4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | David Sedlak

91,883 views ใƒป 2016-01-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Our grandparents' generation created an amazing system
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ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
00:16
of canals and reservoirs that made it possible
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ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื•
00:19
for people to live in places where there wasn't a lot of water.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื.
00:22
For example, during the Great Depression,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:25
they created the Hoover Dam,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืกื›ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ,
00:26
which in turn, created Lake Mead
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื’ื ืžื™ื“
00:29
and made it possible for the cities of Las Vegas and Phoenix
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืขืจื™ื ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก
00:32
and Los Angeles to provide water
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ื•ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื
00:34
for people who lived in a really dry place.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉ.
00:37
In the 20th century, we literally spent trillions of dollars
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20, ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
00:41
building infrastructure to get water to our cities.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:45
In terms of economic development, it was a great investment.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
00:49
But in the last decade, we've seen the combined effects
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
00:52
of climate change, population growth and competition for water resources
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื
00:57
threaten these vital lifelines and water resources.
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ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
01:01
This figure shows you the change in the lake level of Lake Mead
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ืžื™ื“
01:05
that happened in the last 15 years.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:08
You can see starting around the year 2000,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 2000,
01:10
the lake level started to drop.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื ื•ื—.
01:12
And it was dropping at such a rate
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืฆื ื—ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘
01:14
that it would have left the drinking water intakes for Las Vegas high and dry.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
01:18
The city became so concerned about this
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช
01:21
that they recently constructed a new drinking water intake structure
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืžื™ื
01:25
that they referred to as the "Third Straw"
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื›"ืงืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™"
01:27
to pull water out of the greater depths of the lake.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื” ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื’ื.
01:31
The challenges associated with providing water to a modern city
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ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
01:34
are not restricted to the American Southwest.
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ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:37
In the year 2007, the third largest city in Australia, Brisbane,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืกื‘ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:43
came within 6 months of running out of water.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื.
01:46
A similar drama is playing out today in Sรฃo Paulo, Brazil,
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ื“ืจืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืื•ืœื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
01:50
where the main reservoir for the city
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ืฉื ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืขื™ืจ
01:52
has gone from being completely full in 2010,
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ื”ืคืš ืžืžืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ 2010,
01:55
to being nearly empty today
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื•ื
01:57
as the city approaches the 2016 Summer Olympics.
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 2016.
02:02
For those of us who are fortunate enough
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
02:04
to live in one of the world's great cities,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:06
we've never truly experienced the effects of a catastrophic drought.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
02:10
We like to complain about the navy showers we have to take.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:14
We like our neighbors to see our dirty cars and our brown lawns.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื.
02:18
But we've never really faced the prospect of turning on the tap
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–
02:22
and having nothing come out.
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ื•ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื.
02:24
And that's because when things have gotten bad in the past,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:27
it's always been possible to expand a reservoir
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืจ
02:30
or dig a few more groundwater wells.
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ืื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื.
02:34
Well, in a time when all of the water resources are spoken for,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืคื•ืกื™ื,
02:37
it's not going to be possible to rely on this tried and true way
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
02:41
of providing ourselves with water.
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ืฉืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื.
02:43
Some people think that we're going to solve the urban water problem
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช
02:47
by taking water from our rural neighbors.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:50
But that's an approach that's fraught with political, legal and social dangers.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
02:56
And even if we succeed in grabbing the water from our rural neighbors,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:00
we're just transferring the problem to someone else
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
03:02
and there's a good chance it will come back and bite us
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื ืงื ื‘ื ื•
03:05
in the form of higher food prices
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ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
03:07
and damage to the aquatic ecosystems that already rely upon that water.
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ื•ื ื–ืง ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:12
I think that there's a better way to solve our urban water crisis
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
03:15
and I think that's to open up four new local sources of water
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
03:20
that I liken to faucets.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ื.
03:21
If we can make smart investments in these new sources of water
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:25
in the coming years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:27
we can solve our urban water problem
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:29
and decrease the likelihood that we'll ever run across
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ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืชืงืœ
03:32
the effects of a catastrophic drought.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
03:36
Now, if you told me 20 years ago
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”
03:38
that a modern city could exist without a supply of imported water,
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ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช,
03:43
I probably would have dismissed you as an unrealistic and uninformed dreamer.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืขืœื ืžื›ื ื›ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:47
But my own experiences
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™
03:49
working with some of the world's most water-starved cities in the last decades
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:53
have shown me that we have the technologies and the management skills
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ื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ
03:57
to actually transition away from imported water,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื™ื,
04:00
and that's what I want to tell you about tonight.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘.
04:03
The first source of local water supply that we need to develop
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื—
04:07
to solve our urban water problem
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:09
will flow with the rainwater that falls in our cities.
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ื™ื–ืจื•ื ืขื ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•.
04:13
One of the great tragedies of urban development
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ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
04:16
is that as our cities grew,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœื•,
04:18
we started covering all the surfaces with concrete and asphalt.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืกืคืœื˜.
04:22
And when we did that, we had to build storm sewers
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ื•ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื–
04:24
to get the water that fell on the cities out
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ื•
04:26
before it could cause flooding,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืฆืคื”,
04:28
and that's a waste of a vital water resource.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
04:32
Let me give you an example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
04:34
This figure here shows you the volume of water
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ืžื™ื
04:37
that could be collected in the city of San Jose
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื”
04:39
if they could harvest the stormwater that fell within the city limits.
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ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
04:43
You can see from the intersection of the blue line and the black dotted line
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
04:48
that if San Jose could just capture half of the water that fell within the city,
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ืฉืื ืกืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
04:52
they'd have enough water to get them through an entire year.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
04:56
Now, I know what some of you are probably thinking.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:58
"The answer to our problem is to start building great big tanks
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"ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
05:02
and attaching them to the downspouts of our roof gutters,
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืจื–ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:05
rainwater harvesting."
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ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ ื’ืฉื."
05:07
Now, that's an idea that might work in some places.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
05:09
But if you live in a place where it mainly rains in the winter time
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ
05:12
and most of the water demand is in the summertime,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
05:15
it's not a very cost-effective way to solve a water problem.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
05:19
And if you experience the effects of a multiyear drought,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ืช,
05:22
like California's currently experiencing,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
05:24
you just can't build a rainwater tank that's big enough to solve your problem.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื’ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:28
I think there's a lot more practical way
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช
05:30
to harvest the stormwater and the rainwater that falls in our cities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ื•,
05:34
and that's to capture it and let it percolate into the ground.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
05:37
After all, many of our cities are sitting on top of a natural water storage system
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
05:43
that can accommodate huge volumes of water.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
05:46
For example, historically, Los Angeles has obtained
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื”ืฉื™ื’ื”
05:49
about a third of its water supply from a massive aquifer
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
05:52
that underlies the San Fernando Valley.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืžืง ืกืŸ ืคืจื ื ื“ื•.
05:56
Now, when you look at the water that comes off of your roof
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœื ื•
05:59
and runs off of your lawn and flows down the gutter,
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ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื–,
06:01
you might say to yourself, "Do I really want to drink that stuff?"
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, "ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
06:05
Well, the answer is you don't want to drink it
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
06:07
until it's been treated a little bit.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืžืขื˜.
06:09
And so the challenge that we face in urban water harvesting
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื
06:12
is to capture the water, clean the water
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื
06:15
and get it underground.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
06:17
And that's exactly what the city of Los Angeles is doing
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืขื•ืฉื”
06:20
with a new project that they're building in Burbank, California.
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื‘ืื ืง ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
06:24
This figure here shows the stormwater park that they're building
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื” ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืืจืง ืžื™ ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื
06:28
by hooking a series of stormwater collection systems, or storm sewers,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื–,
06:34
and routing that water into an abandoned gravel quarry.
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ื•ืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื‘ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืฉื”.
06:37
The water that's captured in the quarry
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ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื‘ื”
06:39
is slowly passed through a man-made wetland,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื“ืจืš ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:42
and then it goes into that ball field there
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ื•ืžืฉื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื
06:44
and percolates into the ground,
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ื•ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”,
06:46
recharging the drinking water aquifer of the city.
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ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจ ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
06:49
And in the process of passing through the wetland
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”
06:53
and percolating through the ground,
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ื•ื—ื™ืœื—ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ืžื”,
06:54
the water encounters microbes that live on the surfaces of the plants
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
06:58
and the surfaces of the soil,
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ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
06:59
and that purifies the water.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
07:02
And if the water's still not clean enough to drink
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืชื™ื”
07:04
after it's been through this natural treatment process,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:07
the city can treat it again
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘
07:08
when they pump if back out of the groundwater aquifers
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ื”ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื
07:11
before they deliver it to people to drink.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืชื™ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
07:14
The second tap that we need to open up to solve our urban water problem
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:18
will flow with the wastewater
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ื™ื–ืจื•ื ืขื ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
07:20
that comes out of our sewage treatment plants.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:23
Now, many of you are probably familiar with the concept of recycled water.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื.
07:26
You've probably seen signs like this
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืื™ืชื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
07:28
that tell you that the shrubbery and the highway median
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ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
07:32
and the local golf course
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ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
07:33
is being watered with water
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ืžื•ืฉืงื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื
07:35
that used to be in a sewage treatment plant.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืคื›ื™ื.
07:38
We've been doing this for a couple of decades now.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
07:41
But what we're learning from our experience
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื ื•
07:43
is that this approach is much more expensive that we expected it to be.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื” ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•.
07:47
Because once we build the first few water recycling systems
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื
07:50
close to the sewage treatment plant,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
07:52
we have to build longer and longer pipe networks
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ื›ื”
07:54
to get that water to where it needs to go.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
07:57
And that becomes prohibitive in terms of cost.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ืงืจ.
08:01
What we're finding is
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื–ื”
08:02
that a much more cost-effective and practical way of recycling wastewater
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช
08:06
is to turn treated wastewater into drinking water
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื”
08:08
through a two-step process.
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ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื• ืฉืœื‘ื™.
08:11
In the first step in this process we pressurize the water
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื
08:14
and pass it through a reverse osmosis membrane:
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”:
08:17
a thin, permeable plastic membrane
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ืงื” ื•ื—ื“ื™ืจื”
08:19
that allows water molecules to pass through
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื”
08:22
but traps and retains the salts, the viruses and the organic chemicals
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื•ืื•ื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื, ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
08:26
that might be present in the wastewater.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื.
08:29
In the second step in the process,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
08:31
we add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
08:34
and shine ultraviolet light on the water.
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ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
08:36
The ultraviolet light cleaves the hydrogen peroxide
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืžืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
08:39
into two parts that are called hydroxyl radicals,
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืกื™ืœ,
08:42
and these hydroxyl radicals are very potent forms of oxygen
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ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืกื™ืœ ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
08:46
that break down most organic chemicals.
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ืฉืžืคืจืงื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
08:50
After the water's been through this two-stage process,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื• ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
08:53
it's safe to drink.
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ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื”.
08:54
I know,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
08:56
I've been studying recycled water
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื
08:58
using every measurement technique known to modern science
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
09:02
for the past 15 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:04
We've detected some chemicals
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
09:05
that can make it through the first step in the process,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
09:08
but by the time we get to the second step,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™,
09:10
the advanced oxidation process,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื,
09:12
we rarely see any chemicals present.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
09:14
And that's in stark contrast to the taken-for-granted water supplies
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
09:18
that we regularly drink all the time.
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ืžื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:22
There's another way we can recycle water.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื.
09:24
This is an engineered treatment wetland that we recently built
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ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
09:27
on the Santa Ana River in Southern California.
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ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืกื ื˜ื” ืื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
09:30
The treatment wetland receives water from a part of the Santa Ana River
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ืกื ื˜ื” ืื ื”
09:34
that in the summertime consists almost entirely of wastewater effluent
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ืฉื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื
09:38
from cities like Riverside and San Bernardino.
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ืžืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื“ ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ื™ื ื•.
09:41
The water comes into our treatment wetland,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:43
it's exposed to sunlight and algae
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืืฆื•ืช
09:45
and those break down the organic chemicals,
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ื•ืืœื” ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื,
09:48
remove the nutrients and inactivate the waterborne pathogens.
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ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
09:51
The water gets put back in the Santa Ana River,
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ื”ืžื™ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืจ ืกื ื˜ื” ืื ื”,
09:54
it flows down to Anaheim,
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ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื,
09:56
gets taken out at Anaheim and percolated into the ground,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”,
09:59
and becomes the drinking water of the city of Anaheim,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื,
10:02
completing the trip from the sewers of Riverside County
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืจื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื“
10:06
to the drinking water supply of Orange County.
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ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ืจื ื’'.
10:10
Now, you might think that this idea of drinking wastewater
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืžื™ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ
10:13
is some sort of futuristic fantasy or not commonly done.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
10:16
Well, in California, we already recycle about 40 billion gallons a year
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 160 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
10:21
of wastewater through the two-stage advanced treatment process
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื• ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืงื“ื
10:24
I was telling you about.
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ืขืœื™ื• ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.
10:25
That's enough water to be the supply of about a million people
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:29
if it were their sole water supply.
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:32
The third tap that we need to open up will not be a tap at all,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
10:36
it will be a kind of virtual tap,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื– ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™,
10:38
it will be the water conservation that we manage to do.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื.
10:41
And the place where we need to think about water conservation is outdoors
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
10:44
because in California and other modern American cities,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืขืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:48
about half of our water use happens outdoors.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
10:51
In the current drought,
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ื‘ืฉืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
10:53
we've seen that it's possible
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ืฉื ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื
10:54
to have our lawns survive and our plants survive
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“
10:57
with about half as much water.
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ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
10:59
So there's no need to start painting concrete green
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง
11:02
and putting in Astroturf and buying cactuses.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื“ืฉื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืงื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
11:05
We can have California-friendly landscaping with soil moisture detectors
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืขื ื’ืœืื™ ืœื—ื•ืช ืœืื“ืžื”
11:10
and smart irrigation controllers
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื
11:12
and have beautiful green landscapes in our cities.
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:15
The fourth and final water tap that we need to open up
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื—
11:18
to solve our urban water problem
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช
11:20
will flow with desalinated seawater.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื.
11:23
Now, I know what you probably heard people say about seawater desalination.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื.
11:27
"It's a great thing to do if you have lots of oil, not a lot of water
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"ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืคื˜, ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื
11:31
and you don't care about climate change."
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ื•ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื."
11:33
Seawater desalination is energy-intensive no matter how you slice it.
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ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:38
But that characterization of seawater desalination
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื
11:40
as being a nonstarter is hopelessly out of date.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืœืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
11:44
We've made tremendous progress in seawater desalination
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื
11:46
in the past two decades.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
11:48
This picture shows you
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื
11:50
the largest seawater desalination plant in the Western hemisphere
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ืืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
11:54
that's currently being built north of San Diego.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืกืŸ ื“ื™ืื’ื•.
11:57
Compared to the seawater desalination plant
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื
11:59
that was built in Santa Barbara 25 years ago,
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื™ื,
12:03
this treatment plant will use about half the energy
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ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:05
to produce a gallon of water.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื.
12:07
But just because seawater desalination has become less energy-intensive,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช,
12:11
doesn't mean we should start building desalination plants everywhere.
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ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืชืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
12:14
Among the different choices we have,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:16
it's probably the most energy-intensive
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:18
and potentially environmentally damaging
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ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
12:20
of the options to create a local water supply.
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ืžื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™.
12:24
So there it is.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
12:25
With these four sources of water,
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ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:27
we can move away from our reliance on imported water.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื™ื.
12:31
Through reform in the way we landscape our surfaces and our properties,
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ื“ืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
12:36
we can reduce outdoor water use by about 50 percent,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืื—ื•ื–,
12:39
thereby increasing the water supply by 25 percent.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ 25 ืื—ื•ื–.
12:42
We can recycle the water that makes it into the sewer,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘,
12:45
thereby increasing our water supply by 40 percent.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ 40 ืื—ื•ื–.
12:48
And we can make up the difference through a combination
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ื•ืื—ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
12:51
of stormwater harvesting and seawater desalination.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ ืกืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืœืช ืžื™ ื™ื.
12:55
So, let's create a water supply
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื
12:59
that will be able to withstand any of the challenges
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชื’ืจ
13:02
that climate change throws at us in the coming years.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืคื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
13:05
Let's create a water supply that uses local sources
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
13:08
and leaves more water in the environment for fish and for food.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
13:13
Let's create a water system that's consistent with out environmental values.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
13:18
And let's do it for our children and our grandchildren
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•
13:22
and let's tell them this is the system
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:24
that they have to take care of in the future
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ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
13:27
because it's our last chance to create a new kind of water system.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื.
13:31
Thank you very much for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
13:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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