Nalini Nadkarni explores canopy worlds

46,781 views ใƒป 2009-03-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
Trees are wonderful arenas for discovery
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช
00:22
because of their tall stature, their complex structure,
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ืขืงื‘ ืงื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:26
the biodiversity they foster and their quiet beauty.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื˜.
00:30
I used to climb trees for fun all the time
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื™ืคืกืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ
00:32
and now, as a grown-up, I have made my profession understanding trees
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:37
and forests, through the medium of science.
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00:39
The most mysterious part of forests is the upper tree canopy.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
00:43
And Dr. Terry Erwin, in 1983,
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ื•ื‘-1983, ื“"ืจ ื˜ืจื™ ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
00:45
called the canopy, "the last biotic frontier."
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ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”, "ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ."
00:49
I'd like to take you all on a journey up to the forest canopy,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืžืกืข ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
00:52
and share with you what canopy researchers are asking
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ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ื
00:55
and also how they're communicating with other people outside of science.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ืข.
01:00
Let's start our journey on the forest floor
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ
01:02
of one of my study sites in Costa Rica.
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื”-ืจื™ืงื”.
01:04
Because of the overhanging leaves and branches,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ,
01:07
you'll notice that the understory is very dark,
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ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืžืื“,
01:10
it's very still.
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ื•ืฉืงื˜ื” ืžืื“.
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”,
01:12
And what I'd like to do is take you up to the canopy,
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01:14
not by putting all of you into ropes and harnesses,
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ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชืœื” ืืชื›ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืจืชืžื•ืช,
01:17
but rather showing you a very short clip
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจืฆืจ
01:19
from a National Geographic film called "Heroes of the High Frontier."
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ืžืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง" ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกึฐืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”."
01:23
This was filmed in Monteverde, Costa Rica
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื”-ืจื™ืงื”,
01:25
and I think it gives us the best impression of what it's like
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:28
to climb a giant strangler fig.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืชืื ื” ื—ื•ื ืงืช ืขื ืงื™ืช.
01:31
(Music)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
(ื ื”ืžื•ืช)
02:01
(Growling)
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02:04
(Rustling)
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(ืจืฉืจื•ืฉื™ื)
02:15
So what you'll see up there is that it's really like the atmosphere of an open field,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืคืชื•ื—,
02:19
and there are tremendous numbers of plants and animals that have adapted
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื•
02:22
to make their way and their life in the canopy.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืคื”.
02:24
Common groups, like the sloth here, have clear adaptations
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืฆืœืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
02:28
for forest canopies, hanging on with their very strong claws.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืชืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ืคืจื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื“.
02:31
But I'd like to describe to you a more subtle kind of diversity
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ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืกื•ื’ ืกืžื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
02:34
and tell you about the ants.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
02:36
There are 10,000 species of ants that taxonomists --
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ื™ืฉ 10,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื - ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื -
02:39
people who describe and name animals -- have named.
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02:42
4,000 of those ants live exclusively in the forest canopy.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช.
4,000 ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
02:46
One of the reasons I tell you about ants
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ื
02:49
is because of my husband, who is in fact an ant taxonomist
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ื ื ืžืœื™ื,
02:52
and when we got married, he promised to name an ant after me, which he did --
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ื•ื›ืฉื ื™ืฉืื ื•, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื ืžืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช -
02:56
Procryptocerus nalini, a canopy ant.
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ืคืจื•ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืฆืจื•ืก ื ืœื™ื ื™, ื ืžืœืช ื—ื•ืคืช-ื™ืขืจ.
02:58
We've had two children, August Andrew and Erika
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื ื“ืจื• ื•ืืจื™ืงื”,
03:01
and actually, he named ants after them.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:03
So we may be the only family that has an ant named after each one of us.
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ืื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:07
But my passion -- in addition to Jack and my children --
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ืืš ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื’'ืง ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
03:11
are the plants, the so-called epiphytes,
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื,
03:13
those plants that grow up on trees.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
03:16
They don't have roots that go into trunks nor to the forest floor.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
03:20
But rather, it is their leaves that are adapted
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ืืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื•
03:22
to intercept the dissolved nutrients that come to them in the form of mist and fog.
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ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจืคืœ.
03:27
These plants occur in great diversity,
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ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:30
over 28,000 species around the world.
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ืžืขืœ 28,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:32
They grow in tropical forests like this one
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
03:35
and they also grow in temperate rainforests, that we find in Washington state.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:38
These epiphytes are mainly dominated by the mosses.
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ื‘ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื.
03:41
One thing I want to point out is that underneath these live epiphytes,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:45
as they die and decompose, they actually construct an arboreal soil,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื ื•ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื“ืžื” ืขืฆื™ืช,
03:49
both in the temperate zone and in the tropics.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
03:52
And these mosses, generated by decomposing,
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ื•ื”ื˜ื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืžืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื—ื‘
03:56
are like peat moss in your garden.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
03:58
They have a tremendous capacity for holding on to nutrients and water.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื.
04:01
One of the surprising things I discovered
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
04:04
is that, if you pull back with me on those mats of epiphytes,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืชืงืœืคื• ืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:07
what you'll find underneath them are connections, networks
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ืชื’ืœื• ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉืชื•ืช
04:11
of what we call canopy roots.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื—ื•ืคื”.
04:13
These are not epiphyte roots:
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ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜
04:15
these are roots that emerge from the trunk and branch of the host trees themselves.
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ืืœื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
04:18
And so those epiphytes are actually paying the landlord a bit of rent
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื›ืจ-ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช
04:22
in exchange for being supported high above the forest floor.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ืชืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
04:26
I was interested, and my canopy researcher colleagues have been interested
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ืื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื—ืงืจื ื•
04:29
in the dynamics of the canopy plants that live in the forest.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
04:32
We've done stripping experiments
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ, ื”ืกืจื ื• ืžืจื‘ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื
04:34
where we've removed mats of epiphytes
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04:36
and looked at the rates of recolonization.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:38
We had predicted that they would grow back very quickly
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ืฆืคื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืœืฆืžื•ื—,
04:41
and that they would come in encroaching from the side.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืœืฉื• ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
04:43
What we found, however, was that they took an extremely long time --
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ืืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืจื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื”,
04:47
over 20 years -- to regenerate,
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04:49
starting from the bottom and growing up.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
04:51
And even now, after 25 years,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืขืช, ืื—ืจื™ 25 ืฉื ื”,
04:53
they're not up there, they have not recolonized completely.
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ื”ื ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:56
And I use this little image to say
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
04:59
this is what happens to mosses.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื.
05:01
If it's gone, it's gone,
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ืื ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื,
05:03
and if you're really lucky you might get something growing back from the bottom.
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื–ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœืžื˜ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:05
(Laughter)
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05:06
So, recolonization is really very slow.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื“
05:09
These canopy communities are fragile.
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:12
Well, when we look out, you and I, over that canopy
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื•, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™, ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืช ื™ืขืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืœื™,
05:15
of the intact primary forest,
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05:17
what we see is this enormous carpet of carbon.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื“ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:21
One of the challenges that canopy researchers are attacking today
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
05:24
is trying to understand the amount of carbon that is being sequestered.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช.
05:28
We know it's a lot,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”,
05:30
but we do not yet know the answers to how much,
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช
05:32
and by what processes, carbon is being taken out of the atmosphere,
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ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:36
held in its biomass, and moving on through the ecosystem.
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ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
05:41
So I hope I've showed you that canopy-dwellers
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”
05:43
are not just insignificant bits of green up high in the canopy
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ืื™ื ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืกืชืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืง ืื™-ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคื”
05:46
that Tarzan and Jane were interested in,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืกืงื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื–ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ
05:48
but rather that they foster biodiversity
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
05:51
contribute to ecosystem nutrient cycles,
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ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:53
and they also help to keep our global climate stable.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
05:58
Up in the canopy, if you were sitting next to me
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ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคื”, ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืœืฆื™ื“ื™,
06:01
and you turned around from those primary forest ecosystems,
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ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืœืื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™,
06:04
you would also see scenes like this.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
06:06
Scenes of forest destruction, forest harvesting
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืงืฆื™ืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
06:08
and forest fragmentation,
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ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
06:10
thereby making that intact tapestry of the canopy
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืžืืจื’ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”
06:13
unable to function in the marvelous ways that it has
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ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•,
06:16
when it is not disturbed by humans.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
06:18
I've also looked out on urban places like this
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ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
06:21
and thought about people who are disassociated from trees in their lives.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืขืฆื™ื.
06:24
People who grew up in a place like this
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
06:26
did not have the opportunity to climb trees and form a relationship with trees
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ืœื ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืœืจืงื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช
06:30
and forests, as I did when I was a young girl.
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ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื™.
06:33
This troubles me.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™.
06:35
Here in 2009, you know, it's not an easy thing to be a forest ecologist,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘-2009, ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
06:40
gripping ourselves with these kinds of questions
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ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:43
and trying to figure out how we can answer them.
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06:46
And especially, you know, as a small brown woman
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื”
06:49
in a little college, in the upper northwest part of our country,
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ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื ื•,
06:52
far away from the areas of power and money,
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ,
06:55
I really have to ask myself, "What can I do about this?
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ืขืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, "ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš?
06:58
How can I reconnect people with trees?"
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"ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฆื™ื?"
07:01
Well, I think that I can do something.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:04
I know that as a scientist, I have information
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:07
and as a human being, I can communicate with anybody,
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ื•ืฉื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
07:11
inside or outside of academia.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”.
07:13
And so, that's what I've begin doing,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
07:15
and so I'd like to unveil the International Canopy Network here.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืืช "ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช".
07:19
We consult to the media about canopy questions;
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคื”,
07:22
we have a canopy newsletter;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคื”,
07:24
we have an email LISTSERV.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื"ืœ,
07:26
And so we're trying to disseminate information about the importance of the canopy,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”,
07:29
the beauty of the canopy,
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ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”,
07:30
the necessity of intact canopies,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”,
07:32
to people outside of academia.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
07:35
We also recognize that a lot of the products that we make --
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื,
07:39
those videos and so forth --
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ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
07:41
you know, they don't reach everybody,
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ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
07:44
and so we've been fostering projects that reach people outside of academia,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื”,
07:48
and outside of the choir that most ecologists preach to.
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ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”.
07:51
Treetop Barbie is a great example of that.
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"ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื›ืš.
07:54
What we do, my students in my lab and I,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™,
07:56
is we buy Barbies from Goodwill and Value Village,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“-ืฉื ื™ื”,
07:58
we dress her in clothes that have been made by seamstresses
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ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:02
and we send her out with a canopy handbook.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
08:05
And my feeling is --
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื -- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:06
(Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
08:07
Thank you.
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08:08
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
-ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ืกืžืœ ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ื•ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืงืฆืช
08:11
-- that we've taken this pop icon and we have just tweaked her a little bit
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08:14
to become an ambassador who can carry the message
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจื” ื•ืชืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ
08:17
that being a woman scientist studying treetops is actually a really great thing.
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ืฉื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
08:21
We've also made partnerships with artists,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืžื ื™ื,
08:24
with people who understand and can communicate the aesthetic beauty
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™
08:27
of trees and forest canopies.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.
08:29
And I'd like to just tell you one of our projects,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:31
which is the generation of Canopy Confluences.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ - ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช".
08:33
What I do is I bring together scientists and artists of all kinds,
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ืื ื™ ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
08:37
and we spend a week in the forest on these little platforms;
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:39
and we look at nature, we look at trees, we look at the canopy,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืขืฆื™ื, ื‘ื—ื•ืคื”,
08:42
and we communicate, and exchange, and express what we see together.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:47
The results have been fantastic.
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
08:49
I'll just give you a few examples.
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08:51
This is a fantastic installation by Bruce Chao
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืฆื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืฆ'ืื•,
08:53
who is chair of the Sculpture and Glass Blowing Department
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ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
08:56
at Rhode Island School of Design.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“.
08:58
He saw nests in the canopy at one of our Canopy Confluences
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืงื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคื”, ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•
09:01
in the Pacific Northwest, and created this beautiful sculpture.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืคืกืœ ืžืงืกื™ื ื–ื”.
09:05
We've had dance people up in the canopy.
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ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืจืงื“ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคื”.
09:07
Jodi Lomask, and her wonderful troupe Capacitor,
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ื’'ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืืกืง, ื•ืœื”ืงืชื” ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช "ืงืคืืกื™ื˜ื•ืจ",
09:11
joined me in the canopy in my rainforest site in Costa Rica.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืขืจ-ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื”-ืจื™ืงื”.
09:14
They made a fabulous dance called "Biome."
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื™ื•ื (ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช)."
09:17
They danced in the forest,
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ื”ื ืจืงื“ื• ื‘ื™ืขืจ,
09:19
and we are taking this dance, my scientific outreach communications,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช-ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
09:25
and also linking up with environmental groups,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
09:27
to go to different cities and to perform
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:29
the science, the dance and the environmental outreach
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ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
09:32
that we hope will make a difference.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
09:34
We brought musicians to the canopy,
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœื—ื•ืคื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื,
09:36
and they made their music -- and it's fantastic music.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
09:39
We had wooden flutists, we had oboists,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื ืฉืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืœื™-ืขืฅ, ื ื’ื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘,
09:41
we had opera singers, we had guitar players,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื–ืžืจื™ ืื•ืคืจื”, ื ื’ื ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”
09:43
and we had rap singers.
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ื•ื’ื ื–ืžืจื™ ืจืืค.
09:45
And I brought a little segment to give you
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ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื˜ืข ืงื˜ืŸ
09:47
of Duke Brady's "Canopy Rap."
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ืฉืœ "ืจืืค ื”ื—ื•ืคื”" ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื™ื“ื™.
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
[ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืžืขืœื”! ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”! ืืœ ืชื‘ืจืื• ื•ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื
[ืžื™ื“ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื“ื›ื. ื ืกื• ืœืœื›ืช ืงืฆืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”]
(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
10:04
(Music) That's Duke!
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10:06
(Applause)
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ืง!
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:10
This experience of working with Duke
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง
10:12
also led me to initiate a program called Sound Science.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžื“ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™".
10:15
I saw the power of Duke's song with urban youth --
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘
10:18
an audience, you know, I as a middle-aged professor,
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ืงื”ืœ, ืฉื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื, ืœื™, ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
10:20
I don't have a hope of getting to --
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•
10:22
in terms of convincing them of the importance of wildlands.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ.
10:25
So I engaged Caution, this rap singer,
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ืื– ืงื™ืฉืจืชื™ ืืช "ืงื•ืฉืŸ", ื–ืžืจ ื”ืจืืค ื”ื–ื”,
10:27
with a group of young people from inner-city Tacoma.
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ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืืงื•ืžื”.
10:30
We went out to the forest, I would pick up a branch,
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืขื ืฃ,
10:32
Caution would rap on it,
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"ืงื•ืฉืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื• ืงื˜ืข ืจืืค,
10:34
and suddenly that branch was really cool.
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:36
And then the students would come into our sound studios,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:38
they would make their own rap songs with their own beats.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืืค ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
10:41
They ended up making a CD
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:43
which they took home to their family and friends,
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10:45
thereby expressing their own experiences with nature
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
10:48
in their own medium.
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10:51
The final project I'll talk about is one that's very close to my heart,
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ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™,
10:55
and it involves an economic and social value
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
10:57
that is associated with epiphytic plants.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื.
11:00
In the Pacific Northwest,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
11:02
there's a whole industry of moss-harvesting
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ื™ืฉ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื˜ื—ื‘ ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื.
11:05
from old-growth forests.
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11:07
These mosses are taken from the forest;
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ื”ื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืขืจ
11:09
they're used by the floriculture industry, by florists,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื,
11:12
to make arrangements and make hanging baskets.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืกืœื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
11:14
It's a 265 million dollar industry
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ื–ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 265 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:17
and it's increasing rapidly.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:20
If you remember that bald guy,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืจื— ื”ื”ื•ื,
11:22
you'll know that what has been stripped off of these trunks
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื’ื–ืขื™ื
11:24
in the Pacific Northwest old-growth forest
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
11:27
is going to take decades and decades to come back.
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ื™ื™ืงื— ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ.
11:30
So this whole industry is unsustainable.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
11:34
What can I, as an ecologist, do about that?
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ืžื” ืื ื™, ื›ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš?
11:37
Well, my thought was that I could learn how to grow mosses,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื
11:40
and that way we wouldn't have to take them out of the wild.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงื—ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:43
And I thought, if I had some partners that could help me with this,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืš
11:46
that would be great.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
11:48
And so, I thought perhaps incarcerated men and women --
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืกื™ืจื•ืช
11:50
who don't have access to nature,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
11:52
who often have a lot of time, they often have space,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื,
11:56
and you don't need any sharp tools to work with mosses --
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื,
11:58
would be great partners.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื™ื”ื•ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
12:00
And they have become excellent partners.
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ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
12:02
The best I can imagine.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื™.
12:05
They were very enthusiastic.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
12:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:12
They were incredibly enthusiastic about the work.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืื•ืžืŸ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
12:15
They learned how to distinguish different species of mosses,
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื—ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
12:17
which, to tell you the truth,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:19
is a lot more than my undergraduate students at the Evergreen College can do.
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' "ืื•ื•ืจื’ืจื™ืŸ".
12:22
And they embraced the idea that they could help develop a research design
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ื•ื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืชื— ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™
12:27
in order to grow these mosses.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:29
We've been successful as partners
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ,
12:31
in figuring out which species grow the fastest,
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12:33
and I've just been overwhelmed with how successful this has been.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
12:36
Because the prison wardens were very enthusiastic about this as well,
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”,
12:41
I started a Science and Sustainability Seminar in the prisons.
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื.
12:45
I brought my scientific colleagues and sustainability practitioners into the prison.
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืœื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
12:50
We gave talks once a month,
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ื ืชื ื• ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
12:52
and that actually ended up implementing
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื:
12:54
some amazing sustainability projects at the prisons --
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ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ,
12:57
organic gardens, worm culture, recycling,
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13:00
water catchment and beekeeping. (Applause)
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ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
13:02
Our latest endeavor,
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• --
13:05
with a grant
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:07
from the Department of Corrections at Washington state,
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-- ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ืœื’ื” ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
13:10
they've asked us to expand this program to three more prisons.
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ื“ 3 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื.
13:14
And our new project is having the inmates and ourselves
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
13:16
learn how to raise the Oregon spotted frog
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ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืงื“ืช:
13:19
which is a highly endangered amphibian in Washington state and Oregon.
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ื“ื•-ื—ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ
13:22
So they will raise them -- in captivity, of course --
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:25
from eggs to tadpoles and onward to frogs.
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ืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืจืืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื.
13:29
And they will have the pleasure, many of them,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืขื•ื ื’, ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื,
13:34
of seeing those frogs that they've raised from eggs and helped develop,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
13:37
helped nurture, move out into protected wildlands
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ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
13:40
to augment the number of endangered species out there in the wild.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:45
And so, I think for many reasons --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช -
13:47
ecological, social, economic and perhaps even spiritual --
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ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช -
13:50
this has been a tremendous project
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื–ื ืื“ื™ืจ
13:52
and I'm really looking forward to
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฆืคื”
13:54
not only myself and my students doing it,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืื ื™ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
13:57
but also to promote and teach other scientists how to do this.
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ืืœื ืœืงื“ืžื• ื•ืœืœืžื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:01
As many of you are aware, the world of academia is a rather inward-looking one.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
14:05
I'm trying to help researchers move more outward
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
14:09
to have their own partnerships
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื
14:11
with people outside of the academic community.
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช,
14:14
And so I'm hoping that my husband Jack, the ant taxonomist,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื’'ืง, ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ื ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
14:17
can perhaps work with Mattel to make Taxonomist Ken.
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืขื "ืžืื˜ืœ" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช "ืงืŸ" ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ื.
14:20
Perhaps Ben Zander and Bill Gates could get together
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ
14:26
and make an opera about AIDS.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
14:28
Or perhaps Al Gore and Naturally 7 could make a song about climate change
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื•"ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ 7" ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
14:33
that would really make you clap your hands.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืžื—ื•ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
14:36
So, although it's a little bit of a fantasy, I think it's also a reality.
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื• ืงืฆืช ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
14:39
Given the duress that we're feeling environmentally in these times,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”
14:43
it is time for scientists to reach outward,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืคื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
14:45
and time for those outside of science to reach towards academia as well.
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืคื ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
14:52
I started my career with trying to understand the mysteries of forests
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช
14:57
with the tools of science.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
14:59
By making these partnerships that I described to you,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื
15:02
I have really opened my mind and, I have to say, my heart
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™
15:06
to have a greater understanding,
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ื•ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:08
to make other discoveries about nature and myself.
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ื•ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
15:12
When I look into my heart, I see trees --
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆื™ื -
15:15
this is actually an image of a real heart --
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™ -
15:17
there are trees in our hearts,
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื•,
15:19
there are trees in your hearts.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื.
15:21
When we come to understand nature,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:23
we are touching the most deep, the most important parts of our self.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
15:28
In these partnerships, I have also learned
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ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื’ื ืœืžื“ืชื™
15:31
that people tend to compartmentalize themselves
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื“ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
15:34
into IT people, and movie star people, and scientists,
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
15:38
but when we share nature,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:40
when we share our perspectives about nature,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:43
we find a common denominator.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
15:46
Finally, as a scientist and as a person
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืื“ื
15:50
and now, as part of the TED community,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช "TED",
15:54
I feel that I have better tools
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:57
to go out to trees, to go out to forests, to go out to nature,
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ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
16:01
to make new discoveries about nature --
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
16:04
and about humans' place in nature
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ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
16:06
wherever we are and whomever you are.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื”ื™ื”, ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื•.
16:10
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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