Will automation take away all our jobs? | David Autor

515,853 views ใƒป 2017-02-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Here's a startling fact:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื”:
00:15
in the 45 years since the introduction of the automated teller machine,
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ืžืื– ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜, ืœืคื ื™ 45 ืฉื ื”
00:18
those vending machines that dispense cash,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ,
00:21
the number of human bank tellers employed in the United States
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
00:24
has roughly doubled,
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ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืขืจืš,
00:26
from about a quarter of a million to a half a million.
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ืžืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš, ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
00:29
A quarter of a million in 1970 to about a half a million today,
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ืžืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ 1970 ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื,
00:32
with 100,000 added since the year 2000.
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ืขื 100,000 ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2000.
00:36
These facts, revealed in a recent book
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ
00:39
by Boston University economist James Bessen,
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ืžืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ืกืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:42
raise an intriguing question:
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ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช:
00:44
what are all those tellers doing,
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
00:46
and why hasn't automation eliminated their employment by now?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืชื?
00:50
If you think about it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
00:51
many of the great inventions of the last 200 years
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:55
were designed to replace human labor.
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ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:58
Tractors were developed
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ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื•
01:00
to substitute mechanical power for human physical toil.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืžืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื›ื ื™.
01:04
Assembly lines were engineered
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ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•
01:07
to replace inconsistent human handiwork
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™ืช
01:10
with machine perfection.
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ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
01:12
Computers were programmed to swap out
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
01:15
error-prone, inconsistent human calculation
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
01:18
with digital perfection.
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ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
01:20
These inventions have worked.
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ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื•.
01:22
We no longer dig ditches by hand,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“,
01:25
pound tools out of wrought iron
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฉืœ
01:27
or do bookkeeping using actual books.
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:30
And yet, the fraction of US adults employed in the labor market
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:35
is higher now in 2016
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ 2016
01:37
than it was 125 years ago, in 1890,
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ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 125 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ 1890,
01:40
and it's risen in just about every decade
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื•ืขืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ
01:43
in the intervening 125 years.
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ืœืื•ืจืš 125 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:46
This poses a paradox.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
01:48
Our machines increasingly do our work for us.
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ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื•.
01:51
Why doesn't this make our labor redundant and our skills obsolete?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืขืžืœื ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื?
01:56
Why are there still so many jobs?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื?
01:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
I'm going to try to answer that question tonight,
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ื”ืขืจื‘, ืื ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
02:03
and along the way, I'm going to tell you what this means for the future of work
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
02:07
and the challenges that automation does and does not pose
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื”
02:11
for our society.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:14
Why are there so many jobs?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?
02:17
There are actually two fundamental economic principles at stake.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื.
02:21
One has to do with human genius
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ื”ืื—ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:23
and creativity.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:25
The other has to do with human insatiability,
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ื”ืื—ืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:28
or greed, if you like.
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ืื• ืœื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
02:29
I'm going to call the first of these the O-ring principle,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืืงืจื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื” (ืื•-ืจื™ื ื’)
02:32
and it determines the type of work that we do.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
02:34
The second principle is the never-get-enough principle,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”-ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:37
and it determines how many jobs there actually are.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ.
02:41
Let's start with the O-ring.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื”.
02:43
ATMs, automated teller machines,
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ืœื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงืช ื”ื›ืกืคืจื™ื.
02:46
had two countervailing effects on bank teller employment.
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02:49
As you would expect, they replaced a lot of teller tasks.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคืจ.
02:52
The number of tellers per branch fell by about a third.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืกื ื™ืฃ ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš,
02:56
But banks quickly discovered that it also was cheaper to open new branches,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืœืคืชื•ื— ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:00
and the number of bank branches increased by about 40 percent
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื› 40%
03:03
in the same time period.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ.
03:04
The net result was more branches and more tellers.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืคืจื™ื.
03:09
But those tellers were doing somewhat different work.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช.
03:12
As their routine, cash-handling tasks receded,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืฉื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:16
they became less like checkout clerks
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ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ื›ืกืคืจื™ื
03:18
and more like salespeople,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:20
forging relationships with customers,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
03:22
solving problems
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ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
03:23
and introducing them to new products like credit cards, loans and investments:
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ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
03:28
more tellers doing a more cognitively demanding job.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:32
There's a general principle here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
03:35
Most of the work that we do
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
03:36
requires a multiplicity of skills,
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
03:41
and brains and brawn,
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ื•ืžื•ื— ื•ื›ื•ื—,
03:44
technical expertise and intuitive mastery,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:48
perspiration and inspiration in the words of Thomas Edison.
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ื–ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:51
In general, automating some subset of those tasks
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:54
doesn't make the other ones unnecessary.
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ืœื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช
03:57
In fact, it makes them more important.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:01
It increases their economic value.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:03
Let me give you a stark example.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ื˜ื”.
04:05
In 1986, the space shuttle Challenger
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ื‘ 1986, ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฆ'ืœื ื’'ืจ
04:08
exploded and crashed back down to Earth
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ื•ื”ืชืจืกืงื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:11
less than two minutes after takeoff.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”.
04:13
The cause of that crash, it turned out,
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ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช, ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ,
04:16
was an inexpensive rubber O-ring in the booster rocket
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืื˜ื™ืžื” ื–ื•ืœื” ืžื’ื•ืžื™, ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืืฆื”
04:20
that had frozen on the launchpad the night before
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ืฉืงืคืื” ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื
04:23
and failed catastrophically moments after takeoff.
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ื•ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืžืจืื”.
04:26
In this multibillion dollar enterprise
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ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื–ื” ืฉืขืœื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:29
that simple rubber O-ring
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืื˜ื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžื’ื•ืžื™
04:31
made the difference between mission success
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ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”
04:33
and the calamitous death of seven astronauts.
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ืœืืกื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ื• ื ืกืคื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:37
An ingenious metaphor for this tragic setting
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ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:41
is the O-ring production function,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืช-ืื˜ื™ืžื”,
04:43
named by Harvard economist Michael Kremer
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ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงืจืžืจ
04:46
after the Challenger disaster.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ืœื ื’'ืจ.
04:48
The O-ring production function conceives of the work
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืช-ืื˜ื™ืžื” ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
04:50
as a series of interlocking steps,
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ื›ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:53
links in a chain.
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ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช.
04:54
Every one of those links must hold for the mission to succeed.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืชืฆืœื™ื—.
04:58
If any of them fails,
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ืื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœืช,
05:00
the mission, or the product or the service,
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ, ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
05:03
comes crashing down.
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ืžืชืจืกืงื™ื.
05:05
This precarious situation has a surprisingly positive implication,
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช
05:10
which is that improvements
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืชื”
05:12
in the reliability of any one link in the chain
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช
05:15
increases the value of improving any of the other links.
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:19
Concretely, if most of the links are brittle and prone to breakage,
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ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืก,
05:24
the fact that your link is not that reliable
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ื” ืืžื™ื ื”
05:26
is not that important.
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ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:28
Probably something else will break anyway.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
05:30
But as all the other links become robust and reliable,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช,
05:34
the importance of your link becomes more essential.
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:37
In the limit, everything depends upon it.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”.
05:40
The reason the O-ring was critical to space shuttle Challenger
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฆ'ืœื ื’'ืจ
05:44
is because everything else worked perfectly.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
05:47
If the Challenger were kind of the space era equivalent
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ืื ื”ืฆ'ืœื ื’'ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืœื™ืช
05:50
of Microsoft Windows 2000 --
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ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก 2000 ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ --
05:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:54
the reliability of the O-ring wouldn't have mattered
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:57
because the machine would have crashed.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืจืกืงืช.
05:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:01
Here's the broader point.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช:
06:03
In much of the work that we do, we are the O-rings.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื”.
06:07
Yes, ATMs could do certain cash-handling tasks
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
06:10
faster and better than tellers,
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ืžื”ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืกืคืจื™ื,
06:14
but that didn't make tellers superfluous.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื.
06:16
It increased the importance of their problem-solving skills
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
06:19
and their relationships with customers.
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ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
06:22
The same principle applies if we're building a building,
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ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœ ืื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:25
if we're diagnosing and caring for a patient,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื•,
06:27
or if we are teaching a class
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ืื• ืื ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
06:31
to a roomful of high schoolers.
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:33
As our tools improve,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื,
06:35
technology magnifies our leverage
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:38
and increases the importance of our expertise
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:42
and our judgment and our creativity.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:45
And that brings me to the second principle:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™:
06:48
never get enough.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
06:50
You may be thinking, OK, O-ring, got it,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื˜ื‘ืขืช-ืื˜ื™ืžื” ,ื”ื‘ื ื•,
06:52
that says the jobs that people do will be important.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:55
They can't be done by machines, but they still need to be done.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข.
06:58
But that doesn't tell me how many jobs there will need to be.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
07:01
If you think about it, isn't it kind of self-evident
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
07:04
that once we get sufficiently productive at something,
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:06
we've basically worked our way out of a job?
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ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”?
07:08
In 1900, 40 percent of all US employment
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ื‘ 1900, 40 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:11
was on farms.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
07:13
Today, it's less than two percent.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:15
Why are there so few farmers today?
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื?
07:17
It's not because we're eating less.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
07:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:22
A century of productivity growth in farming
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ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
07:24
means that now, a couple of million farmers
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื›ืขืช, ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื
07:27
can feed a nation of 320 million.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืช 320 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ.
07:29
That's amazing progress,
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
07:31
but it also means there are only so many O-ring jobs left in farming.
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ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืขื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช-ืื˜ื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:35
So clearly, technology can eliminate jobs.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:38
Farming is only one example.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
07:40
There are many others like it.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื”,
07:43
But what's true about a single product or service or industry
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
07:47
has never been true about the economy as a whole.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•.
07:50
Many of the industries in which we now work --
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื--
07:52
health and medicine,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื”,
07:54
finance and insurance,
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ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
07:57
electronics and computing --
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ -
07:59
were tiny or barely existent a century ago.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
08:02
Many of the products that we spend a lot of our money on --
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืกืคื ื• -
08:05
air conditioners, sport utility vehicles,
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ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื, ืจื›ื‘ื™ 4x4,
08:07
computers and mobile devices --
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื --
08:09
were unattainably expensive,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื”,
08:10
or just hadn't been invented a century ago.
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ืื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
08:13
As automation frees our time, increases the scope of what is possible,
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ื›ืฉืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืžืคื ื” ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
08:18
we invent new products, new ideas, new services
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
08:22
that command our attention,
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ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•,
08:23
occupy our time
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ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
08:25
and spur consumption.
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ื•ืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
08:27
You may think some of these things are frivolous --
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ ืขืจืš
08:31
extreme yoga, adventure tourism,
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ื™ื•ื’ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ืช, ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ืช,
08:33
Pokรฉmon GO --
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ืคื•ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ-ื’ื•
08:35
and I might agree with you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื.
08:36
But people desire these things, and they're willing to work hard for them.
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ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
08:40
The average worker in 2015
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-2015
08:42
wanting to attain the average living standard in 1915
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ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ 1915
08:46
could do so by working just 17 weeks a year,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 17 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
08:50
one third of the time.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:52
But most people don't choose to do that.
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ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
08:54
They are willing to work hard
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
08:56
to harvest the technological bounty that is available to them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆืข ืœื”ื.
09:00
Material abundance has never eliminated perceived scarcity.
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ืฉืคืข ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืชืคืฉืช.
09:04
In the words of economist Thorstein Veblen,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืชื•ืจืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืŸ,
09:07
invention is the mother of necessity.
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ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
09:11
Now ...
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
09:13
So if you accept these two principles,
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09:15
the O-ring principle and the never-get-enough principle,
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
09:18
then you agree with me.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื™.
09:19
There will be jobs.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:21
Does that mean there's nothing to worry about?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’?
09:23
Automation, employment, robots and jobs --
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”, ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืขืกื•ืงื” --
09:26
it'll all take care of itself?
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื‘ื“?
09:29
No.
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ืœื.
09:30
That is not my argument.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ.
09:32
Automation creates wealth
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื•ืฉืจ
09:35
by allowing us to do more work in less time.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
09:37
There is no economic law
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™
09:39
that says that we will use that wealth well,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ,
09:42
and that is worth worrying about.
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื’ื”.
09:44
Consider two countries,
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ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
09:46
Norway and Saudi Arabia.
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ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช.
09:48
Both oil-rich nations,
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ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื˜,
09:50
it's like they have money spurting out of a hole in the ground.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ืงืข ืœื”ื ืžื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
09:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:55
But they haven't used that wealth equally well to foster human prosperity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
10:00
human prospering.
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ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:02
Norway is a thriving democracy.
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ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช
10:05
By and large, its citizens work and play well together.
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ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
10:08
It's typically numbered between first and fourth
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 ืœ 4
10:11
in rankings of national happiness.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžื™.
10:14
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy
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ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช
10:17
in which many citizens lack a path for personal advancement.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
10:21
It's typically ranked 35th among nations in happiness,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื” 35 ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
10:24
which is low for such a wealthy nation.
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
10:26
Just by way of comparison,
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ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”,
10:28
the US is typically ranked around 12th or 13th.
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-12 ืื• ื” -13.
10:31
The difference between these two countries
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
10:33
is not their wealth
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ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
10:34
and it's not their technology.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:36
It's their institutions.
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ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:38
Norway has invested to build a society
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ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื”
10:41
with opportunity and economic mobility.
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ืขื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
10:45
Saudi Arabia has raised living standards
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ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:47
while frustrating many other human strivings.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžืชืกื›ืœืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:50
Two countries, both wealthy,
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ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
10:53
not equally well off.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื”.
10:55
And this brings me to the challenge that we face today,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:00
the challenge that automation poses for us.
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ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
11:02
The challenge is not that we're running out of work.
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื“ืขื™ื›ืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
11:04
The US has added 14 million jobs
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:06
since the depths of the Great Recession.
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ืžืื– ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:09
The challenge is that many of those jobs
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:11
are not good jobs,
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ืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
11:12
and many citizens cannot qualify for the good jobs
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ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
11:16
that are being created.
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ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
11:17
Employment growth in the United States and in much of the developed world
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ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:21
looks something like a barbell
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจืžืช ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช
11:22
with increasing poundage on either end of the bar.
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ืขื ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“.
11:26
On the one hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
11:27
you have high-education, high-wage jobs
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11:30
like doctors and nurses, programmers and engineers,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
11:33
marketing and sales managers.
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:35
Employment is robust in these jobs, employment growth.
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชืŸ.
11:38
Similarly, employment growth is robust in many low-skill,
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,
11:42
low-education jobs like food service,
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
11:45
cleaning, security,
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ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
11:48
home health aids.
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ืขื–ืจื” ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
11:50
Simultaneously, employment is shrinking
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช
11:53
in many middle-education, middle-wage, middle-class jobs,
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ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
11:57
like blue-collar production and operative positions
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื™ื
12:01
and white-collar clerical and sales positions.
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ื•ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
12:04
The reasons behind this contracting middle
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:06
are not mysterious.
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12:07
Many of those middle-skill jobs
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ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
12:09
use well-understood rules and procedures
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ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
12:12
that can increasingly be codified in software
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”
12:15
and executed by computers.
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืขื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
12:18
The challenge that this phenomenon creates,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช,
12:21
what economists call employment polarization,
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™,
12:24
is that it knocks out rungs in the economic ladder,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืœืงืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
12:26
shrinks the size of the middle class
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
12:28
and threatens to make us a more stratified society.
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ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:31
On the one hand, a set of highly paid, highly educated professionals
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
12:35
doing interesting work,
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ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
12:37
on the other, a large number of citizens in low-paid jobs
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ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš,
12:40
whose primary responsibility is to see to the comfort and health of the affluent.
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ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ื“ื™ื.
12:46
That is not my vision of progress,
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื™ื“ืžื”,
12:48
and I doubt that it is yours.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:51
But here is some encouraging news.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
12:53
We have faced equally momentous economic transformations in the past,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
12:58
and we have come through them successfully.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
13:01
In the late 1800s and early 1900s,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
13:06
when automation was eliminating vast numbers of agricultural jobs --
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ื›ืฉืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช -
13:10
remember that tractor? --
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
13:12
the farm states faced a threat of mass unemployment,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช
13:15
a generation of youth no longer needed on the farm
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
13:19
but not prepared for industry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
13:22
Rising to this challenge,
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ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
13:23
they took the radical step
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
13:25
of requiring that their entire youth population
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ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”
13:28
remain in school and continue their education
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ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืชืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื”
13:30
to the ripe old age of 16.
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ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ 16.
13:33
This was called the high school movement,
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ื–ื• ื ืงืจืื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช
13:35
and it was a radically expensive thing to do.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:38
Not only did they have to invest in the schools,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ,
13:40
but those kids couldn't work at their jobs.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
13:43
It also turned out to be one of the best investments
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ืืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:46
the US made in the 20th century.
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ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
13:49
It gave us the most skilled, the most flexible
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:51
and the most productive workforce in the world.
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:54
To see how well this worked, imagine taking the labor force of 1899
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 1899
13:58
and bringing them into the present.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื•ื•ื”.
14:00
Despite their strong backs and good characters,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื—,
14:03
many of them would lack the basic literacy and numeracy skills
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
14:07
to do all but the most mundane jobs.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:10
Many of them would be unemployable.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื”.
14:13
What this example highlights is the primacy of our institutions,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื ื•
14:17
most especially our schools,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
14:19
in allowing us to reap the harvest
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ
14:21
of our technological prosperity.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:24
It's foolish to say there's nothing to worry about.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’.
14:26
Clearly we can get this wrong.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:29
If the US had not invested in its schools and in its skills
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ืื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื
14:33
a century ago with the high school movement,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
14:35
we would be a less prosperous,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
14:37
a less mobile and probably a lot less happy society.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”.
14:40
But it's equally foolish to say that our fates are sealed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื ื• ื—ืชื•ื.
14:43
That's not decided by the machines.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:45
It's not even decided by the market.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
14:47
It's decided by us and by our institutions.
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ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
14:50
Now, I started this talk with a paradox.
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
14:52
Our machines increasingly do our work for us.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:55
Why doesn't that make our labor superfluous,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจืช,
14:57
our skills redundant?
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ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื?
14:59
Isn't it obvious that the road to our economic and social hell
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ื”ืื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•
15:02
is paved with our own great inventions?
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ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
15:06
History has repeatedly offered an answer to that paradox.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื–ื”.
15:10
The first part of the answer is that technology magnifies our leverage,
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ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:13
increases the importance, the added value
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ
15:16
of our expertise, our judgment and our creativity.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
15:20
That's the O-ring.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื”.
15:21
The second part of the answer is our endless inventiveness
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
15:24
and bottomless desires
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ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
15:26
means that we never get enough, never get enough.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
15:28
There's always new work to do.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข.
15:31
Adjusting to the rapid pace of technological change
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ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
15:35
creates real challenges,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
15:36
seen most clearly in our polarized labor market
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
15:39
and the threat that it poses to economic mobility.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
15:43
Rising to this challenge is not automatic.
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ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
15:46
It's not costless.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ืกืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ.
15:47
It's not easy.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืงืœื”.
15:49
But it is feasible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
15:51
And here is some encouraging news.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
15:52
Because of our amazing productivity,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
15:55
we're rich.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
15:56
Of course we can afford to invest in ourselves and in our children
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
15:59
as America did a hundred years ago with the high school movement.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
16:02
Arguably, we can't afford not to.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
16:06
Now, you may be thinking,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
16:07
Professor Autor has told us a heartwarming tale
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ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื—ืžื ืœื‘
16:10
about the distant past,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
16:12
the recent past,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
16:14
maybe the present, but probably not the future.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
16:17
Because everybody knows that this time is different.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
16:21
Right? Is this time different?
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ื‘ืืžืช? ื”ืื ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”?
16:24
Of course this time is different.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
16:26
Every time is different.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
16:27
On numerous occasions in the last 200 years,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
16:31
scholars and activists have raised the alarm
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•
16:34
that we are running out of work and making ourselves obsolete:
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ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื:
16:37
for example, the Luddites in the early 1800s;
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ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืœื•ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 19;
16:42
US Secretary of Labor James Davis
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ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก
16:45
in the mid-1920s;
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20;
16:47
Nobel Prize-winning economist Wassily Leontief in 1982;
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ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืœืื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ื‘ -1982;
16:53
and of course, many scholars,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
16:56
pundits, technologists
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
16:58
and media figures today.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:01
These predictions strike me as arrogant.
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ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
17:05
These self-proclaimed oracles are in effect saying,
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ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื˜ืขื ืขืฆืžื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”,
17:08
"If I can't think of what people will do for work in the future,
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"ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
17:11
then you, me and our kids
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"ืื–ื™ ืืชื, ืื ื™, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•
17:14
aren't going to think of it either."
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"ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืืช."
17:17
I don't have the guts
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ
17:19
to take that bet against human ingenuity.
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ืœื”ืžืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
17:22
Look, I can't tell you what people are going to do for work
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•
17:25
a hundred years from now.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
17:27
But the future doesn't hinge on my imagination.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
17:31
If I were a farmer in Iowa in the year 1900,
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ 1900,
17:35
and an economist from the 21st century teleported down to my field
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ื•ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 21, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชืขืชืงื•ืช
17:38
and said, "Hey, guess what, farmer Autor,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจ,
17:42
in the next hundred years,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
17:43
agricultural employment is going to fall from 40 percent of all jobs
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ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงืจื•ืก ืž 40% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”
17:47
to two percent
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ืœ 2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
17:48
purely due to rising productivity.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ
17:51
What do you think the other 38 percent of workers are going to do?"
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชืš 38% ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
17:55
I would not have said, "Oh, we got this.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
17:58
We'll do app development, radiological medicine,
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"ื ืคืชื— ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืจืคื•ืื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
18:01
yoga instruction, Bitmoji."
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"ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื™ื•ื’ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ืžื•ื’'ื™."
18:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:05
I wouldn't have had a clue.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’,
18:07
But I hope I would have had the wisdom to say,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
18:10
"Wow, a 95 percent reduction in farm employment
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"ื•ื•ืื•, 95% ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
18:14
with no shortage of food.
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"ืœืœื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ
18:16
That's an amazing amount of progress.
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"ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
18:19
I hope that humanity finds something remarkable to do
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"ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
18:22
with all of that prosperity."
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"ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”."
18:25
And by and large, I would say that it has.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
18:29
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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