How to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar

370,676 views ใƒป 2018-12-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Elazar Raab ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:12
Some days, it feels like the only thing we can agree on
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
00:16
is that we can't agree on anything.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:20
Public discourse is broken.
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ื”ืฉึนื™ื—ึท ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคื’ื•ื.
00:23
And we feel that everywhere --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื --
00:24
panelists on TV are screaming at each other,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืื ืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:27
we go online to find community and connection,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืงืฉืจ,
00:30
and we end up leaving feeling angry and alienated.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ.
00:34
In everyday life, probably because everyone else is yelling,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื,
00:38
we are so scared to get into an argument
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
00:41
that we're willing not to engage at all.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:44
Contempt has replaced conversation.
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ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉึนื™ื—ึท.
00:49
My mission in life is to help us disagree productively.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
00:54
To find ways to bring truth to light, to bring new ideas to life.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืื•ืจ, ืœื”ืคื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:00
I think -- I hope --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช -- ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” --
01:02
that there is a model for structured disagreement
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช
01:04
that's kind of mutually respectful
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™
01:08
and assumes a genuine desire to persuade and be persuaded.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข.
01:12
And to uncover it, let me take you back a little bit.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืงืฆืช ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
01:16
So, when I was 10 years old, I loved arguing.
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 10 ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ึผึตื—ึท.
01:21
This, like, tantalizing possibility
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ื–ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืขืชืขืช
01:23
that you could convince someone of your point of view,
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ืฉืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœืš
01:26
just with the power of your words.
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ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืš.
01:30
And perhaps unsurprisingly,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื›ื ืจืื”,
01:31
my parents and teachers loved this somewhat less.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:36
And in much the same way as they decided
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ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
01:38
that four-year-old Julia might benefit from gymnastics to burn off some energy,
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ืฉื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืชืžืฆื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:42
they decided that I might benefit from joining a debate team.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืืžืฆื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
01:45
That is, kind of, go somewhere to argue where they were not.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•.
01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:51
For the uninitiated,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื,
01:53
the premises of formal debate are really straightforward:
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ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
01:55
there's a big idea on the table --
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ --
01:57
that we support civil disobedience, that we favor free trade --
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ --
02:02
and one group of people who speaks in favor of that idea,
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
02:05
and one against.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจืช ื ื’ื“.
02:08
My first debate
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ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
02:09
in the cavernous auditorium of Canberra Girls Grammar School
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ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ึผึธื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื‘ึผึตืจึธื”"
02:12
was kind of a bundle of all of the worst mistakes
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:16
that you see on cable news.
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื.
02:18
It felt easier to me to attack the person making the argument
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—
02:22
rather than the substance of the ideas themselves.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื•.
02:25
When that same person challenged my ideas,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื™ืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
02:29
it felt terrible, I felt humiliated and ashamed.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจื - ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”.
02:33
And it felt to me like the sophisticated response to that
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ึผืžืช ืœื–ื”
02:36
was to be as extreme as possible.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
02:40
And despite this very shaky entry into the world of debate, I loved it.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืžืื“ ืฆื•ืœืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ - ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:45
I saw the possibility, and over many years worked really hard at it,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:50
became really skilled at the technical craft of debate.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
02:54
I went on to win the World Schools Debating Championships three times.
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื.
02:58
I know, you're just finding out that this is a thing.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช - ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:04
But it wasn't until I started coaching debaters,
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ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืืžืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ -
03:07
persuaders who are really at the top of their game,
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ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื,
03:11
that I actually got it.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
03:13
The way that you reach people is by finding common ground.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:18
It's by separating ideas from identity
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื
03:21
and being genuinely open to persuasion.
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ื•ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืข.
03:24
Debate is a way to organize conversations about how the world is, could, should be.
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ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:32
Or to put it another way,
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ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:33
I would love to offer you my experience-backed,
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ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™,
03:37
evidence-tested guide to talking to your cousin about politics
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ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:40
at your next family dinner;
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ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื,
03:42
reorganizing the way in which your team debates new proposals;
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ืœืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:46
thinking about how we change our public conversation.
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉึนื™ื—ึท ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
03:50
And so, as an entry point into that:
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื–ื”:
03:52
debate requires that we engage with the conflicting idea,
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ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืžื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช,
03:57
directly, respectfully, face to face.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืžื›ื‘ื“, ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
04:01
The foundation of debate is rebuttal.
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืกืชื™ืจืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช.
04:03
The idea that you make a claim and I provide a response,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื‘,
04:07
and you respond to my response.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:10
Without rebuttal, it's not debate, it's just pontificating.
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ืœืœื ืกืชื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ - ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื˜ืคื”.
04:14
And I had originally imagined that the most successful debaters,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:18
really excellent persuaders,
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
04:20
must be great at going to extremes.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฆื ื”.
04:24
They must have some magical ability to make the polarizing palatable.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงืกื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืงึทื˜ึตึผื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
04:31
And it took me a really long time to figure out
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:34
that the opposite is actually true.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:38
People who disagree the most productively start by finding common ground,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
04:43
no matter how narrow it is.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจ.
04:45
They identify the thing that we can all agree on
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ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
04:48
and go from there:
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื:
04:50
the right to an education, equality between all people,
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
04:55
the importance of safer communities.
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:58
What they're doing is inviting us
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•
04:59
into what psychologists call shared reality.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
05:04
And shared reality is the antidote to alternative facts.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
05:10
The conflict, of course, is still there.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:13
That's why it's a debate.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
05:15
Shared reality just gives us a platform to start to talk about it.
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ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:20
But the trick of debate is that you end up doing it directly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
05:24
face to face, across the table.
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ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื, ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
05:26
And research backs up that that really matters.
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื”.
05:30
Professor Juliana Schroeder at UC Berkeley and her colleagues
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ืœืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื” ืฉืจื•ื“ืจ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™
05:34
have research that suggests that listening to someone's voice
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:38
as they make a controversial argument
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
05:40
is literally humanizing.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
05:42
It makes it easier to engage with what that person has to say.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ.
05:47
So, step away from the keyboards, start conversing.
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ืื–, ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžื”ืžืงืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉึนื•ื—ื—ึท.
05:52
And if we are to expand that notion a little bit,
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช,
05:54
nothing is stopping us from pressing pause on a parade of keynote speeches,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ "ื”ืฉื”ื”" ืขืœ ืžืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ื ืื•ืžื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื”,
06:01
the sequence of very polite panel discussions,
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ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืื ืœ ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื ืžืื“,
06:05
and replacing some of that with a structured debate.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.
06:09
All of our conferences could have, at their centerpiece,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื,
06:12
a debate over the biggest, most controversial ideas in the field.
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ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.
06:17
Each of our weekly team meetings could devote 10 minutes
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช
06:21
to a debate about a proposal to change the way in which that team works.
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ืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:26
And as innovative ideas go, this one is both easy and free.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:31
You could start tomorrow.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืจ.
06:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:34
And once we're inside this shared reality,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื–ื•,
06:37
debate also requires that we separate ideas
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ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืฉื ืคืจื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:41
from the identity of the person discussing them.
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ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
06:45
So in formal debate, nothing is a topic unless it is controversial:
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืฉืžื™, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช:
06:49
that we should raise the voting age, outlaw gambling.
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ืฉื ืขืœื” ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข, ืฉื ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง.
06:54
But the debaters don't choose their sides.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื.
06:58
So that's why it makes no sense to do what 10-year-old Julia did.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”-10 ืขืฉืชื”.
07:02
Attacking the identity of the person making the argument is irrelevant,
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ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ,
07:07
because they didn't choose it.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืื•ืชื”.
07:09
Your only winning strategy
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื ืฆื—ืช
07:12
is to engage with the best, clearest, least personal version of the idea.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
07:20
And it might sound impossible or naive to imagine
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื• ืชืžื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:24
that you could ever take that notion outside the high school auditorium.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืชืœื™ ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:28
We spend so much time dismissing ideas as democrat or republican.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื.
07:35
Rejecting proposals because they came from headquarters,
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื˜ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:38
or from a region that we think is not like ours.
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ืื• ืžืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•.
07:42
But it is possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
07:44
When I work with teams, trying to come up with the next big idea,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื,
07:48
or solve a really complex problem,
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ืื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”,
07:51
I start by asking them, all of them, to submit ideas anonymously.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ื, ืžื›ื•ืœื, ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื.
07:57
So by way of illustration, two years ago,
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ืื– ืœืฉื ื”ืžื—ืฉื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
07:59
I was working with multiple government agencies
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช
08:02
to generate new solutions to reduce long-term unemployment.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— -
08:06
Which is one of those really wicked,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžืฆื”,
08:08
sticky, well-studied public policy problems.
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ื”ืœื ืžืจืคึผื•ืช, ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
08:12
So exactly as I described, right at the beginning,
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืืจืชื™, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
08:15
potential solutions were captured from everywhere.
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™.
08:18
We aggregated them,
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ืื™ื’ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
08:20
each of them was produced on an identical template.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
08:23
At this point, they all look the same, they have no separate identity.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช.
08:27
And then, of course, they are discussed, picked over,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื,
08:31
refined, finalized.
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ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžืกื›ืžื™ื.
08:33
And at the end of that process, more than 20 of those new ideas
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:36
are presented to the cabinet ministers responsible for consideration.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืงืœื• ืื•ืชื.
08:41
But more than half of those, the originator of those ideas
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ืื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื•
08:47
was someone who might have a hard time getting the ear of a policy advisor.
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ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:52
Or who, because of their identity,
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ืื• ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื,
08:53
might not be taken entirely seriously if they did.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
08:57
Folks who answer the phones, assistants who manage calendars,
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ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื,
09:01
representatives from agencies who weren't always trusted.
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ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
09:07
Imagine if our news media did the same thing.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”.
09:09
You can kind of see it now -- a weekly cable news segment
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื
09:13
with a big policy proposal on the table
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ืขื ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
09:15
that doesn't call it liberal or conservative.
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ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืื• ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช.
09:19
Or a series of op-eds for and against a big idea
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ืื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
09:25
that don't tell you where the writers worked.
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ืฉืœื ืžื’ืœื” ืœืš ืื™ืคื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
09:28
Our public conversations, even our private disagreements,
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ื”ืฉึนื™ื—ึท ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:32
can be transformed by debating ideas, rather than discussing identity.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:40
And then, the thing that debate allows us to do as human beings
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
09:43
is open ourselves, really open ourselves up
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— - ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—
09:47
to the possibility that we might be wrong.
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
09:50
The humility of uncertainty.
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ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคึตืง.
09:54
One of the reasons it is so hard to disagree productively
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
09:58
is because we become attached to our ideas.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:01
We start to believe that we own them and that by extension, they own us.
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื.
10:08
But eventually, if you debate long enough,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ืชื ื”ืœื• ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ,
10:11
you will switch sides,
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ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฆื“,
10:12
you'll argue for and against the expansion of the welfare state.
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ืชืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
10:16
For and against compulsory voting.
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ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
10:19
And that exercise flips a kind of cognitive switch.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืชื’ ื”ื›ืจืชื™.
10:24
The suspicions that you hold
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ื”ื—ืฉื“ ืฉืœื›ื
10:26
about people who espouse beliefs that you don't have, starts to evaporate.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื›ื, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื.
10:31
Because you can imagine yourself stepping into those shoes.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
10:35
And as you're stepping into those,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื,
10:37
you're embracing the humility of uncertainty.
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ืืชื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคึตืง.
10:40
The possibility of being wrong.
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ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
10:43
And it's that exact humility that makes us better decision-makers.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:48
Neuroscientist and psychologist Mark Leary at Duke University and his colleagues
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืืจืง ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื“ื™ื•ืง"
10:53
have found that people who are able to practice --
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ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื --
10:55
and it is a skill --
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช --
10:57
what those researchers call intellectual humility
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช"
11:00
are more capable of evaluating a broad range of evidence,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช,
11:04
are more objective when they do so,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
11:06
and become less defensive when confronted with conflicting evidence.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืžืชื™ื ืขื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.
11:11
All attributes that we want in our bosses,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:14
colleagues, discussion partners, decision-makers,
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ื‘ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฆืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:17
all virtues that we would like to claim for ourselves.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื—ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•.
11:22
And so, as we're embracing that humility of uncertainty,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคึตืง,
11:26
we should be asking each other, all of us, a question.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืœื”.
11:30
Our debate moderators, our news anchors should be asking it
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ืžื ื—ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”
11:34
of our elective representatives and candidates for office, too.
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ื•ื’ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉึนืจื”.
11:38
"What is it that you have changed your mind about and why?"
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"ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื™ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชืš, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?"
11:44
"What uncertainty are you humble about?"
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"ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกืคึตืง ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืข ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช?"
11:50
And this by the way, isn't some fantasy
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”
11:52
about how public life and public conversations could work.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ึท ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
11:56
It has precedent.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืชืงื“ื™ื.
11:57
So, in 1969,
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ืื–, ื‘-1969,
11:59
beloved American children's television presenter Mister Rogers
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ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช - ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก
12:03
sits impaneled
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืื ืœ
12:05
before the United States congressional subcommittee on communications,
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ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
12:08
chaired by the seemingly very curmudgeonly John Pastore.
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ (ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ) ื”ื ึดืจื’ืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื”.
12:13
And Mister Rogers is there to make a kind of classic debate case,
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ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ื•ืฉื ืงืœืืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜,
12:16
a really bold proposal:
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ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉ ืืžื™ืฆื”:
12:18
an increase in federal funding for public broadcasting.
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ื”ืขืœืื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
12:23
And at the outset,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
12:25
committee disciplinarian Senator Pastore is not having it.
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ืจืก"ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื”, ื—ืกืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.
12:27
This is about to end really poorly for Mister Rogers.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืจืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก.
12:31
But patiently, very reasonably, Mister Rogers makes the case
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘, ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
12:37
why good quality children's broadcasting,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
12:40
the kinds of television programs that talk about the drama that arises
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื
12:44
in the most ordinary of families,
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช,
12:47
matters to all of us.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
12:49
Even while it costs us.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ื›ืกืฃ.
12:51
He invites us into a shared reality.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
12:55
And on the other side of that table,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžึดืชืจืก
12:57
Senator Pastore listens, engages and opens his mind.
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ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
13:05
Out loud, in public, on the record.
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ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ.
13:10
And Senator Pastore says to Mister Rogers,
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ื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก,
13:13
"You know, I'm supposed to be a pretty tough guy,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ ืงืฉื•ื—ึท,
13:15
and this is the first time I've had goosebumps in two days."
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื."
13:19
And then, later, "It looks like you just earned the 20 million dollars."
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ื•ืื–, ืื—"ื›, "ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืืช 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ."
13:26
We need many more Mister Rogers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก.
13:29
People with the technical skills of debate and persuasion.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข.
13:33
But on the other side of that table,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžึดืชืจืก,
13:35
we need many, many, many more Senator Pastores.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื”.
13:41
And the magic of debate is that it lets you, it empowers you
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ื•ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš, ืžืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืš,
13:45
to be both Mister Rogers and Senator Pastore simultaneously.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ื’ื ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืกื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
13:51
When I work with those same teams that we talked about before,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
13:54
I ask them at the outset to pre-commit to the possibility of being wrong.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
14:00
To explain to me and to each other what it would take to change their minds.
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
14:05
And that's all about the attitude, not the exercise.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ืฉื”, ืœื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ.
14:09
Once you start thinking about what it would take to change your mind,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชืš,
14:12
you start to wonder why you were quite so sure in the first place.
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
14:17
There is so much that the practice of debate
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:21
has to offer us for how to disagree productively.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
14:24
And we should bring it to our workplaces,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:27
our conferences, our city council meetings.
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ืœื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:30
And the principles of debate can transform the way that we talk to one another,
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ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
14:35
to empower us to stop talking and to start listening.
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4245
ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘.
14:40
To stop dismissing and to start persuading.
239
880410
3343
ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข.
14:44
To stop shutting down and to start opening our minds.
240
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
14:48
Thank you so much.
241
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:50
(Applause)
242
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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