Luca Turin: The science of scent

87,640 views ใƒป 2008-11-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Joon Lee
00:12
The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.
0
12160
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ด ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋งก์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Itโ€™s a fragrance called Beyond Paradise,
1
16160
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ '์ฒœ๊ตญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด' ๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
00:19
which you can find in any store in the nation.
2
19160
3000
์ „๊ตญ ์–ด๋Š ๋งค์žฅ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:22
Except here itโ€™s been split up in parts by Estรฉe Lauder
3
22160
4000
์—์Šคํ‹ฐ ๋กœ๋”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ
00:26
and by the perfumer who did it, Calice Becker,
4
26160
3000
๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฒก์ปค์ด์ง€์š”.
00:29
and I'm most grateful to them for this.
5
29160
1000
์šฐ์„  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›€์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And itโ€™s been split up in successive bits and a chord.
6
30160
4000
ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์Œ๊ณผ ํ™”์Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:34
So what youโ€™re smelling now is the top note.
7
34160
2000
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งก๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ ๋…ธํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And then will come what they call the heart, the lush heart note.
8
36160
4000
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ์œฝํ•œ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋…ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
I will show it to you.
9
40160
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:43
The Eden top note is named after the Eden Project in the U.K.
10
43160
3000
์—๋ด ์ƒํ–ฅ ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—๋ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์™”์ง€์š”.
00:46
The lush heart note, Melaleuca bark note -- which does not contain any Melaleuca bark,
11
46160
5000
์‹ฑ์‹ฑํ•œ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋…ธํŠธ์ธ ์นด์œ ํ’‹ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ ๋…ธํŠธ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์นด์œ ํ’‹ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”,
00:51
because itโ€™s totally forbidden.
12
51160
3000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:54
And after that, the complete fragrance.
13
54160
3000
์ €๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์„ž์ด๋ฉด ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ์™„์ œํ’ˆ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
00:57
Now what you are smelling is a combination of --
14
57160
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งก๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” --
01:00
I asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me.
15
60160
4000
๊ทธ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์— ๋ช† ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:04
So I put it through a G.C., a Gas Chromatograph that I have in my office,
16
64160
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
01:09
and itโ€™s about 400.
17
69160
3000
์•ฝ 400 ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:12
So what youโ€™re smelling is several hundred molecules
18
72160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด
01:15
floating through the air, hitting your nose.
19
75160
3000
๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋– ๋Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฝ”์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And do not get the impression that this is very subjective.
20
78160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
01:22
You are all smelling pretty much the same thing, OK?
21
82160
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:26
Smell has this reputation of being somewhat different for each person.
22
86160
4000
๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋งก๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์ด ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:30
Itโ€™s not really true.
23
90160
1000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:31
And perfumery shows you that canโ€™t be true,
24
91160
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋งก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:33
because if it were like that it wouldnโ€™t be an art, OK?
25
93160
6000
ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
01:39
Now, while the smell wafts over you, let me tell you the history of an idea.
26
99160
4000
์ด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:43
Everything that youโ€™re smelling in here
27
103160
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋งก๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€
01:47
is made up of atoms that come from what I call
28
107160
2000
์›์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์›์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„
01:49
the Upper East Side of the periodic table -- a nice, safe neighborhood.
29
109160
3000
์›์†Œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐํ‘œ์˜ ์–ดํผ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋™๋„ค ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์ง€์š”.
01:52
(Laughter)
30
112160
4000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:56
You really donโ€™t want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery.
31
116160
3000
ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด ๋™๋„ค์˜ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
01:59
Some people have tried in the 1920s
32
119160
2000
1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›์†Œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐํ‘œ์˜
02:01
to add things from the bad parts, and it didnโ€™t really work.
33
121160
4000
"๋‚˜์œ ์ฃผ์†Œ"์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์จ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:05
These are the five atoms from which just about everything
34
125160
2000
์ปคํ”ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
02:07
that youโ€™re going to smell in real life, from coffee to fragrance, are made of.
35
127160
6000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋งก๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์ง€์š”.
02:13
The top note that you smelled at the very beginning,
36
133160
2000
์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฒซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š”,
02:15
the cut-grass green, what we call in perfumery -- theyโ€™re weird terms --
37
135160
4000
ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ์ œ์กฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ’€์žŽํ–ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ฃ -
02:19
and this would be called a green note,
38
139160
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดˆ๋ก ๋…ธํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”,
02:21
because it smells of something green, like cut grass.
39
141160
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž”๋””๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ’€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. And I had to learn chemistry on the fly
40
143160
7000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์Šค 3 ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ๋†€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์งฌ์งฌ์ด
02:30
in the last three years. A very expensive high school chemistry education.
41
150160
6000
ํ™”ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”. ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:36
This has six carbon atoms, so "hexa," hexene-1-ol.
42
156160
4000
6๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ 'ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:40
It has one double bond, it has an alcohol on the end,
43
160160
4000
์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋์— ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ '์˜ฌ' ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๊ณ 
02:44
so itโ€™s "ol," and thatโ€™s why they call it cis-3-hexene-1-ol.
44
164160
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์Šค 3 ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ๋†€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
02:47
Once you figure this out, you can really impress people at parties.
45
167160
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์กด๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
This smells of cut grass. Now, this is the skeleton of the molecule.
46
170160
4000
์ด๊ฑด ํ’€ ์ž๋ฅธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
If you dress it up with atoms, hydrogen atoms --
47
174160
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์›์ž๋กœ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๋กœ์š”,
02:57
thatโ€™s what it looks like when you have it on your computer --
48
177160
2000
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:59
but actually itโ€™s sort of more like this, in the sense that the atoms have a certain
49
179160
4000
์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์›์ž๋“ค์—๋Š”
03:03
sphere that you cannot penetrate. They repel.
50
183160
3000
๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”--์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:06
OK, now. Why does this thing smell of cut grass, OK?
51
186160
6000
์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž”๋””๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:12
Why doesnโ€™t it smell of potatoes or violets? Well, there are really two theories.
52
192160
6000
์™œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ › ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:18
But the first theory is: it must be the shape.
53
198160
4000
์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
And thatโ€™s a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that
54
202160
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
03:24
almost everything else in biology works by shape.
55
204160
2000
๋ฐ˜์‘ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:26
Enzymes that chew things up, antibodies, itโ€™s all, you know,
56
206160
4000
ํšจ์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋งŒ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žก๋™์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ์™€
03:30
the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing, in this case a smell.
57
210160
6000
๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์–‘๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:36
And I will try and explain to you whatโ€™s wrong with this notion.
58
216160
3000
์ข€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:39
And the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations.
59
219160
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Now, this is a totally insane idea.
60
222160
2000
์ด๊ฑด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ฃ .
03:44
And when I first came across it in the early '90s, I thought my predecessor,
61
224160
4000
์ œ๊ฐ€ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ „ ์ œ ์ „์ž„์ž์ธ
03:48
Malcolm Dyson and Bob Wright, had really taken leave of their senses,
62
228160
3000
๋ง์ฝค ๋‹ค์ด์Šจ๊ณผ ๋ฐฅ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:51
and Iโ€™ll explain to you why this was the case.
63
231160
3000
์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์™œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
However, I came to realize gradually that they may be right --
64
234160
3000
์–ด์จŒ๊ฑด, ์ „ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ œ ์ „์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ ,
03:57
and I have to convince all my colleagues that this is so, but Iโ€™m working on it.
65
237160
3000
์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ . ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์ง€์š”.
04:00
Hereโ€™s how shape works in normal receptors.
66
240160
6000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์—์„œ '๋ชจ์–‘'์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€์š”.
04:06
You have a molecule coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here,
67
246160
5000
๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„  ๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:11
and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way
68
251160
5000
๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์กŒ์ฃ , ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ
04:16
by binding in certain parts.
69
256160
4000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์›€์ง์ด์ง€์š”.
04:20
And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein
70
260160
2000
๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:22
cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea.
71
262160
5000
์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ '๋ชจ์–‘' ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ฃ .
04:27
Now, whatโ€™s wrong with shape is summarized in this slide.
72
267160
4000
'๋ชจ์–‘' ์„ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์€ ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์— ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds.
73
271160
5000
์ด ์ •๋„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค ์™ธ์šฐ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
This is one page of work from a chemistโ€™s workbook, OK?
74
276160
5000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ž ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ ์€
04:41
Working for a fragrance company.
75
281160
2000
์ž‘์—… ์ผ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Heโ€™s making 45 molecules, and heโ€™s looking for a sandalwood,
76
283160
3000
์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  45๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐฑ๋‚œ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ˜น์€
04:46
something that smells of sandalwood.
77
286160
1000
๋ฐฑ๋‹จํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:47
Because thereโ€™s a lot of money in sandalwoods.
78
287160
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ๋‹จํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:49
And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood.
79
289160
7000
์ด 45๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—, ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ 4629๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐฑ๋‹จํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And he puts an exclamation mark, OK? This is an awful lot of work.
80
296160
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Š๋‚Œํ‘œ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€์š”. ์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
04:59
This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly,
81
299160
5000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ข… ์ˆ˜๋‹น์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
05:04
if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits.
82
304160
4000
์•ฝ 20๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:08
So this is a profoundly inefficient process.
83
308160
2000
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ง€์š”.
05:10
And my definition of a theory is, itโ€™s not just something
84
310160
3000
์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:13
that you teach people; itโ€™s labor saving.
85
313160
2000
๋…ธ๋™์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
A theory is something that enables you to do less work.
86
315160
3000
์ข‹์€ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์„ ๋œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:18
I love the idea of doing less work. So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact
87
318160
6000
์ „ ์ผ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์™œ ์ด '๋ชจ์–‘' ์ด๋ก ์ด
05:24
that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well.
88
324160
5000
๋ณ„๋กœ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
05:29
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass.
89
329160
5000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์Šค 3 ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ๋†€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ํ’€ ์ž๋ฅธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK?
90
334160
7000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์Šค 3 ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ๋„ค์‹œ์˜ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ด๊ฑด ์ฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
05:41
Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs.
91
341160
5000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ณด๋“œ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ .
05:46
If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar.
92
346160
4000
ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด, ์ž”์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
05:50
This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H --
93
350160
5000
ํ™”ํ•™์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ O-H ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„,
05:55
we never mistake it for an S-H, OK?
94
355160
3000
S-H ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:58
Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know,
95
358160
3000
๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋†๋„์—์„œ๋„, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„,
06:01
if you smelt pure ethanol, it doesnโ€™t smell of rotten eggs.
96
361160
3000
์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„๋„, ์ฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:04
Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur compound will smell like vodka.
97
364160
7000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์œ ํ™ฉ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋†๋„์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๋“œ์นด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์ฃ .
06:11
Itโ€™s very hard to explain this by molecular recognition.
98
371160
4000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ "๋ชจ์–‘" ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Now, I showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste
99
375160
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž
06:17
for biology, and he says, "Thatโ€™s easy! The things are a different color!"
100
377160
4000
์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” "๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด! ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ž–์•„!" ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:21
(Laughter)
101
381160
5000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:26
We have to go a little beyond that. Now let me explain why vibrational theory has
102
386160
5000
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ž ์ด์ œ ์™œ "์ง„๋™" ์„ค์ด
06:31
some sort of interest in it. These molecules, as you saw in the beginning,
103
391160
4000
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์—๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „์— ๋ณด์…จ๋“ฏ์ด,
06:35
the building blocks had springs connecting them to each other.
104
395160
2000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:37
In fact, molecules are able to vibrate at a set of frequencies
105
397160
3000
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
06:40
which are very specific for each molecule and for the bonds connecting them.
106
400160
4000
๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง„๋™ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:44
So this is the sound of the O-H stretch, translated into the audible range.
107
404160
8000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ O-H ํ™•์žฅ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ฒญ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
S-H, quite a different frequency.
108
413160
2000
S-H๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ฃ .
06:55
Now, this is kind of interesting, because it tells you
109
415160
4000
์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ
06:59
that you should be looking for a particular fact, which is this:
110
419160
3000
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€
07:02
nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except S-H, OK?
111
422160
4000
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ S-H ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ฃ ?
07:06
Now, Fact B: nothing in the world has that frequency except S-H.
112
426160
7000
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ S-H ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:13
If you look on this, imagine a piano keyboard.
113
433160
2000
์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:15
The S-H stretch is in the middle of a part of the keyboard
114
435160
4000
S-H ํ™•์žฅ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:19
that has been, so to speak, damaged,
115
439160
2000
๊ทธ ํ‚ค์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์„œ์ ธ์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
07:21
and there are no neighboring notes, nothing is close to it.
116
441160
3000
์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:24
You have a unique smell, a unique vibration.
117
444160
2000
S-H๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ง„๋™์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:26
So I went searching when I started in this game
118
446160
2000
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด ๋ฏธ์นœ
07:28
to convince myself that there was any degree of plausibility
119
448160
3000
์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ
07:31
to this whole crazy story.
120
451160
2000
์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต์ง€์š”.
07:33
I went searching for a type of molecule, any molecule,
121
453160
3000
์ „ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์ž์ด๋“  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง„๋™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ํƒ€์ž…์„
07:36
that would have that vibration and that -- the obvious prediction
122
456160
5000
์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์œ ํ™ฉ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
07:41
was that it should absolutely smell of sulfur.
123
461160
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:43
If it didnโ€™t, the whole idea was toast, and I might as well move on to other things.
124
463160
6000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:49
Now, after searching high and low for several months,
125
469160
4000
๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ…์ƒ…์ด ๋’ค์ง„ ๋์—,
07:53
I discovered that there was a type of molecule called a Borane
126
473160
5000
์ „ ๋ณด๋ž€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„๋™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
07:58
which has exactly the same vibration.
127
478160
2000
๋ถ„์ž ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:00
Now the good news is, Boranes you can get hold of.
128
480160
3000
์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ๋ณด๋ž€์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:03
The bad news is theyโ€™re rocket fuels.
129
483160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
08:06
Most of them explode spontaneously in contact with air,
130
486160
3000
๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ .
08:09
and when you call up the companies, they only give you minimum ten tons, OK?
131
489160
4000
ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์†Œ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋Ÿ‰์€ 10ํ†ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
08:13
(Laughter)
132
493160
3000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:16
So this was not what they call a laboratory-scale experiment,
133
496160
3000
์ด๊ฑด ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
08:19
and they wouldnโ€™t have liked it at my college.
134
499160
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
08:21
However, I managed to get a hold of a Borane eventually, and here is the beast.
135
501160
8000
์–ด์จŒ๊ฑด, ์ „ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋ณด๋ž€์„ ๊ตฌํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
And it really does have the same -- if you calculate,
136
509160
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
08:31
if you measure the vibrational frequencies, they are the same as S-H.
137
511160
4000
์ •๋ง๋กœ S-H์™€ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
08:35
Now, does it smell of sulfur? Well, if you go back in the literature,
138
515160
5000
์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:40
thereโ€™s a man who knew more about Boranes than anyone
139
520160
3000
์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์Šคํ†ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณด๋ž€์„
08:43
alive then or since, Alfred Stock, he synthesized all of them.
140
523160
5000
ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋ณด๋ž€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€์š”.
08:48
And in an enormous 40-page paper in German he says, at one point --
141
528160
6000
๊ทธ๋Š” 40 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด ๋…์ผ์–ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:54
my wife is German and she translated it for me --
142
534160
3000
--์ œ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ด ์คฌ์ง€์š” --
08:57
and at one point he says, "ganz widerlich Geruch,"
143
537160
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” "ganz widerlich Geruch" ์ฆ‰ "์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ"๋ผ๋Š”
08:59
an "absolutely repulsive smell," which is good. Reminiscent of hydrogen sulfide.
144
539160
6000
์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ง€์š”.
09:05
So this fact that Boranes smell of sulfur
145
545160
3000
์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋ž€์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ 1910๋…„์—
09:08
had been known since 1910, and utterly forgotten until 1997, 1998.
146
548160
7000
์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ 1997, 1998๋…„ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:15
Now, the slight fly in the ointment is this: that
147
555160
4000
๊ทผ๋ฐ, ์˜ฅ์˜ ํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:19
if we smell molecular vibrations, we must have a spectroscope in our nose.
148
559160
5000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถ„์ž ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ” ์•ˆ์— ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:24
Now, this is a spectroscope, OK, on my laboratory bench.
149
564160
5000
์ด๊ฑด ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ์ด์ฃ .
09:29
And itโ€™s fair to say that if you look up somebodyโ€™s nose,
150
569160
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ”์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ
09:31
youโ€™re unlikely to see anything resembling this.
151
571160
3000
๋ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:34
And this is the main objection to the theory.
152
574160
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ด๋ก ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
OK, great, we smell vibrations. How? All right?
153
576160
5000
์ข‹์•„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”? ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ?
09:41
Now when people ask this kind of question, they neglect something,
154
581160
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:43
which is that physicists are really clever, unlike biologists.
155
583160
4000
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
09:47
(Laughter)
156
587160
3000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:50
This is a joke. Iโ€™m a biologist, OK?
157
590160
2000
์ด๊ฑด ๋†๋‹ด์ด์˜ˆ์š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ „ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
09:52
So itโ€™s a joke against myself.
158
592160
1000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ € ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋‹ด์ด์ง€์š”.
09:53
Bob Jacklovich and John Lamb at Ford Motor Company,
159
593160
3000
ํฌ๋“œ ์ž๋™์ฐจํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์•ก์˜
09:56
in the days when Ford Motor was spending vast amounts of money
160
596160
2000
์ž๋ณธ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋˜
09:58
on fundamental research, discovered a way
161
598160
4000
๋ด… ์žญ๋กœ๋น„์น˜์™€ ์ฃค ๋žจ์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์ธ
10:02
to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nano-scale.
162
602160
4000
๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:06
In other words, no mirrors, no lasers, no prisms, no nonsense,
163
606160
3000
์ฆ‰, ๊ฑฐ์šธ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ €, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์† ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:09
just a tiny device, and he built this device. And this device uses electron tunneling.
164
609160
5000
์ „์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
Now, I could do the dance of electron tunneling,
165
614160
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ „์ž ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์„ ์ถค์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:17
but Iโ€™ve done a video instead, which is much more interesting. Hereโ€™s how it works.
166
617160
5000
๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
10:22
Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps,
167
622160
4000
์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
10:26
but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they canโ€™t jump.
168
626160
5000
๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋„˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
10:31
Unlike us, they wonโ€™t fall off the cliff.
169
631160
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์—†๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
OK. Now. If something absorbs the energy, the electron can travel.
170
633160
7000
์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์ฃ .
10:40
So here you have a system, you have something --
171
640160
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด --
10:43
and thereโ€™s plenty of that stuff in biology --
172
643160
1000
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ฃ  --
10:44
some substance giving an electron, and the electron tries to jump,
173
644160
5000
์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์ ํ”„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
10:49
and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration
174
649160
4000
๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด
10:53
does the reaction happen, OK?
175
653160
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:55
This is the basis for the device that these two guys at Ford built.
176
655160
4000
ํฌ๋“œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:59
And every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology.
177
659160
7000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ด์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:06
In other words, Iโ€™ve taken off-the-shelf components,
178
666160
1000
๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„
11:07
and Iโ€™ve made a spectroscope.
179
667160
2000
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:09
Whatโ€™s nice about this idea, if you have a philosophical bent of mind,
180
669160
4000
์ฝ”์™€ ๋ˆˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง„๋™์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
11:13
is that then it tells you that the nose,
181
673160
2000
์„ผ์„œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
11:15
the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses.
182
675160
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ฃ .
11:18
Of course, it doesnโ€™t matter, because it could also be that theyโ€™re not.
183
678160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ‹€๋ ค๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์–ด์š”.
11:22
But it has a certain --
184
682160
1000
์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” --
11:23
(Laughter)
185
683160
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:25
-- it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people
186
685160
4000
-- ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋…์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ฑ…๋“ค์„
11:29
who read too much 19th-century German literature.
187
689160
4000
๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ฃ .
11:33
And then a magnificent thing happened:
188
693160
1000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์ €๋Š”
11:34
I left academia and joined the real world of business,
189
694160
6000
์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜์„œ ์‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ
11:40
and a company was created around my ideas
190
700160
3000
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:43
to make new molecules using my method,
191
703160
3000
๊ทธ๊ฑด '์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
11:46
along the lines of, letโ€™s put someone elseโ€™s money where your mouth is.
192
706160
4000
์‹ค์ง€๋กœ (๋‚ด ๋ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ผ'๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:50
And one of the first things that happened was
193
710160
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์€ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
11:54
we started going around to fragrance companies
194
714160
2000
์ฐพ์•„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
11:56
asking for what they needed, because, of course,
195
716160
4000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:00
if you could calculate smell, you donโ€™t need chemists.
196
720160
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
12:02
You need a computer, a Mac will do it, if you know how to program the thing right,
197
722160
4000
ํ•„์š”์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์งœ์„œ ์• ํ”Œ ๋งฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:06
OK? So you can try a thousand molecules,
198
726160
4000
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์ฒœ๊ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
12:10
you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend,
199
730160
3000
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ™”ํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”
12:13
and then you only tell the chemists to make the right one.
200
733160
3000
๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:16
And so thatโ€™s a direct path to making new odorants.
201
736160
4000
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:20
And one of the first things that happened was
202
740160
1000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ์‹œ์ดˆ์—
12:21
we went to see some perfumers in France --
203
741160
2000
๋ถˆ๋ž€์„œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
12:23
and hereโ€™s where I do my Charles Fleischer impression --
204
743160
2000
๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
12:25
and one of them says, "You cannot make a coumarin."
205
745160
4000
--์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์…” ํ‰๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด์ฃ -- "์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์†Œ"
12:29
He says to me, "I bet you cannot make a coumarin."
206
749160
3000
"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ชป ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑธ๊ฒ ์†Œ" ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ .
12:32
Now, coumarin is a very common thing, a material,
207
752160
4000
์ž, ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์‚ฐ ์ฝฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:36
in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from South America.
208
756160
3000
ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:39
And it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical, OK?
209
759160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ณต ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
12:43
Itโ€™s the molecule that has made menโ€™s fragrances
210
763160
4000
์ด ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šฉ ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์ง“๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์ธ๋ฐ
12:47
smell the way they do since 1881, to be exact.
211
767160
3000
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด 1881๋…„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋์ง€์š”.
12:50
And the problem is itโ€™s a carcinogen.
212
770160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์•”๋ถˆ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:53
So nobody likes particularly to -- you know, aftershave with carcinogens.
213
773160
6000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉด๋„ํ›„ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
12:59
(Laughter)
214
779160
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:01
There are some reckless people, but itโ€™s not worth it, OK?
215
781160
3000
์•” ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋„๋• ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ์ตธ?
13:04
So they asked us to make a new coumarin. And so we started doing calculations.
216
784160
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒˆ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:09
And the first thing you do is you calculate the vibrational spectrum
217
789160
3000
์ด ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ฒซ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„
13:12
of coumarin, and you smooth it out,
218
792160
1000
๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
13:13
so that you have a nice picture of what the sort of chord, so to speak, of coumarin is.
219
793160
6000
๊ทธ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ํ‰ํƒ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ํ™”์Œ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:19
And then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules,
220
799160
6000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ ๋™์ข… ๊ณ„์—ด์ด๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑด
13:25
related or unrelated, that have the same vibrations.
221
805160
3000
์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์ง€์š”.
13:28
And we actually, in this case, Iโ€™m sorry to say,
222
808160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข€ ์‘ฅ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ
13:32
it happened -- it was serendipitous.
223
812160
2000
์šด์ด ์ข‹์•„์„œ, ์ •๋ง ์šฐ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€์š”.
13:34
Because I got a phone call from our chief chemist
224
814160
3000
ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ํ™”ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ
13:37
and he said, look, Iโ€™ve just found this such a beautiful reaction,
225
817160
5000
์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžŒ
13:42
that even if this compound doesnโ€™t smell of coumarin,
226
822160
1000
์› ์Šคํ… ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„
13:43
I want to do it, itโ€™s just such a nifty,
227
823160
3000
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ 90%๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š”
13:46
one step -- I mean, chemists have weird minds --
228
826160
3000
ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— --ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜
13:49
one step, 90 percent yield, you know, and you get this lovely
229
829160
4000
์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ฐธ ๊ดด์ƒํ•ด์š”-- ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ํ–ฅ์€ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:53
crystalline compound. Let us try it.
230
833160
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:55
And I said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right,
231
835160
4000
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—
13:59
which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule.
232
839160
6000
์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ 5๊ฐํ˜•์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋จผ์ € ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:05
Calculate the vibrations, the purple spectrum is that new fellow,
233
845160
5000
์ง„๋™ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž์ฃผ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ 
14:10
the white one is the old one.
234
850160
1000
ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด ๊ตฌ์‹ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์ด์ฃ .
14:11
And the prediction is it should smell of coumarin.
235
851160
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:15
They made it ... and it smelled exactly like coumarin.
236
855160
8000
๊ทธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์ง€์š”.
14:23
And this is our new baby, called tonkene.
237
863160
5000
์ด๊ฒŒ ํ†คํ‚จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ์šด ์ œํ’ˆ์ด์ฃ .
14:28
You see, when youโ€™re a scientist, youโ€™re always selling ideas.
238
868160
2000
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํŒ”์ฃ .
14:30
And people are very resistant to ideas, and rightly so.
239
870160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:34
Why should new ideas be accepted?
240
874160
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:36
But when you put a little 10-gram vial on the table in front of perfumers
241
876160
6000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” 10๊ทธ๋žจ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์„ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์œ„์— ๋†“๊ณ 
14:42
and it smells like coumarin, and it isnโ€™t coumarin,
242
882160
2000
๊ทธ ๋ณ‘ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
14:44
and youโ€™ve found it in three weeks,
243
884160
2000
์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์„œ
14:46
this focuses everybodyโ€™s mind wonderfully.
244
886160
3000
๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์†”๊นƒํ•ด์ง€์ฃ .
14:49
(Laughter)
245
889160
1000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:50
(Applause)
246
890160
6000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:56
And people often ask me, is your theory accepted?
247
896160
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… '๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‚˜์š”?'ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ฃ .
15:00
And I said, well, by whom? I mean most, you know -- thereโ€™s three attitudes:
248
900160
5000
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €๋Š” '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”?'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฌธํ•˜์ฃ . ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
15:05
Youโ€™re right, and I donโ€™t know why, which is the most rational one at this point.
249
905160
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ œ์ผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ณ์€๋ฐ
15:09
Youโ€™re right, and I donโ€™t care how you do it, in a sense;
250
909160
4000
์™œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์†Œ', ์ฆ‰ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ณ๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—” ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ
15:13
you bring me the molecules, you know.
251
913160
1000
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ถ„์ž๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:14
And: Youโ€™re completely wrong, and Iโ€™m sure youโ€™re completely wrong.
252
914160
3000
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๊ณ , ํ‹€๋ฆฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
15:17
OK? Now, weโ€™re dealing with people who only want results,
253
917160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
15:20
and this is the commercial world.
254
920160
2000
์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ƒ์—…์„ธ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:22
And they tell us that even if we do it by astrology, theyโ€™re happy.
255
922160
5000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:27
But weโ€™re not actually doing it by astrology.
256
927160
3000
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
15:30
But for the last three years, Iโ€™ve had what I consider to be
257
930160
2000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ œ์ƒ๊ฐ์—
15:32
the best job in the entire universe, which is to put my hobby --
258
932160
5000
์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
15:37
which is, you know, fragrance and all the magnificent things --
259
937160
2000
ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š”
15:39
plus a little bit of biophysics, a small amount of self-taught chemistry
260
939160
5000
์ œ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ํ™”ํ•™์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด
15:44
at the service of something that actually works.
261
944160
2000
์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ์“ธ๋ชจ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
Thank you very much.
262
946160
1000
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
(Applause)
263
947160
1000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7