Luca Turin: The science of scent

87,383 views ใƒป 2008-11-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shaike Katz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉืชืจื™ื—ื•, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
00:16
Itโ€™s a fragrance called Beyond Paradise,
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื 'ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ',
00:19
which you can find in any store in the nation.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ.
00:22
Except here itโ€™s been split up in parts by Estรฉe Lauder
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ืืœื ืฉื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืข"ื™ ืืกืชื™ ืœืื•ื“ืจ
00:26
and by the perfumer who did it, Calice Becker,
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ื•ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื•, ืงืืœื™ืก ื‘ืงืจ.
00:29
and I'm most grateful to them for this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
00:30
And itโ€™s been split up in successive bits and a chord.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืืงื•ืจื“.
00:34
So what youโ€™re smelling now is the top note.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•.
00:36
And then will come what they call the heart, the lush heart note.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืชื• ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ.
00:40
I will show it to you.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:43
The Eden top note is named after the Eden Project in the U.K.
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ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
00:46
The lush heart note, Melaleuca bark note -- which does not contain any Melaleuca bark,
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ืชื• ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืชื• ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžืœืืœื•ืงื” -- ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ืžืœืืœื•ืงื”,
00:51
because itโ€™s totally forbidden.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:54
And after that, the complete fragrance.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื.
00:57
Now what you are smelling is a combination of --
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ --
01:00
I asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื ื” ืœื™.
01:04
So I put it through a G.C., a Gas Chromatograph that I have in my office,
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ืื– ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื’ื– ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“,
01:09
and itโ€™s about 400.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 400.
01:12
So what youโ€™re smelling is several hundred molecules
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:15
floating through the air, hitting your nose.
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ืžืจื—ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:18
And do not get the impression that this is very subjective.
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ื•ืืœ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
01:22
You are all smelling pretty much the same thing, OK?
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
01:26
Smell has this reputation of being somewhat different for each person.
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ืœืจื™ื— ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื.
01:30
Itโ€™s not really true.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:31
And perfumery shows you that canโ€™t be true,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:33
because if it were like that it wouldnโ€™t be an art, OK?
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ื›ื™ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
01:39
Now, while the smell wafts over you, let me tell you the history of an idea.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืจื™ื— ืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
01:43
Everything that youโ€™re smelling in here
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
01:47
is made up of atoms that come from what I call
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
01:49
the Upper East Side of the periodic table -- a nice, safe neighborhood.
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ื”ืืคืจ ืื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช -- ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
01:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:56
You really donโ€™t want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery.
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ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื›ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืฉื.
01:59
Some people have tried in the 1920s
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื
02:01
to add things from the bad parts, and it didnโ€™t really work.
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื‘ื“.
02:05
These are the five atoms from which just about everything
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ืืœื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜
02:07
that youโ€™re going to smell in real life, from coffee to fragrance, are made of.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืงืคื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืฉื.
02:13
The top note that you smelled at the very beginning,
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ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉื”ืจื—ืชื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
02:15
the cut-grass green, what we call in perfumery -- theyโ€™re weird terms --
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ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืงืฆื•ืฅ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข -- ืืœื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื --
02:19
and this would be called a green note,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืชื• ื™ืจื•ืง,
02:21
because it smells of something green, like cut grass.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื“ืฉื ืงืฆื•ืฅ.
02:23
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. And I had to learn chemistry on the fly
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืก 3 ื”ืงืกืื ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช
02:30
in the last three years. A very expensive high school chemistry education.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™"ืก ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:36
This has six carbon atoms, so "hexa," hexene-1-ol.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืฉื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ "ื”ืงืกื": ื”ืงืกืื ื•ืœ.
02:40
It has one double bond, it has an alcohol on the end,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื”,
02:44
so itโ€™s "ol," and thatโ€™s why they call it cis-3-hexene-1-ol.
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ืื– ื–ื” 'ืื•ืœ', ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ืก 3 ื”ืงืกืื ื•ืœ.
02:47
Once you figure this out, you can really impress people at parties.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:50
This smells of cut grass. Now, this is the skeleton of the molecule.
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ืฉื ืงืฆื•ืฅ. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
02:54
If you dress it up with atoms, hydrogen atoms --
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ืื ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
02:57
thatโ€™s what it looks like when you have it on your computer --
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:59
but actually itโ€™s sort of more like this, in the sense that the atoms have a certain
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
03:03
sphere that you cannot penetrate. They repel.
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ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ -- ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื.
03:06
OK, now. Why does this thing smell of cut grass, OK?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื“ืฉื ืงืฆื•ืฅ?
03:12
Why doesnโ€™t it smell of potatoes or violets? Well, there are really two theories.
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ืื• ืกื™ื’ืœื™ื•ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:18
But the first theory is: it must be the shape.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื: ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
03:22
And thatโ€™s a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ื”
03:24
almost everything else in biology works by shape.
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื”.
03:26
Enzymes that chew things up, antibodies, itโ€™s all, you know,
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืขืกื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
03:30
the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing, in this case a smell.
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” - ืจื™ื—.
03:36
And I will try and explain to you whatโ€™s wrong with this notion.
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ื•ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:39
And the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
03:42
Now, this is a totally insane idea.
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:44
And when I first came across it in the early '90s, I thought my predecessor,
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ื›ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื™
03:48
Malcolm Dyson and Bob Wright, had really taken leave of their senses,
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ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืคืกื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:51
and Iโ€™ll explain to you why this was the case.
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ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื”.
03:54
However, I came to realize gradually that they may be right --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื --
03:57
and I have to convince all my colleagues that this is so, but Iโ€™m working on it.
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ื•ืขืœื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืš, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:00
Hereโ€™s how shape works in normal receptors.
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ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
04:06
You have a molecule coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ืช,
04:11
and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
04:16
by binding in certain parts.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:20
And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
04:22
cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืฆื•ืจื”.
04:27
Now, whatโ€™s wrong with shape is summarized in this slide.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื›ืžืช ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:31
The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds.
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ื”ื“ืจืš -- ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืžื›ื•ืœื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:36
This is one page of work from a chemistโ€™s workbook, OK?
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžืื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
04:41
Working for a fragrance company.
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ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
04:43
Heโ€™s making 45 molecules, and heโ€™s looking for a sandalwood,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ 45 ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืœื’ื•ื,
04:46
something that smells of sandalwood.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืืœื’ื•ื.
04:47
Because thereโ€™s a lot of money in sandalwoods.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืžื™ื.
04:49
And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood.
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื” 45, ืจืง [ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืก'] 4629 ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื™ื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื’ื•ื.
04:56
And he puts an exclamation mark, OK? This is an awful lot of work.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:59
This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื’ืก, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš 200,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
05:04
if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits.
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ืื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
05:08
So this is a profoundly inefficient process.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื“ ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœ.
05:10
And my definition of a theory is, itโ€™s not just something
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื•
05:13
that you teach people; itโ€™s labor saving.
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ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื; ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:15
A theory is something that enables you to do less work.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:18
I love the idea of doing less work. So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact
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ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช. ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” -- ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
05:24
that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:29
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืก 3 ื”ืงืกืื ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื“ืฉื ืงืฆื•ืฅ.
05:34
This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK?
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืก 3 ื”ืงืกืื ืชื™ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
05:41
Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืงื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืจื™ื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
05:46
If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก, ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
05:50
This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H --
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ื–ื” -- ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื” O-H [ื—ืžืฆืŸ-ืžื™ืžืŸ]--
05:55
we never mistake it for an S-H, OK?
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ S-H [ื’ืคืจื™ืช-ืžื™ืžืŸ], ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
05:58
Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know,
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื‘ืืฃ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– [ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื“ืงื”], ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
06:01
if you smelt pure ethanol, it doesnโ€™t smell of rotten eggs.
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ืื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืชื ื•ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
06:04
Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur compound will smell like vodka.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืš, ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ ื™ืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื“ืงื”.
06:11
Itโ€™s very hard to explain this by molecular recognition.
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ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
06:15
Now, I showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืžืื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:17
for biology, and he says, "Thatโ€™s easy! The things are a different color!"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ื–ื” ืงืœ! ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื”!"
06:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:26
We have to go a little beyond that. Now let me explain why vibrational theory has
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืงืฆืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช
06:31
some sort of interest in it. These molecules, as you saw in the beginning,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
06:35
the building blocks had springs connecting them to each other.
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ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื.
06:37
In fact, molecules are able to vibrate at a set of frequencies
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:40
which are very specific for each molecule and for the bonds connecting them.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
06:44
So this is the sound of the O-H stretch, translated into the audible range.
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ืื– ื›ืš ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ O-H, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉืžืข.
06:53
S-H, quite a different frequency.
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S-H - ืชื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
06:55
Now, this is kind of interesting, because it tells you
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
06:59
that you should be looking for a particular fact, which is this:
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืฉื”ื™ื:
07:02
nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except S-H, OK?
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืกืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืž S-H, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
07:06
Now, Fact B: nothing in the world has that frequency except S-H.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืชื“ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœ S-H.
07:13
If you look on this, imagine a piano keyboard.
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืงืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ.
07:15
The S-H stretch is in the middle of a part of the keyboard
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ืงื˜ืข ื” S-H ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช
07:19
that has been, so to speak, damaged,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืžืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื–ื•ืง,
07:21
and there are no neighboring notes, nothing is close to it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
07:24
You have a unique smell, a unique vibration.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื™ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืชื ื•ื“ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
07:26
So I went searching when I started in this game
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”
07:28
to convince myself that there was any degree of plausibility
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
07:31
to this whole crazy story.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื”ื–ื”.
07:33
I went searching for a type of molecule, any molecule,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”, ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
07:36
that would have that vibration and that -- the obvious prediction
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื• -- ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”
07:41
was that it should absolutely smell of sulfur.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจื™ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช.
07:43
If it didnโ€™t, the whole idea was toast, and I might as well move on to other things.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืคื•ืง, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:49
Now, after searching high and low for several months,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
07:53
I discovered that there was a type of molecule called a Borane
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื•ืจืืŸ
07:58
which has exactly the same vibration.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ื“ื”.
08:00
Now the good news is, Boranes you can get hold of.
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืืŸ.
08:03
The bad news is theyโ€™re rocket fuels.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช.
08:06
Most of them explode spontaneously in contact with air,
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
08:09
and when you call up the companies, they only give you minimum ten tons, OK?
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ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืขืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
08:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:16
So this was not what they call a laboratory-scale experiment,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
08:19
and they wouldnโ€™t have liked it at my college.
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:21
However, I managed to get a hold of a Borane eventually, and here is the beast.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื•ืจืืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช.
08:29
And it really does have the same -- if you calculate,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืชื” -- ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
08:31
if you measure the vibrational frequencies, they are the same as S-H.
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ืื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืชื“ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ S-H.
08:35
Now, does it smell of sulfur? Well, if you go back in the literature,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช? ืื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช
08:40
thereโ€™s a man who knew more about Boranes than anyone
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ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ
08:43
alive then or since, Alfred Stock, he synthesized all of them.
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ืฉื—ื™ ืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืœืคืจื“ ืกื˜ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื ืชื– ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
08:48
And in an enormous 40-page paper in German he says, at one point --
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ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขื ืง ื‘ืŸ 40 ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื --
08:54
my wife is German and she translated it for me --
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ืืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ืžื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ --
08:57
and at one point he says, "ganz widerlich Geruch,"
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ganz widerlich Geruch",
08:59
an "absolutely repulsive smell," which is good. Reminiscent of hydrogen sulfide.
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"ืจื™ื— ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™", ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. "ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™".
09:05
So this fact that Boranes smell of sulfur
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืืŸ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช
09:08
had been known since 1910, and utterly forgotten until 1997, 1998.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืื– 1910, ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ 1997-8.
09:15
Now, the slight fly in the ointment is this: that
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืงื•ืฅ ื‘ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
09:19
if we smell molecular vibrations, we must have a spectroscope in our nose.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืืฃ.
09:24
Now, this is a spectroscope, OK, on my laboratory bench.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:29
And itโ€™s fair to say that if you look up somebodyโ€™s nose,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
09:31
youโ€™re unlikely to see anything resembling this.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืชืจืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
09:34
And this is the main objection to the theory.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”.
09:36
OK, great, we smell vibrations. How? All right?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช. ืื™ืš?
09:41
Now when people ask this kind of question, they neglect something,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:43
which is that physicists are really clever, unlike biologists.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื ืžืื“, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:50
This is a joke. Iโ€™m a biologist, OK?
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื›ืŸ?
09:52
So itโ€™s a joke against myself.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™.
09:53
Bob Jacklovich and John Lamb at Ford Motor Company,
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ื‘ื•ื‘ ื’'ืงืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœืืžื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื“,
09:56
in the days when Ford Motor was spending vast amounts of money
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
09:58
on fundamental research, discovered a way
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ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš
10:02
to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nano-scale.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:06
In other words, no mirrors, no lasers, no prisms, no nonsense,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืœื ืžืจืื•ืช, ืœืœื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ืœืœื ืžื ืกืจื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:09
just a tiny device, and he built this device. And this device uses electron tunneling.
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ืจืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื”ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
10:14
Now, I could do the dance of electron tunneling,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
10:17
but Iโ€™ve done a video instead, which is much more interesting. Hereโ€™s how it works.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
10:22
Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps,
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื–ื–ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
10:26
but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they canโ€™t jump.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” [ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“] ื–ื”ื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ.
10:31
Unlike us, they wonโ€™t fall off the cliff.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืคืœื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืง.
10:33
OK. Now. If something absorbs the energy, the electron can travel.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข.
10:40
So here you have a system, you have something --
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• --
10:43
and thereโ€™s plenty of that stuff in biology --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” --
10:44
some substance giving an electron, and the electron tries to jump,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืงืคื•ืฅ,
10:49
and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช
10:53
does the reaction happen, OK?
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
10:55
This is the basis for the device that these two guys at Ford built.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ื ื•.
10:59
And every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:06
In other words, Iโ€™ve taken off-the-shelf components,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื“ืฃ,
11:07
and Iโ€™ve made a spectroscope.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
11:09
Whatโ€™s nice about this idea, if you have a philosophical bent of mind,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืกืฃ,
11:13
is that then it tells you that the nose,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื”ืืฃ,
11:15
the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses.
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ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
11:18
Of course, it doesnโ€™t matter, because it could also be that theyโ€™re not.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื.
11:22
But it has a certain --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” --
11:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:25
-- it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people
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-- ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื
11:29
who read too much 19th-century German literature.
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ืฉืงืจืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
11:33
And then a magnificent thing happened:
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ื•ืื– ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื:
11:34
I left academia and joined the real world of business,
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ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื,
11:40
and a company was created around my ideas
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ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
11:43
to make new molecules using my method,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™,
11:46
along the lines of, letโ€™s put someone elseโ€™s money where your mouth is.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ 'ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื'.
11:50
And one of the first things that happened was
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงืจื”,
11:54
we started going around to fragrance companies
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื
11:56
asking for what they needed, because, of course,
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
12:00
if you could calculate smell, you donโ€™t need chemists.
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืจื™ื— ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ืžืื™ื.
12:02
You need a computer, a Mac will do it, if you know how to program the thing right,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘, Mac ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง, ืื ืจืง ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
12:06
OK? So you can try a thousand molecules,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืœืฃ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
12:10
you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
12:13
and then you only tell the chemists to make the right one.
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื”.
12:16
And so thatโ€™s a direct path to making new odorants.
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
12:20
And one of the first things that happened was
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงืจื”
12:21
we went to see some perfumers in France --
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช --
12:23
and hereโ€™s where I do my Charles Fleischer impression --
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”-ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ --
12:25
and one of them says, "You cannot make a coumarin."
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ,"
12:29
He says to me, "I bet you cannot make a coumarin."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™. "ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชืš ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ."
12:32
Now, coumarin is a very common thing, a material,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื
12:36
in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from South America.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืง ืžืคื•ึนืœ ืฉื‘ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
12:39
And it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical, OK?
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืจื•ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
12:43
Itโ€™s the molecule that has made menโ€™s fragrances
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื
12:47
smell the way they do since 1881, to be exact.
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ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืžืื– 1881, ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ืง.
12:50
And the problem is itโ€™s a carcinogen.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืงืจืฆื™ื ื•ื’ืŸ.
12:53
So nobody likes particularly to -- you know, aftershave with carcinogens.
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ืื– ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ -- ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ืืคื˜ืจืฉื™ื™ื‘ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:01
There are some reckless people, but itโ€™s not worth it, OK?
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
13:04
So they asked us to make a new coumarin. And so we started doing calculations.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืืชื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:09
And the first thing you do is you calculate the vibrational spectrum
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช
13:12
of coumarin, and you smooth it out,
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื–ื”
13:13
so that you have a nice picture of what the sort of chord, so to speak, of coumarin is.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืงื•ืจื“, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ.
13:19
And then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules,
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
13:25
related or unrelated, that have the same vibrations.
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ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช.
13:28
And we actually, in this case, Iโ€™m sorry to say,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
13:32
it happened -- it was serendipitous.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” -- ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
13:34
Because I got a phone call from our chief chemist
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ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•
13:37
and he said, look, Iโ€™ve just found this such a beautiful reaction,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืชืจืื”, ื”ืจื’ืข ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”,
13:42
that even if this compound doesnโ€™t smell of coumarin,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ,
13:43
I want to do it, itโ€™s just such a nifty,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
13:46
one step -- I mean, chemists have weird minds --
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ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื --
13:49
one step, 90 percent yield, you know, and you get this lovely
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ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“, 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืชืคื•ืงื”, ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ
13:53
crystalline compound. Let us try it.
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ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื ื—ืžื“. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื”.
13:55
And I said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”,
13:59
which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
14:05
Calculate the vibrations, the purple spectrum is that new fellow,
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ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
14:10
the white one is the old one.
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ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.
14:11
And the prediction is it should smell of coumarin.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื™ืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ.
14:15
They made it ... and it smelled exactly like coumarin.
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื–ื”... ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ.
14:23
And this is our new baby, called tonkene.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื•ื ืงื™ืŸ.
14:28
You see, when youโ€™re a scientist, youโ€™re always selling ideas.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:30
And people are very resistant to ideas, and rightly so.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง:
14:34
Why should new ideas be accepted?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
14:36
But when you put a little 10-gram vial on the table in front of perfumers
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ 10 ื’ืจื ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื‘ื•ืฉื
14:42
and it smells like coumarin, and it isnโ€™t coumarin,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ,
14:44
and youโ€™ve found it in three weeks,
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
14:46
this focuses everybodyโ€™s mind wonderfully.
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืคืก ื™ืคื” ืžืื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
14:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:56
And people often ask me, is your theory accepted?
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”?
15:00
And I said, well, by whom? I mean most, you know -- thereโ€™s three attitudes:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™? ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช -- ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช:
15:05
Youโ€™re right, and I donโ€™t know why, which is the most rational one at this point.
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ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื”, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•.
15:09
Youโ€™re right, and I donโ€™t care how you do it, in a sense;
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ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”;
15:13
you bring me the molecules, you know.
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
15:14
And: Youโ€™re completely wrong, and Iโ€™m sure youโ€™re completely wrong.
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ื•- ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:17
OK? Now, weโ€™re dealing with people who only want results,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
15:20
and this is the commercial world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
15:22
And they tell us that even if we do it by astrology, theyโ€™re happy.
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื’ื ืื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
15:27
But weโ€™re not actually doing it by astrology.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:30
But for the last three years, Iโ€™ve had what I consider to be
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ
15:32
the best job in the entire universe, which is to put my hobby --
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ื”ื’'ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™ --
15:37
which is, you know, fragrance and all the magnificent things --
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืจื™ื— ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื --
15:39
plus a little bit of biophysics, a small amount of self-taught chemistry
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ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืงืฆืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™
15:44
at the service of something that actually works.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
15:46
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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