Bruce Bueno de Mesquita predicts Iran's future

142,211 views ใƒป 2009-04-07

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomi Agmon
00:18
What I'm going to try to do is explain to you
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ืžื” ืฉืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
00:21
quickly how to predict,
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ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
00:23
and illustrate it with some predictions
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ื•ืืžื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช
00:25
about what Iran is going to do in the next couple of years.
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ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:30
In order to predict effectively,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
00:33
we need to use science.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข.
00:36
And the reason that we need to use science
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื“ืข, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื•
00:39
is because then we can reproduce what we're doing;
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
00:41
it's not just wisdom or guesswork.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
00:44
And if we can predict,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ,
00:47
then we can engineer the future.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
00:49
So if you are concerned to influence energy policy,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:53
or you are concerned to influence national security policy,
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ืื• ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
00:58
or health policy, or education,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš -
01:01
science -- and a particular branch of science -- is a way to do it,
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ื”ืžื“ืข - ืขื ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข - ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:05
not the way we've been doing it,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
01:07
which is seat-of-the-pants wisdom.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืŸ.
01:09
Now before I get into how to do it
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื -
01:11
let me give you a little truth in advertising,
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืจืกื•ื:
01:14
because I'm not engaged in the business of magic.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืงืกืžื™ื,
01:17
There are lots of thing that the approach I take can predict,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
01:21
and there are some that it can't.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื.
01:23
It can predict complex negotiations
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
01:26
or situations involving coercion --
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ืื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื—.
01:29
that is in essence everything that has to do with politics,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:33
much of what has to do with business,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื,
01:35
but sorry, if you're looking to speculate in the stock market,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
01:41
I don't predict stock markets -- OK,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชืื™ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™ -
01:43
it's not going up any time really soon.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
01:46
But I'm not engaged in doing that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืš.
01:49
I'm not engaged in predicting random number generators.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
01:52
I actually get phone calls from people
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™
01:54
who want to know what lottery numbers are going to win.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœื•ื˜ื• ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ.
01:57
I don't have a clue.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’.
02:00
I engage in the use of game theory, game theory is a branch of mathematics
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืžืชืžื˜ื™.
02:04
and that means, sorry, that even in the study of politics,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:08
math has come into the picture.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:11
We can no longer pretend that we just speculate about politics,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:15
we need to look at this in a rigorous way.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.
02:18
Now, what is game theory about?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื?
02:21
It assumes that people are looking out for what's good for them.
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
02:26
That doesn't seem terribly shocking --
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคืชื™ืข -
02:28
although it's controversial for a lot of people --
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช -
02:30
that we are self-interested.
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ืฉื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
02:34
In order to look out for what's best for them
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
02:36
or what they think is best for them,
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ืื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื -
02:38
people have values -- they identify what they want, and what they don't want.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืจื›ื™ื - ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:42
And they have beliefs about what other people want,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
02:45
and what other people don't want, how much power other people have,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:48
how much those people could get in the way of whatever it is that you want.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:52
And they face limitations, constraints,
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ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื.
02:56
they may be weak, they may be located in the wrong part of the world,
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ืื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:59
they may be Einstein, stuck away farming
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืงื•ืข ื›ืื™ื›ืจ
03:02
someplace in a rural village in India not being noticed,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื ื™ื“ื— ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•,
03:06
as was the case for Ramanujan for a long time,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืžื ื•ื’'ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ -
03:09
a great mathematician but nobody noticed.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
03:12
Now who is rational?
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ืžื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ?
03:14
A lot of people are worried about what is rationality about?
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช?
03:17
You know, what if people are rational?
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:19
Mother Theresa, she was rational.
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ืืžื ืชืจื–ื” ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:22
Terrorists, they're rational.
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ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:26
Pretty much everybody is rational.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:29
I think there are only two exceptions that I'm aware of --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื -
03:32
two-year-olds, they are not rational,
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ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:34
they have very fickle preferences,
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ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื•ืช,
03:37
they switch what they think all the time,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:39
and schizophrenics are probably not rational,
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ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื’ื ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:42
but pretty much everybody else is rational.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:44
That is, they are just trying to do
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:46
what they think is in their own best interest.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:51
Now in order to work out what people are going to do
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื•
03:53
to pursue their interests,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:55
we have to think about who has influence in the world.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:57
If you're trying to influence corporations to change their behavior,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื
04:02
with regard to producing pollutants,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื -
04:05
one approach, the common approach,
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ืื– ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื
04:07
is to exhort them to be better,
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ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื,
04:09
to explain to them what damage they're doing to the planet.
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ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:12
And many of you may have noticed that doesn't have
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš
04:14
as big an effect, as perhaps you would like it to have.
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื”.
04:18
But if you show them that it's in their interest,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืžื›ืš ืชื•ืขืœืช -
04:21
then they're responsive.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
04:23
So, we have to work out who influences problems.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:26
If we're looking at Iran, the president of the United States
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ -
04:28
we would like to think, may have some influence --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
04:31
certainly the president in Iran has some influence --
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืจืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
04:35
but we make a mistake if we just pay attention
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื˜ืขื” ืื ืจืง ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘
04:38
to the person at the top of the power ladder
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ืœืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื•ืœื ื”ื›ื•ื—.
04:41
because that person doesn't know much about Iran,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืจืŸ,
04:44
or about energy policy,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:46
or about health care,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:48
or about any particular policy.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื.
04:50
That person surrounds himself or herself with advisers.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื.
04:55
If we're talking about national security problems,
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ืื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™,
04:57
maybe it's the Secretary of State,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
04:59
maybe it's the Secretary of Defense,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”,
05:01
the Director of National Intelligence,
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ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
05:03
maybe the ambassador to the United Nations, or somebody else
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื, ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
05:05
who they think is going to know more about the particular problem.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
05:09
But let's face it, the Secretary of State doesn't know much about Iran.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืจืŸ.
05:12
The secretary of defense doesn't know much about Iran.
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ื’ื ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืจืŸ.
05:15
Each of those people in turn
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื•
05:18
has advisers who advise them,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœื•,
05:20
so they can advise the president.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ื.
05:23
There are lots of people shaping decisions
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
05:26
and so if we want to predict correctly
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
05:28
we have to pay attention to everybody
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืœ
05:31
who is trying to shape the outcome,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
05:33
not just the people at the pinnacle
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื
05:36
of the decision-making pyramid.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
05:40
Unfortunately, a lot of times we don't do that.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:42
There's a good reason that we don't do that,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
05:44
and there's a good reason that using game theory and computers,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:47
we can overcome the limitation
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
05:50
of just looking at a few people.
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ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:52
Imagine a problem with just five decision-makers.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
05:56
Imagine for example
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
05:58
that Sally over here,
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ืฉืกืืœื™ ื›ืืŸ
06:00
wants to know what Harry, and Jane,
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืืจื™ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ
06:03
and George and Frank are thinking,
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ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืคืจื ืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
06:06
and sends messages to those people.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:08
Sally's giving her opinion to them,
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ืกืืœื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื”ื ืžื” ื“ืขืชื”,
06:10
and they're giving their opinion to Sally.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืืœื™ ืžื” ื“ืขืชื.
06:13
But Sally also wants to know
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืืœื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช
06:15
what Harry is saying to these three,
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ืžื” ื”ืืจื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:18
and what they're saying to Harry.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™.
06:20
And Harry wants to know
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ื•ื”ืืจื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช
06:22
what each of those people are saying to each other, and so on,
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”,
06:25
and Sally would like to know what Harry thinks those people are saying.
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ื•ืกืืœื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืืจื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:28
That's a complicated problem; that's a lot to know.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช; ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช.
06:31
With five decision-makers
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
06:34
there are a lot of linkages --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื -
06:36
120, as a matter of fact,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 120 ืงืฉืจื™ื,
06:38
if you remember your factorials.
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ืื ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช.
06:40
Five factorial is 120.
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ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฆืจืช (!5) ื–ื” 120.
06:42
Now you may be surprised to know
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื“ืขืช
06:44
that smart people can keep 120 things straight
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื”ืœื›ื” 120 ืคืจื˜ื™ื
06:47
in their head.
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ื‘ืจืืฉื.
06:49
Suppose we double the number of influencers
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ืื ื ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื
06:51
from five to 10.
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ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœืขืฉืจื”.
06:53
Does that mean we've doubled the number of pieces of information
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ื”ืื ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื›ืคืœื ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
06:57
we need to know, from 120 to 240?
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืž-120 ืœ-240?
06:59
No. How about 10 times?
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ืœื. ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ 10?
07:01
To 1,200? No.
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ืœ-1,200? ืœื.
07:04
We've increased it to 3.6 million.
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ื”ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœ-3.6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
07:07
Nobody can keep that straight in their head.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ.
07:09
But computers,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
07:12
they can. They don't need coffee breaks,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืงืคื”,
07:15
they don't need vacations,
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ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช,
07:18
they don't need to go to sleep at night,
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ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
07:20
they don't ask for raises either.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช.
07:23
They can keep this information straight
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•
07:25
and that means that we can process the information.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
07:28
So I'm going to talk to you about how to process it,
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ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
07:30
and I'm going to give you some examples out of Iran,
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ื•ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจืŸ,
07:33
and you're going to be wondering,
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ื•ืืชื ืชืชื”ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
07:35
"Why should we listen to this guy?
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"ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ื–ื”?
07:37
Why should we believe what he's saying?"
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ?"
07:40
So I'm going to show you a factoid.
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืžื•ื ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช.
07:44
This is an assessment by the Central Intelligence Agency
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (CIA)
07:47
of the percentage of time
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ืœืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืงืจื™ื
07:49
that the model I'm talking about
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ
07:51
is right in predicting things whose outcome is not yet known,
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ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”,
07:54
when the experts who provided the data inputs
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
07:58
got it wrong.
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ื˜ืขื• ื‘-90% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
08:00
That's not my claim, that's a CIA claim -- you can read it,
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื–ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”-CIA - ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื”.
08:03
it was declassified a while ago. You can read it in a volume edited by
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ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืกืจ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกืคืจ
08:06
H. Bradford Westerfield, Yale University Press.
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ื”. ื‘ืจืื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืคื™ืœื“, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ.
08:09
So, what do we need to know
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช
08:11
in order to predict?
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช?
08:13
You may be surprised to find out we don't need to know very much.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:16
We do need to know who has a stake
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:19
in trying to shape the outcome of a decision.
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ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
08:24
We need to know what they say they want,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
08:27
not what they want in their heart of hearts,
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ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกืชืจ ืœื™ื‘ื,
08:30
not what they think they can get,
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ื•ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’,
08:32
but what they say they want, because that is a strategically chosen position,
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ืืœื ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช,
08:35
and we can work backwards from that
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:37
to draw inferences about important features of their decision-making.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:41
We need to know how focused they are
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื
08:43
on the problem at hand.
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ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื”.
08:45
That is, how willing are they to drop what they're doing when the issue comes up,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ืœื”,
08:48
and attend to it instead of something else that's on their plate --
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ื•ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง.
08:52
how big a deal is it to them?
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ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื?
08:54
And how much clout could they bring to bear
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
08:57
if they chose to engage on the issue?
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื”.
09:02
If we know those things
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ืื ื ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:04
we can predict their behavior by assuming that everybody
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื”
09:07
cares about two things on any decision.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช:
09:12
They care about the outcome. They'd like an outcome as close to
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ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” - ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื”
09:14
what they are interested in as possible.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
09:17
They're careerists, they also care about getting credit --
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” - ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜.
09:20
there's ego involvement,
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ื’ื ื”ืื’ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘.
09:22
they want to be seen as important in shaping the outcome,
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
09:26
or as important, if it's their druthers, to block an outcome.
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ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื.
09:31
And so we have to figure out how they balance those two things.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:34
Different people trade off
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื
09:36
between standing by their outcome,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื
09:39
faithfully holding to it, going down in a blaze of glory,
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ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
09:42
or giving it up, putting their finger in the wind,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœืืŸ ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ื—,
09:45
and doing whatever they think is going to be a winning position.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื ื›ืžื ืฆื—ืช.
09:48
Most people fall in between, and if we can work out where they fall
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
09:51
we can work out how to negotiate with them
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืื™ืชื
09:53
to change their behavior.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
09:55
So with just that little bit of input
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“
09:58
we can work out what the choices are that people have,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:01
what the chances are that they're willing to take,
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ืื™ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช,
10:04
what they're after, what they value, what they want,
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ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžื” ื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
10:07
and what they believe about other people.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:10
You might notice what we don't need to know:
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื ื•.
10:14
there's no history in here.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
10:16
How they got to where they are
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขืžื“ืชื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
10:18
may be important in shaping the input information,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜,
10:20
but once we know where they are
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ืืš ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืขืžื“ืชื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”,
10:22
we're worried about where they're going to be headed in the future.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
10:25
How they got there turns out not to be terribly critical in predicting.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขืžื“ืชื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
10:29
I remind you of that 90 percent accuracy rate.
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืง.
10:33
So where are we going to get this information?
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ืื™ืคื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
10:35
We can get this information
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
10:38
from the Internet, from The Economist,
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ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืžื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜,
10:41
The Financial Times, The New York Times,
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ืžื”ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก, ืžื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก,
10:44
U.S. News and World Report, lots of sources like that,
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ืžื”ื™ื•.ืืก. ื ื™ื•ื– ืื ื“ ื•ื•ืจืœื“ ืจื™ืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
10:47
or we can get it from asking experts
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืฉืืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
10:49
who spend their lives studying places and problems,
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ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
10:52
because those experts know this information.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:55
If they don't know, who are the people trying to influence the decision,
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”,
10:58
how much clout do they have,
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื,
11:00
how much they care about this issue, and what do they say they want,
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ื›ืžื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
11:03
are they experts? That's what it means to be an expert,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื? ื”ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื”,
11:06
that's the basic stuff an expert needs to know.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช.
11:10
Alright, lets turn to Iran.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืจืŸ.
11:12
Let me make three important predictions --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช -
11:15
you can check this out, time will tell.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ. ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•.
11:18
What is Iran going to do about its nuclear weapons program?
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ืžื” ืชืขืฉื” ืื™ืจืŸ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”?
11:26
How secure is the theocratic regime in Iran?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ?
11:29
What's its future?
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ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื•?
11:31
And everybody's best friend,
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
11:34
Ahmadinejad. How are things going for him?
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ืื—ืžื“ื™-ื ื’'ืื“. ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื•?
11:37
How are things going to be working out for him in the next year or two?
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ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื”-ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
11:43
You take a look at this, this is not based on statistics.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
11:46
I want to be very clear here. I'm not projecting some past data into the future.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
11:51
I've taken inputs on positions and so forth,
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ืืกืคืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•',
11:54
run it through a computer model
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ื”ืจืฆืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘
11:56
that had simulated the dynamics of interaction,
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ืฉื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”,
11:59
and these are the simulated dynamics,
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
12:01
the predictions about the path of policy.
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:04
So you can see here on the vertical axis,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™,
12:07
I haven't shown it all the way down to zero,
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ืฉืœื ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืขื“ ืœืืคืก ืœืžื˜ื”,
12:09
there are lots of other options, but here I'm just showing you the prediction,
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ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช,
12:12
so I've narrowed the scale.
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ืื– ืฆืžืฆืžืชื™ ืืช ืกื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื.
12:14
Up at the top of the axis, "Build the Bomb."
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื™ืจ - "ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”".
12:17
At 130, we start somewhere above 130,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ ืœ-130,
12:21
between building a bomb, and making enough weapons-grade fuel
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ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”" ื•"ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง
12:24
so that you could build a bomb.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื”".
12:26
That's where, according to my analyses,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
12:29
the Iranians were at the beginning of this year.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
12:32
And then the model makes predictions down the road.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
12:35
At 115 they would only produce enough weapons grade fuel
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ื‘-115 ื”ื ืจืง ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง
12:39
to show that they know how, but they wouldn't build a weapon:
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื• ื ืฉืง,
12:41
they would build a research quantity.
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช.
12:43
It would achieve some national pride,
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
12:45
but not go ahead and build a weapon.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชืงื“ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื ืฉืง.
12:48
And down at 100 they would build civilian nuclear energy,
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ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘-100 ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื,
12:50
which is what they say is their objective.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:54
The yellow line shows us the most likely path.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:57
The yellow line includes an analysis
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
12:58
of 87 decision makers in Iran,
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ืฉืœ 87 ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ,
13:01
and a vast number of outside influencers
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ื•ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
13:04
trying to pressure Iran into changing its behavior,
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืื™ืจืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”.
13:07
various players in the United States, and Egypt,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžืฆืจื™ื,
13:10
and Saudi Arabia, and Russia, European Union,
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ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
13:12
Japan, so on and so forth.
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ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:14
The white line reproduces the analysis
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
13:18
if the international environment
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ืื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
13:20
just left Iran to make its own internal decisions,
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ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”,
13:23
under its own domestic political pressures.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
13:25
That's not going to be happening,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”,
13:27
but you can see that the line comes down faster
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:31
if they're not put under international pressure,
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
13:34
if they're allowed to pursue their own devices.
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ืื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื ืคืฉื.
13:36
But in any event, by the end of this year,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
13:39
beginning of next year, we get to a stable equilibrium outcome.
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ืื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
13:42
And that equilibrium is not what the United States would like,
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ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
13:46
but it's probably an equilibrium that the United States can live with,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•,
13:49
and that a lot of others can live with.
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ื•ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
13:51
And that is that Iran will achieve that nationalist pride
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ืื™ืจืŸ ืชืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
13:55
by making enough weapons-grade fuel, through research,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
13:59
so that they could show that they know how to make weapons-grade fuel,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง,
14:03
but not enough to actually build a bomb.
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ืืš ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื”.
14:08
How is this happening?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
14:10
Over here you can see this is the distribution
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช
14:14
of power in favor of civilian nuclear energy today,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืฆื“ื“ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:19
this is what that power block is predicted to be like
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”
14:22
by the late parts of 2010, early parts of 2011.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2010, ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2011.
14:28
Just about nobody supports research on weapons-grade fuel today,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง,
14:32
but by 2011 that gets to be a big block,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-2011 ื”ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:35
and you put these two together, that's the controlling influence in Iran.
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ืื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ.
14:39
Out here today, there are a bunch of people --
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:42
Ahmadinejad for example --
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ืžื“ื™ื ื’'ืื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
14:44
who would like not only to build a bomb,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื”,
14:46
but test a bomb.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
14:48
That power disappears completely;
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
14:50
nobody supports that by 2011.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘-2011.
14:53
These guys are all shrinking,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช.
14:55
the power is all drifting out here,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื›ืืŸ
14:58
so the outcome is going to be the weapons-grade fuel.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
15:01
Who are the winners and who are the losers in Iran?
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ืžื™ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ?
15:04
Take a look at these guys, they're growing in power,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื”.
15:07
and by the way, this was done a while ago
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
15:10
before the current economic crisis,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
15:12
and that's probably going to get steeper.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ืœ.
15:14
These folks are the moneyed interests in Iran,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ,
15:16
the bankers, the oil people, the bazaaries.
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ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื ืคื˜, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื–ืืจื™ื.
15:20
They are growing in political clout,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”,
15:23
as the mullahs are isolating themselves --
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
15:26
with the exception of one group of mullahs,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื•ืช,
15:28
who are not well known to Americans.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
15:30
That's this line here, growing in power,
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ืคื”, ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื’ื“ืœ,
15:32
these are what the Iranians call the quietists.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื". [ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช]
15:36
These are the Ayatollahs, mostly based in Qom,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืงื•ื.
15:39
who have great clout in the religious community,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
15:43
have been quiet on politics and are going to be getting louder,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขืฉ,
15:46
because they see Iran going in an unhealthy direction,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:48
a direction contrary
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“
15:50
to what Khomeini had in mind.
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ืœื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืชืจ ืืœื™ื•.
15:54
Here is Mr. Ahmadinejad.
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ื”ื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ืžื“ื™ื ื’'ืื“.
15:56
Two things to notice: he's getting weaker,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืฉ,
15:59
and while he gets a lot of attention in the United States,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
16:01
he is not a major player in Iran.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ,
16:03
He is on the way down.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžื˜ื”.
16:05
OK, so I'd like you to take a little away from this.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืชืจื—ืง ืงืฆืช ืžืื™ืจืŸ.
16:09
Everything is not predictable: the stock market
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™,
16:11
is, at least for me, not predictable,
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ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
16:14
but most complicated negotiations are predictable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
16:19
Again, whether we're talking health policy, education,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
16:23
environment, energy,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
16:26
litigation, mergers,
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ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ื™ื -
16:28
all of these are complicated problems
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช
16:30
that are predictable,
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ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
16:32
that this sort of technology can be applied to.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
16:36
And the reason that being able to predict those things is important,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
16:41
is not just because you might run a hedge fund and make money off of it,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ,
16:44
but because if you can predict what people will do,
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ืืœื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื•,
16:47
you can engineer what they will do.
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื•,
16:50
And if you engineer what they do you can change the world,
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:52
you can get a better result.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:54
I would like to leave you with one thought, which is
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช,
16:57
for me, the dominant theme of this gathering,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช,
17:02
and is the dominant theme of this way of thinking about the world.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:05
When people say to you,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื,
17:08
"That's impossible,"
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"ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™",
17:10
you say back to them,
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ืชืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
17:12
"When you say 'That's impossible,'
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"ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™',
17:14
you're confused with,
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ืืชื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืขื,
17:16
'I don't know how to do it.'"
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'ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.'"
17:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:21
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
17:25
Chris Anderson: One question for you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืืœื™ืš.
17:27
That was fascinating.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืชืง.
17:30
I love that you put it out there.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
17:33
I got very nervous halfway through the talk though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”,
17:35
just panicking whether you'd included in your model, the possibility that
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืื ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœืš ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
17:38
putting this prediction out there might change the result.
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ืฉืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
17:42
We've got 800 people in Tehran who watch TEDTalks.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 800 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘-TEDTalks.
17:45
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita: I've thought about that,
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ื‘ืจื•ืก ื‘ื•ืื ื• ื“ื” ืžืกืงื™ื˜ื”: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
17:47
and since I've done a lot of work for the intelligence community,
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ,
17:51
they've also pondered that.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืฉืงืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
17:53
It would be a good thing if
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
17:56
people paid more attention, took seriously,
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ืื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
17:59
and engaged in the same sorts of calculations,
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ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
18:01
because it would change things. But it would change things in two beneficial ways.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช:
18:05
It would hasten how quickly people arrive at an agreement,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:11
and so it would save everybody a lot of grief and time.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืกืš ืœื›ื•ืœื.
18:14
And, it would arrive at an agreement that everybody was happy with,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืื™ืชื•,
18:18
without having to manipulate them so much --
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช -
18:21
which is basically what I do, I manipulate them.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช.
18:24
So it would be a good thing.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
18:26
CA: So you're kind of trying to say, "People of Iran, this is your destiny, lets go there."
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ื›ื: ืื– ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื ืกื” ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื ืฉื™ ืื™ืจืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจืœื›ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืš ืœืฉื."
18:30
BBM: Well, people of Iran, this is what many of you are going to evolve to want,
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ื‘ื‘ืž: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ ืื™ืจืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
18:36
and we could get there a lot sooner,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:38
and you would suffer a lot less trouble from economic sanctions,
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ื•ืืชื ืชืกื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
18:41
and we would suffer a lot less fear of the use of military force on our end,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•,
18:47
and the world would be a better place.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:49
CA: Here's hoping they hear it that way. Thank you very much Bruce.
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ื›ื: ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ื‘ืจื•ืก.
18:52
BBM: Thank you.
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ื‘ื‘ืž: ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:54
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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