How we're harnessing nature's hidden superpowers | Oded Shoseyov

138,451 views ใƒป 2016-10-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Suah Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Katherine Cho
00:13
Two hundred years of modern science.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 200๋…„.
00:17
We have to admit
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
00:18
that our performance is not great.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
The machines we build continue to suffer from mechanical failures.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
The houses we build do not survive severe earthquakes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์€ ์ง‘๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
But we shouldn't be so critical of our scientists for a simple reason:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
they didn't have much time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:36
Two hundred years is not a lot of time,
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200๋…„์€ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
while nature had three billion years
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
00:41
to perfect some of the most amazing materials,
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ
00:45
that we wish we had in our possession.
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30์–ต๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:48
Remember, these materials carry a quality assurance
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ 30์–ต๋…„์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ณด์ฆ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
00:52
of three billion years.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
00:55
Take, for example, sequoia trees.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ์ฟผ์ด์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
00:57
They carry hundreds of tons for hundreds of years
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฌ๋”ฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
in cold weather, in warm climates,
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์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ, ๋”์šด ๊ธฐ์˜จ, ์ž์™ธ์„  ์†์—์„œ์š”.
01:05
UV light.
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01:06
Yet, if you look at the structure by high-resolution electron microscopy,
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๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
01:11
and you ask yourself, what is it made of,
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๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:14
surprisingly, it's made of sugar.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์„คํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Well, not exactly as we drink in our tea.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ ๋งˆ์‹ค๋•Œ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์„คํƒ•๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
01:19
It's actually a nanofiber called nanocrystalline cellulose.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
And this nanocrystalline cellulose is so strong, on a weight basis,
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์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:29
it's about 10 times stronger than steel.
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๊ฐ•์ฒ ๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Yet it's made of sugar.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„คํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:35
So scientists all over the world believe that nanocellulose
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€
01:39
is going to be one of the most important materials for the entire industry.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
But here's the problem:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:45
say you want to buy a half a ton of nanocellulose
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๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค 0.5ํ†ค์„
01:48
to build a boat or an airplane.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:50
Well, you can Google, you can eBay, you can even Alibaba.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒ ์ด, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆœ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:55
You won't find it.
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์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
01:57
Of course, you're going to find thousands of scientific papers --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ์ง€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
02:00
great papers, where scientists are going to say this is a great material,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€
02:05
there are lots of things we can do with it.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํŽธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
But no commercial source.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
02:10
So we at the Hebrew University, together with our partners in Sweden,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:14
decided to focus on the development of an industrial-scale process
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณต์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
02:20
to produce this nanocellulose.
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์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And, of course, we didn't want to cut trees.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์„ ์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:26
So we were looking for another source
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:28
of raw material,
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02:30
and we found one -- in fact, the sludge of the paper industry.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
The reason: there is a lot of it.
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์ด ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
Europe alone produces 11 million tons
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 1100๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
of that material annually.
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02:44
It's the equivalent of a mountain three kilometers high,
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์ถ•๊ตฌ์žฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 3km ๋†’์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
sitting on a soccer field.
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02:51
And we produce this mountain every year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งค ๋…„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
So for everybody, it's an environmental problem,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ ,
02:57
and for us, it's a gold mine.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
So now, we are actually producing, on an industrial scale in Israel,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ค‘์ด๊ณ ,
03:05
nanocellulose, and very soon, in Sweden.
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๊ณง ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
We can do a lot of things with the material.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:09
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
03:11
we have shown that by adding only a small percent of nanocellulose
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์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ
03:15
into cotton fibers, the same as my shirt is made of,
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์ œ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด ์„ฌ์œ ์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:19
it increases its strength dramatically.
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๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
So this can be used for making amazing things,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
like super-fabrics for industrial and medical applications.
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์‚ฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์žฅ๋น„์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
But this is not the only thing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
For example, self-standing, self-supporting structures,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค
03:38
like the shelters that you can see now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
03:41
actually are now showcasing in the Venice Biennale for Architecture.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ „์—์„œ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Nature actually didn't stop its wonders
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์„
03:52
in the plant kingdom.
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์‹๋ฌผ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Think about insects.
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๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:56
Cat fleas, for example,
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด
03:58
have the ability to jump about a hundred times their height.
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋‹ค 100๋ฐฐ ๋†’์ด ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:02
That's amazing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
It's the equivalent of a person
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์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
04:06
standing in the middle of Liberty Island in New York,
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๋‰ด์š•์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์˜ ์„ฌ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์„œ์„œ
04:11
and in a single jump,
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์ ํ”„๋กœ
04:12
going to the top of the Statue of Liberty.
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์ž์œ ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
I'm sure everybody would like to do that.
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:19
So the question is:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
How do cat fleas do it?
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:22
It turns out, they make this wonderful material,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
which is called resilin.
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'๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ'์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:28
In simple words, resilin, which is a protein,
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์ด '๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ' ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€
04:32
is the most elastic rubber on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํƒ„๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
You can stretch it,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์žก์•„ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
04:39
you can squish it,
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๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ญ‰๊ฐœ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋„
04:41
and it doesn't lose almost any energy to the environment.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
When you release it -- snap!
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ฐฐ๋‚˜์—
04:47
It brings back all the energy.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€์š”.
04:50
So I'm sure everybody would like to have that material.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
But here's the problem:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
to catch cat fleas is difficult.
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:59
Why? Because they are jumpy.
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ๋“ค์ด ํ†ตํ†ต ํŠ€๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์ ˆ๋ถ€์ ˆ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:03
But now, it's actually enough to catch one.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
Now we can extract its DNA
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด์„œ
05:10
and read how cat fleas make the resilin,
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
and clone it into a less-jumpy organism like a plant.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
So that's exactly what we did.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:21
Now we have the ability to produce lots of resilin.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
Well, my team decided to do something really cool at the university.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
They decided to combine
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
the strongest material produced by the plant kingdom
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์‹๋ฌผ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ
05:34
with the most elastic material produced by the insect kingdom --
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๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํƒ„๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
nanocellulose with resilin.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค์™€ ๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:41
And the result is amazing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
This material, in fact, is tough, elastic and transparent.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:50
So there are lots of things that can be done with this material.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
For example, next-generation sport shoes,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ ์œผ๋ฉด
05:55
so we can jump higher, run faster.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์ด ๋›ฐ๊ณ , ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:58
And even touch screens for computers and smartphones,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ํ„ฐ์น˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์€
06:03
that won't break.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Well, the problem is, we continue to implant
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
06:08
synthetic implants in our body,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ชธ์— ์ธ๊ณต ์ฃผ์ž…๋ฌผ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
which we glue and screw into our body.
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๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋“ฏ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
And I'm going to say that this is not a good idea.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Why? Because they fail.
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
This synthetic material fails,
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์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
just like this plastic fork,
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์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํฌํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:23
that is not strong enough for its performance.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
But sometimes they are too strong,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:28
and therefore their mechanical properties do not really fit
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด
06:31
their surrounding tissues.
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์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
But in fact, the reason is much more fundamental.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
The reason is that in nature,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
06:39
there is no one there
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„
06:41
that actually takes my head and screws it onto my neck,
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์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ ๋ชฉ์— ๋ผ์›Œ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:45
or takes my skin and glues it onto my body.
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์ œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ ๋ชธ์— ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
In nature, everything is self-assembled.
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์ž์—ฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So every living cell,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
06:54
whether coming from a plant, insect or human being,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์™”๋˜, ๊ณค์ถฉ, ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์™”๋˜
06:59
has a DNA that encodes for nanobio building blocks.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
Many times they are proteins.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:05
Other times, they are enzymes that make other materials,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
like polysaccharides, fatty acids.
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๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
07:11
And the common feature about all these materials
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์€
07:15
is that they need no one.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
They recognize each other and self-assemble
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:20
into structures -- scaffolds on which cells are proliferating
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์—
07:25
to give tissues.
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๋น„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
They develop into organs, and together bring life.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
So we at the Hebrew University, about 10 years ago, decided to focus
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
07:37
on probably the most important biomaterial for humans,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ
07:42
which is collagen.
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์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Why collagen?
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์™œ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์ด๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
07:46
Because collagen accounts for about 25 percent of our dry weight.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 25%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
We have nothing more than collagen, other than water, in our body.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
So I always like to say,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€
07:56
anyone who is in the replacement parts of human beings
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ฒดํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:59
would like to have collagen.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
Admittedly, before we started our project,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”
08:04
there were already more than 1,000 medical implants
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์ด๋ฏธ 1000 ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
08:08
made of collagen.
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
You know, simple things like dermal fillers to reduce wrinkles,
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์ฃผ๋ฆ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž…์ˆ ์— ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
08:13
augment lips,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ํ•„๋Ÿฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ œ์ œ๋‚˜
08:15
and other, more sophisticated medical implants, like heart valves.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋” ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:19
So where is the problem?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋””์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:22
Well, the problem is the source.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทผ์›์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:24
The source of all that collagen
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์€
08:26
is actually coming from dead bodies:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
dead pigs, dead cows
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์ฃฝ์€ ๋ผ์ง€, ์ฃฝ์€ ์†Œ,
08:32
and even human cadavers.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‹œ์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
08:34
So safety is a big issue.
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์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
But it's not the only one.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:39
Also, the quality.
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์งˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Now here, I have a personal interest.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
This is my father, Zvi, in our winery in Israel.
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ํฌ๋„์ฃผ ์–‘์กฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์ €ํฌ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ 'Zvi' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
A heart valve, very similar to the one that I showed you before,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ์žฅํŒ๋ง‰์ด
08:51
seven years ago, was implanted in his body.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ์— 7๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹ฌ์–ด์กŒ์ง€์š”.
08:55
Now, the scientific literature says that these heart valves start to fail
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์€
09:01
10 years after the operation.
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์‚ฝ์ž… ์ˆ˜์ˆ  10๋…„ ํ›„ ํ‡ดํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
No wonder:
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:06
they are made from old, used tissues,
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:10
just like this wall made of bricks that is falling apart.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒฝ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
09:14
Yeah, of course, I can take those bricks and build a new wall.
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๋ญ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ € ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:18
But it's not going to be the same.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๊ฒƒ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
09:20
So the US Food and Drug Administration
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ
09:25
made a notice already in 2007,
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2007๋…„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
asking the companies to start to look for better alternatives.
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
So that's exactly what we did.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
We decided to clone all the five human genes responsible
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ œ 1ํ˜• ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
09:39
for making type I collagen in humans
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5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘
09:43
into a transgenic tobacco plant.
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์ด์‹ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
So now, the plant has the ability to make human collagen brand new,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์„
09:53
untouched.
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์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
09:54
This is amazing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Actually, it's happening now.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Today in Israel, we grow it in 25,000 square meters of greenhouses
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ 25,000 ์ œ๊ณฑ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น„๋‹ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
all over the country.
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์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
The farmers receive small plantlets of tobacco.
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฌ˜๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
It looks exactly like regular tobacco,
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๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
10:10
except that they have five human genes.
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5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑธ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
10:13
They're responsible for making type I collagen.
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๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ 1ํ˜• ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
We grow them for about 50 to 70 days,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ 50์ผ์—์„œ 70์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
we harvest the leaves,
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๊ทธ ์žŽ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:22
and then the leaves are transported by cooling trucks to the factory.
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๊ทธ ์žŽ๋“ค์€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ์‹ค๋ ค ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์†ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
There, the process of extracting the collagen starts.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Now, if you ever made a pesto -- essentially, the same thing.
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ํŽ˜์Šคํ†  ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:36
You crush the leaves, you get the juice that contains the collagen.
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์žŽ์„ ์ฐง์–ด์„œ, ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์ฆ™์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ 
10:40
We concentrate the protein,
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋†์ถ•์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
transfer the protein to clean rooms for the final purification,
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
and the end result is a collagen identical to what we have in our body --
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
untouched, brand new
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:54
and from which we make different medical implants:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
bone void fillers, for example,
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๋ผˆ ํ•„๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
for severe bone fractures, spinal fusion.
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์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณจ์ ˆ, ์ฒ™์ถ” ์œตํ•ฉ์— ์“ฐ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:05
And more recently, even,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š”
11:06
we've been able to launch into the market here in Europe
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
a flowable gel that is used for diabetic foot ulcers,
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๋‹น๋‡จ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ ๊ถค์–‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋™์„ฑ ์ ค์€
11:15
that is now approved for use in the clinic.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
This is not science fiction.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
This is happening now.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
We are using plants to make medical implants
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ๋ฅผ
11:26
for replacement parts for human beings.
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
In fact, more recently, we've been able to make collagen fibers
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
which are six times stronger than the Achilles tendon.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฑด๋ณด๋‹ค 6๋ฐฐ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
That's amazing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Together with our partners from Ireland,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋™์—…์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
11:42
we thought about the next thing:
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
adding resilin to those fibers.
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๊ทธ ์„ฌ์œ ์— ๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
By doing that,
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๊ทธ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
we've been able to make a superfiber
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11:51
which is about 380 percent tougher,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 380% ๋” ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
11:54
and 300 percent more elastic.
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300% ๋” ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:58
So oddly enough, in the future,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”
12:00
when a patient is transplanted with artificial tendons or ligaments
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
12:05
made from these fibers,
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์ธ๊ณต ํž˜์ค„์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด์‹๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
12:07
we'll have better performance after the surgery
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
than we had before the injury.
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๋ถ€์ƒ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:13
So what's for the future?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
12:15
In the future, we believe we'll be able to make
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ
12:18
many nanobio building blocks that nature provided for us --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
collagen, nanocellulose, resilin and many more.
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์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์˜ค์Šค, ๋ ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
And that will enable us to make better machines perform better,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
12:30
even the heart.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
12:31
Now, this heart is not going to be the same
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๊ทธ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
as we can get from a donor.
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12:36
It will be better.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
It actually will perform better
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๋” ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ 
12:40
and will last longer.
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
My friend Zion Suliman once told me
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์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์‹œ์˜จ ์ˆ ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ด
12:45
a smart sentence.
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๋ช…์„ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
12:48
He said, "If you want a new idea,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:51
you should open an old book."
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์˜›๋‚  ์ฑ…์„ ํŽด์•ผํ•ด."
12:53
And I'm going to say that the book was written.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ นํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
It was written over three billion years
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 30์–ต๋…„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง‘ํ•„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
of evolution.
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13:01
And the text is the DNA of life.
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๊ทธ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ DNA ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
All we have to do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€
13:07
is read this text,
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๊ทธ ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ 
13:10
embrace nature's gift to us
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
13:12
and start our progress from here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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