door of that cell,
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ 문을 λ‘λ“œλ¦¬λ©° λ¬»λŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
08:37
and ask, "Are you a cancer cell or are you a healthy cell?
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'당신은 μ•”μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 세포라면 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ§€λ‚˜κ°€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
If you're a healthy cell, we're moving on.
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λ§Œμ•½ 암세포라면 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 달라뢙어 빛을 λ‚Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.'
08:42
If you're a cancer cell, we're sticking in and shining out
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08:44
and telling us, "Hey, look at me, I'm here."
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬ν•œν…Œ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 거지. '이봐, λ‚˜ μ’€ 봐. λ‚˜ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ–΄.'
그러면 κ·Έκ±Έ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°œλ°œν•œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 카메라λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ§€."
08:47
And they'll do it through some interesting cameras
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08:49
that we developed in the lab.
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08:50
And once we see that, maybe we can guide brain cancer surgeons
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일단 μž…μžλ“€μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λ©΄ λ‡Œ μ „λ¬Έμ˜λŠ” 정보λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
towards taking only the tumor and leaving the healthy brain alone.
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μ’…μ–‘λ§Œ μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 세포듀은 λ†”λ‘˜ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
08:57
And so we've tested that, and boy, this works well.
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이것을 μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄ λ΄€λŠ”λ°μš”. λ§™μ†Œμ‚¬, 정말 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
So I'm going to show you an example now.
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κ·Έ 예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ 보여 λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
What you're looking at here
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은
09:04
is an image of a mouse's brain,
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μ₯μ˜ λ‡Œ μ˜μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
and we've implanted into this mouse's brain
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저희가 이 μ₯μ˜ λ‡Œ 속에 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 쒅양을 μ΄μ‹ν–ˆμ£ .
09:11
a small little tumor.
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이 쒅양이 μ₯μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 점점 컀지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
And so this tumor is now growing in this mouse's brain,
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09:15
and then we've taken a doctor and asked the doctor
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό 뢈러 이 μ₯κ°€ μ‹€μ œ ν™˜μžμΈ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
09:18
to please operate on the mouse as if that was a patient,
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쒅양을 μ‘°κΈˆμ”© μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
μˆ˜μˆ ν•΄ 달라고 μš”μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
and take out piece by piece out of the tumor.
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09:23
And while he's doing that,
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κ·Έκ°€ 이 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
09:25
we're going to take images to see where the gold particles are.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 금 μž…μžκ°€ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보기 μœ„ν•΄ μ΄¬μ˜μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€..
09:28
And so we're going to first start
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” λ¨Όμ €
이 금 μž…μžλ“€μ„ μ₯μ— μ£Όμž…ν•˜κ³ 
09:30
by injecting these gold particles into this mouse,
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09:32
and we're going to see right here at the very left there
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μ—¬κΈ° 맨 μ™Όμͺ½μ˜ μ˜μƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ΄¬μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
that image at the bottom
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μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ˜ 사진은
09:36
is the image that shows where the gold particles are.
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금 μž…μžκ°€ μ–΄λ”” μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
The nice thing is that these gold particles
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이 멋진 사진은 금 μž…μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ’…μ–‘κΉŒμ§€ 잘 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμŒμ„ 보여주고 있죠.
09:41
actually made it all the way to the tumor,
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09:43
and then they shine out and tell us, "Hey, we're here. Here's the tumor."
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밝게 λΉ›λ‚˜λ©° μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”. "이봐, μ—¬κΈ°μ•Ό. μ—¬κΈ° 쒅양이 μžˆμ–΄"
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 쒅양을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμ§€λ§Œ
09:47
So now we can see the tumor,
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09:48
but we're not showing this to the doctor yet.
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μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 아직 이 μ˜μƒμ„ 보여주지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
We're asking the doctor, now please start cutting away the tumor,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ 이제 μ’…μ–‘ 제거λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ 달라고 μš”μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 4λΆ„μ˜ 1을 μ œκ±°ν•œ 것이 보일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
and you'll see here the doctor just took the first quadrant of the tumor
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μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 4λΆ„μ˜ 1이 μ—†μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
09:57
and you see that first quadrant is now missing.
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이제 λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ 4λΆ„μ˜ 1κ³Ό μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έλ„ μ ˆμ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
The doctor then took the second quadrant, the third,
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그리고 이제 λ‹€ μ œκ±°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
and now it appears to be everything.
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그리고 이 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ λŒμ•„μ™€ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
And so at this stage, the doctor came back to us and said,
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"μ’‹μ•„μš”, λλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이제 μ œκ°€ 뭘 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ ?
10:06
"Alright, I'm done. What do you want me to do?
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10:08
Should I keep things as they are
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계속 ν• κΉŒμš”?
μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ£Όλ³€λΆ€λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 μ ˆμ œν• κΉŒμš”?"
10:10
or do you want me to take some extra margins around?"
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10:12
And then we said, "Well, hang on."
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그러면 μ €ν¬λŠ” λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€, "μž μ‹œλ§Œμš”"λΌκ³ μš”.
그리고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, "당신은 μ—¬κΈ° 두 뢀뢄을 λ†“μ³€μ–΄μš”.
10:14
We told the doctor, "You've missed those two spots,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 주변을 더 λ„“κ²Œ μ œκ±°ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€
10:16
so rather than taking huge margins around,
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κ·Έ μž‘μ€ 뢀뢄듀을 μ œκ±°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
only take out those tiny little areas.
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그것을 μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ ν•¨κ»˜ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€."
10:20
Take them out, and then let's take a look."
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ μ œκ±°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
10:22
And so the doctor took them away, and lo and behold,
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10:25
the cancer is now completely gone.
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암은 이제 κΉ¨λ—νžˆ μ—†μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
Now, the important thing
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은
ν™˜μžμ˜ λ‡Œλ‚˜ μ₯μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ
10:29
is that it's not just that the cancer is completely gone
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10:31
from this person's brain,
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암을 μ™„μ „νžˆ μ œκ±°ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
or from this mouse's brain.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ§Žμ€ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λ‡Œλ₯Ό
10:35
The most important thing
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10:36
is that we did not have to take huge amounts of healthy brain
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μ ˆμ œν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
in the process.
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10:40
And so now we can actually imagine a world
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이런 세상을 ν•œλ²ˆ μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
10:42
where doctors and surgeons, as they take away a tumor,
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μ˜μ‚¬μ™€ μ™Έκ³Όμ˜κ°€ 쒅양을 μ œκ±°ν•  λ•Œ
10:46
they actually know what to take out,
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무엇을 μ œκ±°ν• μ§€ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
10:48
and they no longer have to guess with their thumb.
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μ—„μ§€λ‘œ μΆ”μΈ‘ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:51
Now, here's why it's extremely important to take those tiny little leftover tumors.
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λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ μ’…μ–‘κΉŒμ§€ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ™œ 그리 μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€λ₯Ό λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
Those leftover tumors, even if it's just a handful of cells,
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λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” 쒅양듀은 단 λͺ‡ 개의 세포일지라도
그것듀이 μ’…μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ μžλΌλ‚˜κ³ 
10:58
they will grow to recur the tumor,
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11:01
for the tumor to come back.
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암이 μž¬λ°œν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
사싀 λ‡Œ μ’…μ–‘ 수술의 80μ—μ„œ 90% 정도가
11:03
In fact, the reason why 80 to 90 percent
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11:05
of those brain cancer surgeries ultimately fail
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
11:07
is because of those small little extra margins that were left positive,
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주변에 μ–‘μ„± λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 곳이 아직 남아 있고
이곳에 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλ˜ μ•„μ£Ό μ‘°κ·Έλ§ˆν•œ μ’…μ–‘λ“€ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
those small little leftover tumors that were left there.
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11:15
So this is clearly very nice,
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이건 정말 ꡉμž₯ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
but what I really want to share with you is where I think we're heading from here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 정말 μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³  싢은 것은 이제 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ•Ό ν•  λ°©ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
And so in my lab at Stanford,
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그리고 μŠ€νƒ ν¬λ“œ λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ˜ 제 학생듀과 μ €λŠ”
11:23
my students and I are asking, what should we be working on now?
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μ΄μ œλΆ€ν„° ν•  일이 무엇인가λ₯Ό κ³ λ―Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
And I think where medical imaging is heading to
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μ €λŠ” 의료 μ˜μƒμ΄ κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ°©ν–₯은
11:32
is the ability to look into the human body
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈ μ•ˆμ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό
11:34
and actually see each and every one of these cells separately.
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각각의 λͺ¨λ“  세포듀을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŠ₯λ ₯μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:39
The ability like this would allow us
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11:40
to actually pick up tumors way, way earlier in the process,
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쒅양을 훨씬 μ‘°κΈ° 단계에 μ œκ±°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
way before it's 100 million cells inside, so we can actually do something about it.
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100만개의 세포 크기둜 되기 전에 λ­”κ°€ 쑰치λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•  수 있죠.
11:48
An ability to see each and every one of the cells might also allow us
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각각의 λͺ¨λ“  세포λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:51
to ask insightful questions.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 톡찰λ ₯μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œλŠ” 이 점을 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
So in the lab, we are now getting to a point
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이 μ•”μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ˜μ§€λŠ” μˆ˜μ€€κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
where we can actually start asking these cancer cells real questions,
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11:58
like, for example, are you responding to the treatment we are giving you or not?
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 우리 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹ˆ, μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹ˆ? 같은 질문이죠.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ—†μœΌλ©΄, 치료λ₯Ό λ°”λ‘œ λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Ό 함을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
So if you're not responding, we'll know to stop the treatment right away,
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12:05
days into the treatment, not three months.
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μ„Έ 달이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 치료λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 지 λ©°μΉ  이내에 말이죠.
12:08
And so also for patients like Ehud
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λ˜ν•œ μ—ν›„λ“œ 같은 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
12:10
that are going through these nasty, nasty chemotherapy drugs,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ”μ°ν•œ μ•½λ¬Όμš”λ²•μ„ 견디며 고톡받지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³ 
12:15
for them not to suffer
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12:16
through those horrendous side effects of the drugs
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약물이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†λŠ”λ°λ„
12:19
when the drugs are in fact not even helping them.
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κ·Έ μ•½μ˜ λ”μ°ν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ 인해 고톡 받지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
λ”°λΌμ„œ..
12:22
So to be frank here,
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μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
12:24
we're pretty far away from winning the war against cancer,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•”κ³Όμ˜ μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” 아직 κ½€ λ©€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
just to be realistic.
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그게 ν˜„μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
But at least I am hopeful
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 적어도 μ œκ°€ κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 것은
12:31
that we should be able to fight this war with better medical imaging techniques
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λ§Ήλͺ©μ μΈ 방법이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
더 λ°œμ „λœ 의료 μ˜μƒκΈ°μˆ μ˜ 도움을 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
12:35
in the way that is not blind.
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이 μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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