How we're harnessing nature's hidden superpowers | Oded Shoseyov

138,495 views ・ 2016-10-18

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Two hundred years of modern science.
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We have to admit
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that our performance is not great.
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The machines we build continue to suffer from mechanical failures.
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The houses we build do not survive severe earthquakes.
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But we shouldn't be so critical of our scientists for a simple reason:
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they didn't have much time.
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Two hundred years is not a lot of time,
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while nature had three billion years
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to perfect some of the most amazing materials,
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that we wish we had in our possession.
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Remember, these materials carry a quality assurance
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of three billion years.
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Take, for example, sequoia trees.
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They carry hundreds of tons for hundreds of years
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in cold weather, in warm climates,
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UV light.
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Yet, if you look at the structure by high-resolution electron microscopy,
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and you ask yourself, what is it made of,
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surprisingly, it's made of sugar.
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Well, not exactly as we drink in our tea.
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It's actually a nanofiber called nanocrystalline cellulose.
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And this nanocrystalline cellulose is so strong, on a weight basis,
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it's about 10 times stronger than steel.
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Yet it's made of sugar.
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So scientists all over the world believe that nanocellulose
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is going to be one of the most important materials for the entire industry.
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But here's the problem:
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say you want to buy a half a ton of nanocellulose
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to build a boat or an airplane.
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Well, you can Google, you can eBay, you can even Alibaba.
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You won't find it.
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Of course, you're going to find thousands of scientific papers --
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great papers, where scientists are going to say this is a great material,
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there are lots of things we can do with it.
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But no commercial source.
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So we at the Hebrew University, together with our partners in Sweden,
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decided to focus on the development of an industrial-scale process
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to produce this nanocellulose.
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And, of course, we didn't want to cut trees.
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So we were looking for another source
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of raw material,
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and we found one -- in fact, the sludge of the paper industry.
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The reason: there is a lot of it.
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Europe alone produces 11 million tons
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of that material annually.
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It's the equivalent of a mountain three kilometers high,
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sitting on a soccer field.
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And we produce this mountain every year.
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So for everybody, it's an environmental problem,
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and for us, it's a gold mine.
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So now, we are actually producing, on an industrial scale in Israel,
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nanocellulose, and very soon, in Sweden.
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We can do a lot of things with the material.
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For example,
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we have shown that by adding only a small percent of nanocellulose
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into cotton fibers, the same as my shirt is made of,
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it increases its strength dramatically.
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So this can be used for making amazing things,
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like super-fabrics for industrial and medical applications.
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But this is not the only thing.
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For example, self-standing, self-supporting structures,
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like the shelters that you can see now,
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actually are now showcasing in the Venice Biennale for Architecture.
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Nature actually didn't stop its wonders
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in the plant kingdom.
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Think about insects.
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Cat fleas, for example,
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have the ability to jump about a hundred times their height.
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That's amazing.
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It's the equivalent of a person
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standing in the middle of Liberty Island in New York,
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and in a single jump,
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going to the top of the Statue of Liberty.
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I'm sure everybody would like to do that.
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So the question is:
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How do cat fleas do it?
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It turns out, they make this wonderful material,
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which is called resilin.
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In simple words, resilin, which is a protein,
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is the most elastic rubber on Earth.
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You can stretch it,
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you can squish it,
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and it doesn't lose almost any energy to the environment.
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When you release it -- snap!
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It brings back all the energy.
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So I'm sure everybody would like to have that material.
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But here's the problem:
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to catch cat fleas is difficult.
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(Laughter)
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Why? Because they are jumpy.
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(Laughter)
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But now, it's actually enough to catch one.
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Now we can extract its DNA
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and read how cat fleas make the resilin,
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and clone it into a less-jumpy organism like a plant.
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So that's exactly what we did.
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Now we have the ability to produce lots of resilin.
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Well, my team decided to do something really cool at the university.
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They decided to combine
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the strongest material produced by the plant kingdom
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with the most elastic material produced by the insect kingdom --
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nanocellulose with resilin.
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And the result is amazing.
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This material, in fact, is tough, elastic and transparent.
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So there are lots of things that can be done with this material.
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For example, next-generation sport shoes,
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so we can jump higher, run faster.
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And even touch screens for computers and smartphones,
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that won't break.
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Well, the problem is, we continue to implant
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synthetic implants in our body,
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which we glue and screw into our body.
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And I'm going to say that this is not a good idea.
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Why? Because they fail.
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This synthetic material fails,
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just like this plastic fork,
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that is not strong enough for its performance.
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But sometimes they are too strong,
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and therefore their mechanical properties do not really fit
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their surrounding tissues.
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But in fact, the reason is much more fundamental.
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The reason is that in nature,
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there is no one there
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that actually takes my head and screws it onto my neck,
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or takes my skin and glues it onto my body.
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In nature, everything is self-assembled.
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So every living cell,
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whether coming from a plant, insect or human being,
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has a DNA that encodes for nanobio building blocks.
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Many times they are proteins.
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Other times, they are enzymes that make other materials,
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like polysaccharides, fatty acids.
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And the common feature about all these materials
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is that they need no one.
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They recognize each other and self-assemble
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into structures -- scaffolds on which cells are proliferating
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to give tissues.
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They develop into organs, and together bring life.
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So we at the Hebrew University, about 10 years ago, decided to focus
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on probably the most important biomaterial for humans,
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which is collagen.
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Why collagen?
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Because collagen accounts for about 25 percent of our dry weight.
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We have nothing more than collagen, other than water, in our body.
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So I always like to say,
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anyone who is in the replacement parts of human beings
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would like to have collagen.
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Admittedly, before we started our project,
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there were already more than 1,000 medical implants
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made of collagen.
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You know, simple things like dermal fillers to reduce wrinkles,
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augment lips,
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and other, more sophisticated medical implants, like heart valves.
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So where is the problem?
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Well, the problem is the source.
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The source of all that collagen
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is actually coming from dead bodies:
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dead pigs, dead cows
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and even human cadavers.
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So safety is a big issue.
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But it's not the only one.
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Also, the quality.
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Now here, I have a personal interest.
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This is my father, Zvi, in our winery in Israel.
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A heart valve, very similar to the one that I showed you before,
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seven years ago, was implanted in his body.
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Now, the scientific literature says that these heart valves start to fail
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10 years after the operation.
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No wonder:
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they are made from old, used tissues,
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just like this wall made of bricks that is falling apart.
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Yeah, of course, I can take those bricks and build a new wall.
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But it's not going to be the same.
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So the US Food and Drug Administration
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made a notice already in 2007,
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asking the companies to start to look for better alternatives.
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So that's exactly what we did.
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We decided to clone all the five human genes responsible
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for making type I collagen in humans
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into a transgenic tobacco plant.
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So now, the plant has the ability to make human collagen brand new,
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untouched.
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This is amazing.
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Actually, it's happening now.
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Today in Israel, we grow it in 25,000 square meters of greenhouses
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all over the country.
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The farmers receive small plantlets of tobacco.
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It looks exactly like regular tobacco,
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except that they have five human genes.
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They're responsible for making type I collagen.
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We grow them for about 50 to 70 days,
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we harvest the leaves,
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and then the leaves are transported by cooling trucks to the factory.
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There, the process of extracting the collagen starts.
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Now, if you ever made a pesto -- essentially, the same thing.
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(Laughter)
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You crush the leaves, you get the juice that contains the collagen.
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We concentrate the protein,
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transfer the protein to clean rooms for the final purification,
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and the end result is a collagen identical to what we have in our body --
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untouched, brand new
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and from which we make different medical implants:
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bone void fillers, for example,
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for severe bone fractures, spinal fusion.
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And more recently, even,
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we've been able to launch into the market here in Europe
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a flowable gel that is used for diabetic foot ulcers,
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that is now approved for use in the clinic.
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This is not science fiction.
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This is happening now.
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We are using plants to make medical implants
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for replacement parts for human beings.
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In fact, more recently, we've been able to make collagen fibers
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which are six times stronger than the Achilles tendon.
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That's amazing.
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Together with our partners from Ireland,
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we thought about the next thing:
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adding resilin to those fibers.
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By doing that,
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we've been able to make a superfiber
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which is about 380 percent tougher,
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and 300 percent more elastic.
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So oddly enough, in the future,
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when a patient is transplanted with artificial tendons or ligaments
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made from these fibers,
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we'll have better performance after the surgery
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than we had before the injury.
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So what's for the future?
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In the future, we believe we'll be able to make
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many nanobio building blocks that nature provided for us --
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collagen, nanocellulose, resilin and many more.
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And that will enable us to make better machines perform better,
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even the heart.
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Now, this heart is not going to be the same
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as we can get from a donor.
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It will be better.
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It actually will perform better
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and will last longer.
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My friend Zion Suliman once told me
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a smart sentence.
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He said, "If you want a new idea,
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you should open an old book."
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And I'm going to say that the book was written.
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It was written over three billion years
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of evolution.
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And the text is the DNA of life.
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All we have to do
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is read this text,
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embrace nature's gift to us
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and start our progress from here.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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