How we're harnessing nature's hidden superpowers | Oded Shoseyov

138,614 views ใƒป 2016-10-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yuri Dulkin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Eran Givoni
00:13
Two hundred years of modern science.
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ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
00:17
We have to admit
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื™-ื™ื•ื“ืข-ืžื”.
00:18
that our performance is not great.
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00:20
The machines we build continue to suffer from mechanical failures.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื.
00:25
The houses we build do not survive severe earthquakes.
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ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
00:29
But we shouldn't be so critical of our scientists for a simple reason:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
00:33
they didn't have much time.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
00:36
Two hundred years is not a lot of time,
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ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ:
00:38
while nature had three billion years
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ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
00:41
to perfect some of the most amazing materials,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:45
that we wish we had in our possession.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
00:48
Remember, these materials carry a quality assurance
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช
00:52
of three billion years.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:55
Take, for example, sequoia trees.
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ืงื—ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืขืฆื™ ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื”.
00:57
They carry hundreds of tons for hundreds of years
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
01:02
in cold weather, in warm climates,
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ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืจ, ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื,
01:05
UV light.
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
01:06
Yet, if you look at the structure by high-resolution electron microscopy,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
01:11
and you ask yourself, what is it made of,
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ื•ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื,
01:14
surprisingly, it's made of sugar.
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ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืจ.
01:16
Well, not exactly as we drink in our tea.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืชื”.
01:19
It's actually a nanofiber called nanocrystalline cellulose.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื ื•ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื– ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืœื™.
01:23
And this nanocrystalline cellulose is so strong, on a weight basis,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื– ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฉืงืœื•,
01:29
it's about 10 times stronger than steel.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10 ืžืคืœื“ื”.
01:33
Yet it's made of sugar.
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ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืจ.
01:35
So scientists all over the world believe that nanocellulose
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”
01:39
is going to be one of the most important materials for the entire industry.
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
01:44
But here's the problem:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
01:45
say you want to buy a half a ton of nanocellulose
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”
01:48
to build a boat or an airplane.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื” ืื• ืžื˜ื•ืก.
01:50
Well, you can Google, you can eBay, you can even Alibaba.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื‘ืื™-ื‘ื™ื™, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืื‘ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:55
You won't find it.
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ื–ืืช.
01:57
Of course, you're going to find thousands of scientific papers --
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ืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื --
02:00
great papers, where scientists are going to say this is a great material,
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ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื›ื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื–ื”,
02:05
there are lots of things we can do with it.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
02:07
But no commercial source.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™.
02:10
So we at the Hebrew University, together with our partners in Sweden,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”,
02:14
decided to focus on the development of an industrial-scale process
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
02:20
to produce this nanocellulose.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:23
And, of course, we didn't want to cut trees.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื.
02:26
So we were looking for another source
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ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื,
02:28
of raw material,
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02:30
and we found one -- in fact, the sludge of the paper industry.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื–ื”:
ื”ื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
02:35
The reason: there is a lot of it.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”: ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื”.
02:38
Europe alone produces 11 million tons
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช 11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช
02:41
of that material annually.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
02:44
It's the equivalent of a mountain three kilometers high,
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:49
sitting on a soccer field.
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
02:51
And we produce this mountain every year.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
02:53
So for everybody, it's an environmental problem,
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ืื– ืœื›ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
02:57
and for us, it's a gold mine.
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ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘.
03:00
So now, we are actually producing, on an industrial scale in Israel,
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
03:05
nanocellulose, and very soon, in Sweden.
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ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
03:07
We can do a lot of things with the material.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
03:09
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
03:11
we have shown that by adding only a small percent of nanocellulose
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ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”
03:15
into cotton fibers, the same as my shirt is made of,
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ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืžื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืœื™,
03:19
it increases its strength dramatically.
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
03:22
So this can be used for making amazing things,
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื,
03:27
like super-fabrics for industrial and medical applications.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™-ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
03:33
But this is not the only thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
03:34
For example, self-standing, self-supporting structures,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
03:38
like the shelters that you can see now,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:41
actually are now showcasing in the Venice Biennale for Architecture.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ื•-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”.
03:48
Nature actually didn't stop its wonders
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืœืื™ื
03:52
in the plant kingdom.
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ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—.
03:55
Think about insects.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
03:56
Cat fleas, for example,
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ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
03:58
have the ability to jump about a hundred times their height.
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ื ื™ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื›ืžืื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:02
That's amazing.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:04
It's the equivalent of a person
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื“ื,
04:06
standing in the middle of Liberty Island in New York,
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
04:11
and in a single jump,
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ื•ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช,
04:12
going to the top of the Statue of Liberty.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ืคืกืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:16
I'm sure everybody would like to do that.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:19
So the question is:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
04:20
How do cat fleas do it?
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ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
04:22
It turns out, they make this wonderful material,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืคืœื
04:26
which is called resilin.
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ื‘ืฉื ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ.
04:28
In simple words, resilin, which is a protein,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
04:32
is the most elastic rubber on Earth.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
04:37
You can stretch it,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื•,
04:39
you can squish it,
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ืœืžื—ื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื•,
04:41
and it doesn't lose almost any energy to the environment.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:45
When you release it -- snap!
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• -- ืกื ืืค!
04:47
It brings back all the energy.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:50
So I'm sure everybody would like to have that material.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:53
But here's the problem:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
04:55
to catch cat fleas is difficult.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ื—ืชื•ืœ.
04:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:59
Why? Because they are jumpy.
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื”ื ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™ื™ื.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:03
But now, it's actually enough to catch one.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื—ื“.
05:08
Now we can extract its DNA
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื•
05:10
and read how cat fleas make the resilin,
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ,
05:13
and clone it into a less-jumpy organism like a plant.
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ื•ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—.
05:19
So that's exactly what we did.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
05:21
Now we have the ability to produce lots of resilin.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ.
05:25
Well, my team decided to do something really cool at the university.
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
05:29
They decided to combine
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉืœื‘
05:31
the strongest material produced by the plant kingdom
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—
05:34
with the most elastic material produced by the insect kingdom --
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื --
05:38
nanocellulose with resilin.
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ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื” ืขื ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ.
05:41
And the result is amazing.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
05:43
This material, in fact, is tough, elastic and transparent.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง, ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ.
05:50
So there are lots of things that can be done with this material.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ืขืœื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
05:53
For example, next-generation sport shoes,
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05:55
so we can jump higher, run faster.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:58
And even touch screens for computers and smartphones,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื›ื™ ืžื’ืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
06:03
that won't break.
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06:04
Well, the problem is, we continue to implant
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ
06:08
synthetic implants in our body,
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ืฉืชืœื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:10
which we glue and screw into our body.
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ืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:14
And I'm going to say that this is not a good idea.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:16
Why? Because they fail.
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื.
06:19
This synthetic material fails,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงืœืงืœ
06:20
just like this plastic fork,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื–ืœื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
06:23
that is not strong enough for its performance.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.
06:26
But sometimes they are too strong,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™
06:28
and therefore their mechanical properties do not really fit
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช
06:31
their surrounding tissues.
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ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
06:33
But in fact, the reason is much more fundamental.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
06:36
The reason is that in nature,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
06:39
there is no one there
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
06:41
that actually takes my head and screws it onto my neck,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™,
06:45
or takes my skin and glues it onto my body.
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ืื• ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™.
06:49
In nature, everything is self-assembled.
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
06:52
So every living cell,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืชื ื—ื™,
06:54
whether coming from a plant, insect or human being,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืžื—, ืžื—ืจืง ืื• ืžืื“ื,
06:59
has a DNA that encodes for nanobio building blocks.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื“ื "ื ืฉืžืชื›ื ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ื ื•-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
07:03
Many times they are proteins.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืœื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
07:05
Other times, they are enzymes that make other materials,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื• ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:08
like polysaccharides, fatty acids.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื‘-ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
07:11
And the common feature about all these materials
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ื•ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:15
is that they need no one.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
07:17
They recognize each other and self-assemble
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ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
07:20
into structures -- scaffolds on which cells are proliferating
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ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื -- ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื
07:25
to give tissues.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช.
07:27
They develop into organs, and together bring life.
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:32
So we at the Hebrew University, about 10 years ago, decided to focus
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
07:37
on probably the most important biomaterial for humans,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
07:42
which is collagen.
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.
07:45
Why collagen?
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ืœืžื” ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ?
07:46
Because collagen accounts for about 25 percent of our dry weight.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 25% ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:50
We have nothing more than collagen, other than water, in our body.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืงื•ืœื’ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ื.
07:54
So I always like to say,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ
07:56
anyone who is in the replacement parts of human beings
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืœืคื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
07:59
would like to have collagen.
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ื™ืฉืžื— ืœืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.
08:01
Admittedly, before we started our project,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜,
08:04
there were already more than 1,000 medical implants
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืฉืชืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
08:08
made of collagen.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.
08:09
You know, simple things like dermal fillers to reduce wrinkles,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ืขื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืจืช ืงืžื˜ื™ื,
08:13
augment lips,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื,
08:15
and other, more sophisticated medical implants, like heart valves.
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ื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ืœืœื‘.
08:19
So where is the problem?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
08:22
Well, the problem is the source.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ.
08:24
The source of all that collagen
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:26
is actually coming from dead bodies:
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื•ืช:
08:29
dead pigs, dead cows
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื, ืคืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช
08:32
and even human cadavers.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
08:34
So safety is a big issue.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
08:37
But it's not the only one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
08:39
Also, the quality.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช.
08:41
Now here, I have a personal interest.
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ื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
08:44
This is my father, Zvi, in our winery in Israel.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืฆื‘ื™, ื‘ื›ืจื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
08:47
A heart valve, very similar to the one that I showed you before,
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ืฉืกืชื•ื ื‘ืœื‘, ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
08:51
seven years ago, was implanted in his body.
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ื”ื•ืฉืชืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
08:55
Now, the scientific literature says that these heart valves start to fail
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ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ
09:01
10 years after the operation.
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ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
09:04
No wonder:
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืœื™ื:
09:06
they are made from old, used tissues,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืงืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื•ืช,
09:10
just like this wall made of bricks that is falling apart.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
09:14
Yeah, of course, I can take those bricks and build a new wall.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
09:18
But it's not going to be the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ.
09:20
So the US Food and Drug Administration
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ืื– ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
09:25
made a notice already in 2007,
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ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-2007,
09:27
asking the companies to start to look for better alternatives.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:32
So that's exactly what we did.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
09:34
We decided to clone all the five human genes responsible
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
09:39
for making type I collagen in humans
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09:43
into a transgenic tobacco plant.
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ื‘ืฆืžื— ื˜ื‘ืง ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
09:47
So now, the plant has the ability to make human collagen brand new,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืฆืžื— ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ.
09:53
untouched.
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09:54
This is amazing.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:56
Actually, it's happening now.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
09:58
Today in Israel, we grow it in 25,000 square meters of greenhouses
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 25,000 ืž"ืจ
10:04
all over the country.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:05
The farmers receive small plantlets of tobacco.
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ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืง.
10:08
It looks exactly like regular tobacco,
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื˜ื‘ืง ืจื’ื™ืœ,
10:10
except that they have five human genes.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
10:13
They're responsible for making type I collagen.
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ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื™ื™.
10:16
We grow them for about 50 to 70 days,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš 50-70 ื™ื•ื,
10:20
we harvest the leaves,
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ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื,
10:22
and then the leaves are transported by cooling trucks to the factory.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืœืžืคืขืœ.
10:26
There, the process of extracting the collagen starts.
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ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.
10:30
Now, if you ever made a pesto -- essentially, the same thing.
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื›ื ืชื ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืคืกื˜ื• -- ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:36
You crush the leaves, you get the juice that contains the collagen.
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ืžื•ืขื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฅ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
10:40
We concentrate the protein,
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
10:42
transfer the protein to clean rooms for the final purification,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื, ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ,
10:45
and the end result is a collagen identical to what we have in our body --
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• --
10:51
untouched, brand new
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ, ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
10:54
and from which we make different medical implants:
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ืฉืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืชืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื:
10:57
bone void fillers, for example,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
11:00
for severe bone fractures, spinal fusion.
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ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ื—ื•ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื”.
11:05
And more recently, even,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื•, ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
11:06
we've been able to launch into the market here in Europe
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง, ืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
11:11
a flowable gel that is used for diabetic foot ulcers,
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ื’'ืœ ื–ื•ืจื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ,
11:15
that is now approved for use in the clinic.
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ืฉืžืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจืคืื”.
11:18
This is not science fiction.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
11:20
This is happening now.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:22
We are using plants to make medical implants
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืชืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
11:26
for replacement parts for human beings.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
11:29
In fact, more recently, we've been able to make collagen fibers
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ
11:34
which are six times stronger than the Achilles tendon.
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ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืื›ื™ืœืก.
11:37
That's amazing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
11:39
Together with our partners from Ireland,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื™ืจืœื ื“,
11:42
we thought about the next thing:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื:
11:44
adding resilin to those fibers.
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:47
By doing that,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
11:48
we've been able to make a superfiber
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื™ื‘-ืขืœ
11:51
which is about 380 percent tougher,
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ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-380%,
11:54
and 300 percent more elastic.
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ื•ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-300%.
11:58
So oddly enough, in the future,
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
12:00
when a patient is transplanted with artificial tendons or ligaments
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ืฉืชืœื• ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
12:05
made from these fibers,
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
12:07
we'll have better performance after the surgery
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
12:10
than we had before the injury.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
12:13
So what's for the future?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
12:15
In the future, we believe we'll be able to make
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
12:18
many nanobio building blocks that nature provided for us --
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ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ื ื•-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื• --
12:22
collagen, nanocellulose, resilin and many more.
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ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ, ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”, ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:26
And that will enable us to make better machines perform better,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:30
even the heart.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘.
12:31
Now, this heart is not going to be the same
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ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”
12:34
as we can get from a donor.
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ืœืœื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืจื.
12:36
It will be better.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:38
It actually will perform better
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:40
and will last longer.
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ื•ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:42
My friend Zion Suliman once told me
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืคืขื
12:45
a smart sentence.
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ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื›ื.
12:48
He said, "If you want a new idea,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
12:51
you should open an old book."
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"ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืŸ."
12:53
And I'm going to say that the book was written.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘.
12:57
It was written over three billion years
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
12:59
of evolution.
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13:01
And the text is the DNA of life.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:05
All we have to do
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:07
is read this text,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื”,
13:10
embrace nature's gift to us
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ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
13:12
and start our progress from here.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื›ืืŸ.
13:15
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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