Jeff Bezos: The electricity metaphor

1,459,891 views ใƒป 2007-05-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dr. Eitan Eliram ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:26
When you think about resilience and technology it's actually much easier.
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:29
You're going to see some other speakers today, I already know,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ
00:32
who are going to talk about breaking-bones stuff,
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืช"
00:35
and, of course, with technology it never is.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื›ืš.
00:37
So it's very easy, comparatively speaking, to be resilient.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ืงืœ, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
00:41
I think that, if we look at what happened on the Internet,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
00:43
with such an incredible last half a dozen years,
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ืขื ื›ืืœื” ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
00:47
that it's hard to even get the right analogy for it.
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆืจ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
00:50
A lot of how we decide, how we're supposed to react to things
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:54
and what we're supposed to expect about the future
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
00:56
depends on how we bucket things
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:58
and how we categorize them.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
00:59
And so I think the tempting analogy for the boom-bust
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืชื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”
01:03
that we just went through with the Internet is a gold rush.
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘.
01:07
It's easy to think of this analogy as very different
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ืงืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“
01:10
from some of the other things you might pick.
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ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
01:12
For one thing, both were very real.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:14
In 1849, in that Gold Rush, they took over $700 million
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ื‘-1849, ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 700 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
01:18
worth of gold out of California. It was very real.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™.
01:20
The Internet was also very real. This is a real way for humans to
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
01:24
communicate with each other. It's a big deal.
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:27
Huge boom. Huge boom. Huge bust. Huge bust.
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ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช. ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขื ืงื™, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขื ืงื™.
01:31
You keep going, and both things are lots of hype.
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ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืค.
01:34
I don't have to remind you of all the hype
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™ืค
01:37
that was involved with the Internet -- like GetRich.com.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ -- ืœืžืฉืœ GetRich.com.
01:40
But you had the same thing with the Gold Rush. "Gold. Gold. Gold."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘. "ื–ื”ื‘. ื–ื”ื‘. ื–ื”ื‘."
01:43
Sixty-eight rich men on the Steamer Portland. Stacks of yellow metal.
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ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘-Steamer Portland. ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
01:47
Some have 5,000. Many have more.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื (ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื). ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:50
A few bring out 100,000 dollars each.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื 100,000$ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
01:54
People would get very excited about this when they read these articles.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:57
"The Eldorado of the United States of America:
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ื”ืืœื“ื•ืจื“ื• (ืขื™ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช) ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
02:00
the discovery of inexhaustible gold mines in California."
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:06
And the parallels between the Gold Rush and the Internet Rush continue very strongly.
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ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
02:10
So many people left what they were doing.
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ืื–, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•.
02:13
And what would happen is -- and the Gold Rush went on for years.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” - ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:16
People on the East Coast in 1849, when they first started to get the news,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘-1849, ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:20
they thought, "Ah, this isn't real."
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•, "ืื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™."
02:22
But they keep hearing about people getting rich,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื,
02:25
and then in 1850 they still hear that. And they think it's not real.
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ื•ืื– ื‘-1850 ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:28
By about 1852, they're thinking, "Am I the stupidest person on Earth
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1852, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:33
by not rushing to California?" And they start to decide they are.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจืฅ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”?" ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื ื›ืŸ.
02:37
These are community affairs, by the way.
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ืืœื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืื’ื‘.
02:39
Local communities on the East Coast would get together and whole teams
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื“ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
02:42
of 10, 20 people would caravan across the United States,
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ืฉืœ 10-20 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืกืขื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:45
and they would form companies.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:47
These were typically not solitary efforts. But no matter what,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”,
02:50
if you were a lawyer or a banker, people dropped what they were doing,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื ืงืื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
02:53
no matter what skill set they had, to go pan for gold.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื, ืœืœื›ืช ืœืกื ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘.
02:57
This guy on the left, Dr. Richard Beverley Cole,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืฉืžืืœ, ื“"ืจ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ ืงื•ืœ,
03:00
he lived in Philadelphia and he took the Panama route.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ื“ืจืš ืคื ืžื”.
03:03
They would take a ship down to Panama, across the isthmus,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืคื ืžื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื,
03:06
and then take another ship north.
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื• ืขื•ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:08
This guy, Dr. Toland, went by covered wagon to California.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื“"ืจ ื˜ื•ืœืื ื“, ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื›ืจื›ืจื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
03:13
This has its parallels, too. Doctors leaving their practices.
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ื’ื ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช. ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:17
These are both very successful -- a physician in one case,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื - ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืคื
03:19
a surgeon in the other.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื ืชื—.
03:20
Same thing happened on the Internet. You get DrKoop.com.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช DrKoop.com.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:25
In the Gold Rush, people literally jumped ship.
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ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
03:28
The San Francisco harbor was clogged with 600 ships at the peak
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ื ืžืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ืขื 600 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช
03:35
because the ships would get there and the crews would abandon
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ื›ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ื ื ื˜ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื,
03:37
to go search for gold.
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื–ื”ื‘.
03:39
So there were literally 600 captains and 600 ships.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœืžืขืฉื” 600 ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ื•-600 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
03:43
They turned the ships into hotels, because they couldn't sail them anywhere.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
03:46
You had dotcom fever. And you had gold fever.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื˜-ืงื•ื. ื•ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
03:51
And you saw some of the excesses
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช
03:53
that the dotcom fever created and the same thing happened.
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ืฉืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื˜-ืงื•ื ื™ืฆืจื”, ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”.
03:57
The fort in San Francisco at the time had about 1,300 soldiers.
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ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• 1,300 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื.
04:01
Half of them deserted to go look for gold.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืœื–ื”ื‘.
04:05
And they wouldn't let the other half out to go look for the first half
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:08
because they were afraid they wouldn't come back.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื•.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:12
And one of the soldiers wrote home, and this is the sentence that he put:
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•:
04:15
"The struggle between right and six dollars a month
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"ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•-6$ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
04:19
and wrong and 75 dollars a day is a rather severe one."
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•-75$ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™."
04:27
They had bad burn rate in the Gold Rush. A very bad burn rate.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืจืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘. ืจืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืจืขื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:31
This is actually from the Klondike Gold Rush. This is the White Pass Trail.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื”ืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืง. ื–ื”ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
04:35
They loaded up their mules and their horses.
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ื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:39
And they didn't plan right.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:43
And they didn't know how far they would really have to go,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืœื›ืช
04:46
and they overloaded the horses with hundreds and hundreds of pounds of stuff.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขืžืกืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืงืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื
04:50
In fact it was so bad that most of the horses died
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื•.
04:54
before they could get where they were going.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืœื›ื•.
04:56
It got renamed the "Dead Horse Trail."
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืžื—ื“ืฉ "ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืžืช"
04:58
And the Canadian Minister of the Interior wrote this at the time:
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ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื›ืชื‘:
05:02
"Thousands of pack horses lie dead along the way,
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"ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš
05:05
sometimes in bunches under the cliffs,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื•ืงื™ื,
05:07
with pack saddles and packs where they've fallen from the rock above,
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ืขื ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืคืœื• ืžื”ืกืœืข ืœืžืขืœื”,
05:11
sometimes in tangled masses, filling the mud holes
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืš,ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ
05:14
and furnishing the only footing for our poor pack animals on the march,
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ื•ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžืกื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืขื“ื•ืช
05:17
often, I regret to say, exhausted, but still alive,
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ,ืžื•ืชืฉื•ืช ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:21
a fact we were unaware of, until after the miserable wretches
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”, ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื
05:24
turned beneath the hooves of our cavalcade.
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:27
The eyeless sockets of the pack animals everywhere
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ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
05:29
account for the myriads of ravens along the road.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืชื™ื‘
05:32
The inhumanity which this trail has been witness to,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื•
05:34
the heartbreak and suffering which so many have undergone,
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•
05:37
cannot be imagined. They certainly cannot be described."
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ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ"
05:42
And you know, without the smell that would have accompanied that,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช
05:47
we had the same thing on the Internet: very bad burn rate calculations.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
05:52
I'll just play one of these and you'll remember it.
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ืื ื™ ืื ื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืืชื ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
05:55
This is a commercial that was played on the Super Bowl in the year 2000.
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ื–ื• ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ-ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000
05:59
(Video): Bride #1: You said you had a large selection of invitations. Clerk: But we do.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ื›ืœื” ืžืก' 1: ืืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืคืงื™ื“: ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:03
Bride #2: Then why does she have my invitation?
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ื›ืœื” ืžืก' 2: ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœื™?
06:06
Announcer: What may be a little thing to some ... Bride #3: You are mine, little man.
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ื›ืจื•ื–: ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ื™ื...ื›ืœื” ืžืก' 3: ืืชื” ืฉืœื™, ืื™ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ.
06:11
Announcer: Could be a really big deal to you. Husband #1: Is that your wife?
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ื›ืจื•ื–: ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ื‘ืขืœ ืžืก' 1: ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืฉืชืš?
06:15
Husband #2: Not for another 15 minutes. Announcer: After all, it's your special day.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืžืก ' 2: ืœื ืœืขื•ื“ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื–:ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš.
06:23
OurBeginning.com. Life's an event. Announce it to the world.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืจื•ืข, ื”ื›ืจื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:26
Jeff Bezos: It's very difficult to figure out what that ad is for.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืคืขื ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช.
06:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:33
But they spent three and a half million dollars
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ืืš ื”ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• 3.5 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
06:35
in the 2000 Super Bowl to air that ad,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2000 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:38
even though, at the time, they only had a million dollars in annual revenue.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:44
Now, here's where our analogy with the Gold Rush starts to diverge,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ,
06:48
and I think rather severely.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
06:50
And that is, in a gold rush, when it's over, it's over.
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ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื.
06:54
Here's this guy: "There are many men in Dawson
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ื–ื”: "ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืืกื•ืŸ
06:57
at the present time who feel keenly disappointed.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื.
06:59
They've come thousands of miles on a perilous trip, risked life, health and property,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืจื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืกืข ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ื›ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ,
07:04
spent months of the most arduous labor a man can perform
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข
07:07
and at length with expectations raised to the highest pitch
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ื•ื›ืฉืขืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืืŸ
07:10
have reached the coveted goal only to discover
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืงืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
07:12
the fact that there is nothing here for them."
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื"
07:16
And that was, of course, the very common story.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:19
Because when you take out that last piece of gold --
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืืชื” ื›ื•ืจื” ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”--
07:21
and they did incredibly quickly. I mean, if you look at the 1849 Gold Rush --
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1849
07:26
the entire American river region, within two years --
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ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื--
07:29
every stone had been turned. And after that, only big companies
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ื›ืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
07:33
who used more sophisticated mining technologies
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:35
started to take gold out of there.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืฉื.
07:38
So there's a much better analogy that allows you to be incredibly optimistic
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
07:44
and that analogy is the electric industry.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:49
And there are a lot of similarities between the Internet and the electric industry.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:53
With the electric industry you actually have to --
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ืขื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื--
07:56
one of them is that they're both sort of thin,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจื–ื™ื
07:58
horizontal, enabling layers that go across lots of different industries.
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ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:01
It's not a specific thing.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
08:05
But electricity is also very, very broad, so you have to sort of narrow it down.
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ืืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื•.
08:10
You know, it can be used as an incredible means of transmitting power.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ื—.
08:14
It's an incredible means of coordinating,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชื™ืื•ื,
08:16
in a very fine-grained way, information flows.
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ื”ื–ืจืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:18
There's a bunch of things that are interesting about electricity.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
08:21
And the part of the electric revolution that I want to focus on
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•
08:26
is sort of the golden age of appliances.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
08:29
The killer app that got the world ready for appliances was the light bulb.
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ื”ืงื™ืœืจ-ืืค ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
08:34
So the light bulb is what wired the world.
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ืื– ื ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:36
And they weren't thinking about appliances when they wired the world.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:40
They were really thinking about --
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ--
08:42
they weren't putting electricity into the home;
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
08:44
they were putting lighting into the home.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
08:47
And, but it really -- it got the electricity. It took a long time.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
08:51
This was a huge -- as you would expect -- a huge capital build out.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืง-ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช-ื”ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
08:55
All the streets had to be torn up.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืงืจืขื•
08:58
This is work going on down in lower Manhattan
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
09:02
where they built some of the first electric power generating stations.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช
09:06
And they're tearing up all the streets.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
09:08
The Edison Electric Company, which became Edison General Electric,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง
09:11
which became General Electric,
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง,
09:13
paid for all of this digging up of the streets. It was incredibly expensive.
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ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:19
But that is not the -- and that's not the part that's really most similar to the Web.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”--ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืฉืช.
09:26
Because, remember, the Web got to stand
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืขืžื“ื”
09:28
on top of all this heavy infrastructure
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:30
that had been put in place because of the long-distance phone network.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื ืคืจืกื” ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
09:33
So all of the cabling and all of the heavy infrastructure --
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื”--
09:36
I'm going back now to, sort of, the explosive part of the Web in 1994,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994
09:40
when it was growing 2,300 percent a year.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ -2300 ืื—ื•ื– ืœืฉื ื”.
09:42
How could it grow at 2,300 percent a year in 1994
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ 2300 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘- 1994
09:45
when people weren't really investing in the Web?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ืจืฉืช?
09:48
Well, it was because that heavy infrastructure had already been laid down.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื›ื‘ืจ
09:52
So the light bulb laid down the heavy infrastructure,
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ืื– ื ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื”,
09:55
and then home appliances started coming into being.
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ื•ืื– ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
09:58
And this was huge. The first one was the electric fan --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืง. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™--
10:01
this was the 1890 electric fan.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ 1890.
10:04
And the appliances, the golden age of appliances really lasted --
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืจืš ื‘ืืžืช
10:08
it depends how you want to measure it --
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”--
10:10
but it's anywhere from 40 to 60 years. It goes on a long time.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืื™ืคื•ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 40 ืœ- 60 ืฉื ื”. ื–ื” ืืจืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ.
10:13
It starts about 1890. And the electric fan was a big success.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘- 1890. ื•ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
10:19
The electric iron, also very big.
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ื”ืžื’ื”ืฅ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:22
By the way, this is the beginning of the asbestos lawsuit.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืื–ื‘ืกื˜.
10:26
(Laughter)
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10:27
There's asbestos under that handle there.
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ื™ืฉ ืื–ื‘ืกื˜ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื.
10:32
This is the first vacuum cleaner, the 1905 Skinner Vacuum,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืกืงื™ื ืจ ื•ืืงื™ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 1905
10:35
from the Hoover Company. And this one weighed 92 pounds
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ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ืจ. ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ืงืœ 46 ืงื™ืœื•
10:40
and took two people to operate and cost a quarter of a car.
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:45
So it wasn't a big seller.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื™.
10:47
This was truly, truly an early-adopter product --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื--
10:51
(Laughter)
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10:52
the 1905 Skinner Vacuum.
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ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืกืงื™ื ืจ ืž 1905
10:54
But three years later, by 1908, it weighed 40 pounds.
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ืืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘1908, ื–ื” ืฉืงืœ 20 ืงื™ืœื•.
10:59
Now, not all these things were highly successful.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
11:03
(Laughter)
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11:05
This is the electric tie press, which never really did catch on.
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ื–ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืฅ ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
11:08
People, I guess, decided that they would not wrinkle their ties.
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ืื ืฉื™ื,ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ,ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืงืžื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:15
These never really caught on either:
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ืืœื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ืชืคืกื• ืฉื•ืง ืžืขื•ืœื.
11:17
the electric shoe warmer and drier. Never a big seller.
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ืžื—ืžื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื•ืžื™ื‘ืฉ.ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:21
This came in, like, six different colors.
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข,ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:23
(Laughter)
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11:25
I don't know why. But I thought, you know,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”,ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
11:28
sometimes it's just not the right time for an invention;
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฆืื”.
11:32
maybe it's time to give this one another shot.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ
11:35
So I thought we could build a Super Bowl ad for this.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœืกื•ืคืจ-ื‘ื•ืœ
11:39
We'd need the right partner. And I thought that really --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช --
11:43
(Laughter)
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11:45
I thought that would really work, to give that another shot.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ
11:49
Now, the toaster was huge
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืฆื ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืง
11:51
because they used to make toast on open fires,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉ ื’ืœื•ื™ื”
11:54
and it took a lot of time and attention.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
11:56
I want to point out one thing. This is -- you guys know what this is.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“. ื–ื”--ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”.
12:02
They hadn't invented the electric socket yet.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:05
So this was -- remember, they didn't wire the houses for electricity.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”--ื–ื™ื›ืจื•,ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื•ื˜ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
12:08
They wired them for lighting. So your -- your appliances would plug in.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชืื•ืจื”. ืื– ื”-- ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉืงืข.
12:12
They would -- each room typically had a light bulb socket at the top.
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ื”ื ืื”ื”--ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื•ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
12:15
And you'd plug it in there.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื.
12:17
In fact, if you've seen the Carousel of Progress at Disney World,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”,ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ืกื ื™.
12:20
you've seen this. Here are the cables coming up into this light fixture.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
12:24
All the appliances plug in there. And you would just unscrew your light bulb
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ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื
12:28
if you wanted to plug in an appliance.
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
12:30
The next thing that really was a big, big deal was the washing machine.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”.
12:35
Now, this was an object of much envy and lust.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ ืœืงื ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื•.
12:38
Everybody wanted one of these electric washing machines.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
12:41
On the left-hand side, this was the soapy water.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™, ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ
12:43
And there's a rotor there -- that this motor is spinning.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื“ื—ืฃ--ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘
12:45
And it would clean your clothes.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:47
This is the clean rinse-water. So you'd take the clothes out of here,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ื™ื˜ื”.ืื– ื”ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ,
12:50
put them in here, and then you'd run the clothes through this electric wringer.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ืชื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
12:54
And this was a big deal.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืœ.
12:56
You'd keep this on your porch. It was a little bit messy and kind of a pain.
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ื”ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™.
13:00
And you'd run a long cord into the house
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช
13:03
where you could screw it into your light socket.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืงืข ื”ืชืื•ืจื”.
13:06
(Laughter)
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13:07
And that's actually kind of an important point in my presentation,
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœื™,
13:10
because they hadn't invented the off switch.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืžืชื’ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™.
13:14
That was to come much later -- the off switch on appliances --
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ-- ืžืชื’ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื--
13:17
because it didn't make any sense.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
13:19
I mean, you didn't want this thing clogging up a light socket.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกืชื•ื ืืช ืฉืงืข ื”ืชืื•ืจื”.
13:22
So you know, when you were done with it, you unscrewed it.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื ืขื ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื’ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:25
That's what you did. You didn't turn it off.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื.
13:27
And as I said before, they hadn't invented the electric outlet either,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™
13:31
so the washing machine was a particularly dangerous device.
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ืื– ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
13:34
And there are --
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื --
13:36
when you research this, there are gruesome descriptions
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื
13:39
of people getting their hair and clothes caught in these devices.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
13:44
And they couldn't yank the cord out
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:46
because it was screwed into a light socket inside the house.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืจื’ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืงืข ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
13:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:51
And there was no off switch, so it wasn't very good.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
13:56
And you might think that that was incredibly stupid of our ancestors
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื•
14:00
to be plugging things into a light socket like this.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืงืขื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ื›ื›ื”.
14:03
But, you know, before I get too far into condemning our ancestors,
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ืื‘ืœ,ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืคืฉืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
14:07
I thought I'd show you: this is my conference room.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื : ื–ื”ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
14:10
This is a total kludge, if you ask me.
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ื–ื• ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
14:13
First of all, this got installed upside down. This light socket --
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš. ืฉืงืข ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”--
14:16
(Laughter)
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ืฆื—ื•ืง
14:17
and so the cord keeps falling out, so I taped it in.
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื•
14:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:21
This is supposed -- don't even get me started. But that's not the worst one.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ--ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:25
This is what it looks like under my desk.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœื™.
14:27
I took this picture just two days ago.
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
14:30
So we really haven't progressed that much since 1908.
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ืื– ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ืžืื– 1908
14:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:35
It's a total, total mess.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™.
14:37
And, you know, we think it's getting better,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
14:40
but have you tried to install 802.11 yourself?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ 802.11 (ืจืฉืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช) ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื?
14:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:45
I challenge you to try. It's very hard.
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
14:47
I know Ph.D.s in Computer Science --
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘--
14:50
this process has brought them to tears, absolute tears. (Laughter)
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื›ื™, ืžืžืฉ ื“ืžืขื•ืช.
14:54
And that's assuming you already have DSL in your house.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืš.
15:00
Try to get DSL installed in your house.
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ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
15:03
The engineers who do it everyday can't do it.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:05
They have to -- typically, they come three times.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื-- ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื.
15:08
And one friend of mine was telling me a story:
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
15:10
not only did they get there and have to wait,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช,
15:13
but then the engineers, when they finally did get there,
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ืืœื ืฉืื– ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื›ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื,
15:16
for the third time, they had to call somebody.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
15:18
And they were really happy that the guy had a speakerphone
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืจืžืงื•ืœ
15:21
because then they had to wait on hold for an hour
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ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”.
15:23
to talk to somebody to give them an access code
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืงื•ื“ ื’ื™ืฉื”.
15:25
after they got there.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื.
15:27
So we're not -- we're pretty kludge-y ourselves.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื--ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื.
15:31
By the way, DSL is a kludge.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื’ืŸ.
15:33
I mean, this is a twisted pair of copper that was never designed
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ
15:35
for the purpose it's being put to --
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ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื ื•ืขื“.
15:37
you know it's the whole thing --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ.
15:39
we're very, very primitive. And that's kind of the point.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
15:43
Because, you know, resilience -- if you think of it in terms of the Gold Rush,
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ืžืฉื•ื,ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ,ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘
15:47
then you'd be pretty depressed right now
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:49
because the last nugget of gold would be gone.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืœืงื—.
15:52
But the good thing is, with innovation, there isn't a last nugget.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื–ืžื•ืช\ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
15:55
Every new thing creates two new questions and two new opportunities.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
16:00
And if you believe that, then you believe that where we are --
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•--
16:04
this is what I think -- I believe that where we are with the incredible kludge --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘: ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื
16:08
and I haven't even talked about user interfaces on the Web --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช.
16:12
but there's so much kludge, so much terrible stuff --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื’ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื,
16:15
we are at the 1908 Hurley washing machine stage with the Internet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ 1908 ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
16:19
That's where we are. We don't get our hair caught in it,
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื ืชืคืก ื‘ื–ื”.
16:22
but that's the level of primitiveness of where we are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”.
16:25
We're in 1908.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ 1908.
16:27
And if you believe that, then stuff like this doesn't bother you. This is 1996:
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืชื›ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื ืช 1996:
16:31
"All the negatives add up to making the online experience not worth the trouble."
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"ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื—ื”"
16:35
1998: "Amazon.toast." In 1999: "Amazon.bomb."
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1998:"ื”ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ" ื‘- 1999 "ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ"
16:41
My mom hates this picture.
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ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
16:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:47
She -- but you know, if you really do believe that it's the very,
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ื”ื™ื -- ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืžืฉ,
16:50
very beginning, if you believe it's the 1908 Hurley washing machine,
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ืžืžืฉ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืœื™ ืž- 1908.
16:54
then you're incredibly optimistic. And I do think that that's where we are.
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ืื– ืืชื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
16:57
And I do think there's more innovation ahead of us
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•
17:00
than there is behind us.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
17:02
And in 1917, Sears -- I want to get this exactly right.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ืกื™ืจืก -- ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
17:07
This was the advertisement that they ran in 1917.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ื‘ 1917
17:11
It says: "Use your electricity for more than light."
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ:" ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืจ"
17:14
And I think that's where we are.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
17:16
We're very, very early. Thank you very much.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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