Iain Hutchison: Saving faces

29,509 views ใƒป 2011-02-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rotem Eitan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Our face is hugely important
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ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:18
because it's the external, visual part
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
00:20
that everybody else sees.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื.
00:22
Let's not forget it's a functional entity.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:24
We have strong skull bones
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
00:26
that protect the most important organ in our body: the brain.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•: ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:29
It's where our senses are located, our special senses --
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ืฉื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื ื•, ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• -
00:32
our vision, our speech,
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ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
00:34
our hearing, our smell, our taste.
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ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ื”ื˜ืขื.
00:36
And this bone
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ื•ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื–ืืช
00:38
is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull
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ื–ืจื•ืขื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
00:41
with cavities, the sinuses,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
00:43
which warm and moisten the air we breathe.
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ืฉืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
00:46
But also imagine if they were filled with solid bone --
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ืืš ื’ื, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืฉื™ื—ื”
00:49
our head would be dead weight,
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ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื›ื‘ื“ื”,
00:51
we wouldn't be able to hold it erect,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ื–ืงื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:53
we wouldn't be able to look at the world around us.
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--- ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื›ื: ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช---
01:02
This woman is slowly dying
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื˜ ืื˜ ืžืชื”
01:04
because the benign tumors in her facial bones
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”
01:07
have completely obliterated her mouth and her nose
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ืžื—ืงื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื”,
01:10
so she can't breathe and eat.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
01:12
Attached to the facial bones
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ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
01:14
that define our face's structure
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:18
are the muscles that deliver our facial expression,
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ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:21
our universal language of expression,
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ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:24
our social-signaling system.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:26
And overlying this is the skin drape,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ
01:29
which is a hugely complex
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
01:31
three-dimensional structure --
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืชืœืช - ืžื™ืžื“ื™ -
01:33
taking right-angled bends here and there,
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ืฉืžืชืขืงืœ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ืคื” ื•ืฉื,
01:35
having thin areas like the eyelids,
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ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื
01:38
thick areas like the cheek, different colors.
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ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:41
And then we have the sensual factor of the face.
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ื•ื’ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:44
Where do we like to kiss people?
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ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฉืง ืื ืฉื™ื?
01:46
On the lips. Nibble the ears maybe.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื. ืœื ื’ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™.
01:49
It's the face where we're attracted to with that.
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ืืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขื ืืœื”.
01:52
But let's not forget the hair.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ.
01:54
You're looking at the image on your left-hand side --
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” - ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœื›ื-
01:56
that's my son with his eyebrows present.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:58
Look how odd he looks with the eyebrows missing.
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช.
02:01
There's a definite difference.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
02:03
And imagine if he had hair sprouting from the middle of his nose,
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืืฃ,
02:05
he'd look even odder still.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:07
Dysmorphophobia
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ื“ื™ืกืžื•ืจืคื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”
02:09
is an extreme version
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืกื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
02:11
of the fact that we don't see ourselves
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
02:13
as others see us.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:15
It's a shocking truth
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช
02:17
that we only see mirror images of ourselves,
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
02:20
and we only see ourselves
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ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
02:22
in freeze-frame photographic images
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช
02:24
that capture a mere fraction of the time that we live.
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ืฉืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืจืง ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:27
Dysmorphophobia
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ื“ื™ืกืžื•ืจืคื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”
02:29
is a perversion of this
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ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
02:31
where people who may be very good looking
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ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
02:33
regard themselves as hideously ugly
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ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืจื
02:35
and are constantly seeking surgery
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
02:37
to correct their facial appearance.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:40
They don't need this. They need psychiatric help.
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ื”ื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช.
02:43
Max has kindly donated his photograph to me.
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ืžืงืก, ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ืชืจื ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•
02:45
He doesn't have dysmorphophobia, but I'm using his photograph
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ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืžื•ืจืคื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
02:48
to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like a dysmorphophobic.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืžื•ืจืคื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”.
02:50
In other words, he looks entirely normal.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
02:53
Age is another thing
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ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:56
when our attitude toward our appearance changes.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:58
So children judge themselves, learn to judge themselves,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
03:01
by the behavior of adults around them.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:04
Here's a classic example: Rebecca has a benign blood vessel tumor
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืœืืกื™ืช: ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
03:07
that's growing out through her skull, has obliterated her nose,
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืžื—ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืฃ,
03:10
and she's having difficulty seeing.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
03:12
As you can see, it's blocking her vision.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
03:14
She's also in danger, when she damages this,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ื•
03:16
of bleeding profusely.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื“ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ.
03:18
Our research has shown
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจืื”
03:20
that the parents and close loved ones of these children
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:23
adore them.
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ืžืชื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:25
They've grown used to their face; they think they're special.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
03:28
Actually, sometimes the parents argue
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—
03:30
about whether these children should have the lesion removed.
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ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:33
And occasionally they suffer intense grief reactions
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช
03:35
because the child they've grown to love
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘
03:37
has changed so dramatically and they don't recognize them.
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ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:40
But other adults
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:42
say incredibly painful things.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:44
They say, "How dare you take this child out of the house
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืขื– ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช
03:46
and terrify other people.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:48
Shouldn't you be doing something about this? Why haven't you had it removed?"
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ืืชื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”? ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ืกืจืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
03:51
And other children in curiosity come up and poke the lesion,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื’ืข ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช,
03:54
because -- a natural curiosity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ - ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:56
And that obviously alerts the child
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืกืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“
03:58
to their unusual nature.
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•.
04:00
After surgery, everything normalizes.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ืจืžืœ.
04:03
The adults behave more naturally,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:05
and the children play more readily with other children.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:08
As teenagers --
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ -
04:11
just think back to your teenage years --
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ืจืง ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื -
04:13
we're going through a dramatic
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
04:15
and often disproportionate change
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
04:17
in our facial appearance.
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ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:19
We're trying to struggle to find our identity.
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืื‘ืง ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:21
We crave the approval of our peers.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:23
So our facial appearance is vital to us
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
04:26
as we're trying to project ourselves to the world.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:28
Just remember that single acne spot
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ืจืง ื”ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฆ'ืงื•ืŸ
04:30
that crippled you for several days.
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ืฉืฉื™ืชืง ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื.
04:34
How long did you spend looking in the mirror every day,
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืจืื”,
04:37
practicing your sardonic look, practicing your serious look,
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ื•ื”ืชืืžื ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:40
trying to look like Sean Connery, as I did,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืจื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™,
04:42
trying to raise one eyebrow?
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
04:44
It's a crippling time.
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ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชืง.
04:46
I've chosen to show this profile view of Sue
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•,
04:50
because what it shows is her lower jaw jutting forward
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื”, ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:53
and her lower lip jutting forward.
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ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:55
I'd like you all in the audience now to push your lower jaw forward.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื›ืขืช ืชื“ื—ืคื• ืืช ื”ืœืกืช ืฉืœื›ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:58
Turn to the person next to you,
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ืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื,
05:00
push your lower jaws forward. Turn to the person next to you
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ื“ื—ืคื• ืืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื
05:02
and look at them -- they look miserable.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื - ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื.
05:04
That's exactly what people used to say to Sue.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืกื•.
05:07
She wasn't miserable at all.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
05:09
But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”, "ืœืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื•ืžืœืœื”?"
05:13
People were making misjudgments all the time
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:16
on her mood.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื”.
05:18
Teachers and peers were underestimating her; she was teased at school.
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื›ื™ืชืชื” ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืฆื—ืงื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
05:21
So she chose to have facial surgery.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื ื™ื.
05:23
After the facial surgery,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื,
05:25
she said, "My face now reflects my personality.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื›ืขืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
05:28
People know now that I'm enthusiastic,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ืช,
05:31
that I'm a happy person."
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื—".
05:33
And that's the change that can be achieved for teenagers.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
05:37
Is this change, though, a real change,
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™,
05:39
or is it a figment of the imagination
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ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ
05:42
of the patient themselves?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
05:44
Well we studied teenagers' attitudes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืงืจื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
05:46
to photographs of patients having this corrective facial surgery.
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ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:48
And what we found was --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” -
05:51
we jumbled up the photographs
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ืขื™ืจื‘ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
05:53
so they couldn't recognize the before and after --
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ --
05:55
what we found was that the patients were regarded
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
05:57
as being more attractive after the surgery.
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ื›ืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
05:59
Well that's not surprising, but we also asked them to judge them
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืื•ืชื
06:02
on honesty, intelligence,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
06:04
friendliness, violence.
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
06:07
They were all perceived as being
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืชืคืกื•
06:09
less than normal in all those characteristics --
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ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” -
06:11
more violent, etc. -- before the surgery.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•' - ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
06:14
After the surgery,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
06:16
they were perceived as being more intelligent,
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ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
06:18
more friendly, more honest, less violent --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื ื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื™ื -
06:21
and yet we hadn't operated on their intellect
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ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ืฉืœื”ื
06:23
or their character.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:25
When people get older,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
06:27
they don't necessarily choose to follow this kind of surgery.
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
06:30
Their presence in the consultation suite
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ื”ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ
06:32
is a result of the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ.
06:35
What happens to them
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื
06:37
is that they may have suffered cancer or trauma.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื• ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
06:39
So this is a photograph of Henry,
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ืื– ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™
06:41
two weeks after he had a malignant cancer removed
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื• ืœื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืื™ืจ
06:44
from the left side of his face -- his cheekbone,
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ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• - ืžืขืฆื ื”ืœื—ื™,
06:47
his upper jaw, his eye-socket.
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ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืงืข ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
06:49
He looks pretty good at this stage.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
06:51
But over the course of the next 15 years he had 14 more operations,
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ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ 14 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
06:54
as the disease ravaged his face
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉืชื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
06:56
and destroyed my reconstruction regularly.
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ื•ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข
06:58
I learned a huge amount from Henry.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืจื™.
07:00
Henry taught me
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ื”ื ืจื™ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™
07:02
that you can carry on working.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:04
He worked as an advocate. He continued to play cricket.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืงืจื™ืงื˜.
07:07
He enjoyed life to the full,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืงืฆื”.
07:09
and this was probably because he had a successful, fulfilling job
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ืื•ืชื•
07:11
and a caring family
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ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช
07:13
and was able to participate socially.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
07:15
He maintained a calm insouciance.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื”.
07:18
I don't say he overcame this; he didn't overcome it.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:21
This was something more than that. He ignored it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื›ืš.
07:24
He ignored the disfigurement that was happening in his life
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•
07:27
and carried on oblivious to it.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
07:30
And that's what these people can do.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:32
Henriapi illustrates this phenomenon as well.
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ื”ื ืจื™ืืคื™ ื’ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช.
07:34
This is a man in his 20s
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ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืœื—ื™ื™ื•
07:36
whose first visit out of Nigeria was with this malignant cancer
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:39
that he came to the United Kingdom to have operated on.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื•.
07:41
It was my longest operation.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™.
07:43
It took 23 hours. I did it with my neurosurgeon.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— 23 ืฉืขื•ืช. ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืฉืœื™.
07:46
We removed all the bones at the right side of his face --
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ื”ืกืจื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• -
07:48
his eye, his nose,
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ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื•,
07:50
the skull bones, the facial skin --
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื -
07:52
and reconstructed him with tissue from the back.
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ื•ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
07:55
He continued to work as a psychiatric nurse.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืื— ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™.
07:57
He got married. He had a son called Jeremiah.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ. ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืจืžื™ื”.
08:00
And again, he said,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
08:02
"This painting of me with my son Jeremiah
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"ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื’'ืจืžื™ื”
08:05
shows me as the successful man that I feel that I am."
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ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื™."
08:08
His facial disfigurement
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ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
08:10
did not affect him
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ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•
08:12
because he had the support of a family;
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:14
he had a successful, fulfilling job.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ืื•ืชื•.
08:16
So we've seen that we can change people's faces.
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ืื– ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:19
But when we change people's faces,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:21
are we changing their identity --
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:23
for better or for worse?
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืจืขื”?
08:26
For instance,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:28
there are two different types of facial surgery.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืคื ื™ื.
08:30
We can categorize it like that.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื ื›ืš.
08:32
We can say there are patients who choose to have facial surgery --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื -
08:34
like Sue.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•.
08:36
When they have facial surgery,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื ื™ื,
08:38
they feel their lives have changed
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•,
08:40
because other people perceive them
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื
08:43
as better people.
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:45
They don't feel different.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:47
They feel that they've actually gained
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•
08:49
what they never had,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื,
08:51
that their face now reflects their personality.
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ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืขืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:53
And actually that's probably the difference between cosmetic surgery
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™
08:56
and this kind of surgery.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
08:58
Because you might say, "Well, this type of surgery
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
09:01
might be regarded as cosmetic."
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™."
09:03
If you do cosmetic surgery, patients are often less happy.
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ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื.
09:06
They're trying to achieve difference in their lives.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:12
Sue wasn't trying to achieve difference in her life.
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ืกื• ืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
09:14
She was just trying to achieve the face
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื
09:16
that matched her personality.
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
09:18
But then we have other people
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:20
who don't choose to have facial surgery.
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ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื ื™ื.
09:22
They're people who have their face shot off.
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:24
I'll move it off, and we'll have a blank slide for those who are squeamish amongst you.
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ืื ื™ ืื–ื™ื– ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืจื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช.
09:27
They have it forced upon them.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื.
09:29
And again, as I told you,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื,
09:31
if they have a caring family
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช
09:33
and good work life,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
09:36
then they can lead normal and fulfilled lives.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื.
09:39
Their identity doesn't change.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
09:41
Is this business
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ื”ืื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:43
about appearance and preoccupation with it
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ืฉืœ ืžืจืื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื•
09:45
a Western phenomenon?
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช?
09:47
Muzetta's family give the lie to this.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื˜ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื”
09:50
This is a little Bangladeshi girl from the east end of London
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
09:53
who's got a huge malignant tumor on the right side of her face,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืื™ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
09:56
which has already made her blind
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
09:58
and which is rapidly growing and is going to kill her shortly.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
10:00
After she had surgery to remove the tumor,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
10:03
her parents dressed her in this beautiful green velvet dress,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
10:06
a pink ribbon in her hair,
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ืกืจื˜ ื•ืจื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจื”,
10:08
and they wanted the painting to be shown around the world,
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ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:10
despite the fact that they were orthodox Muslims
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื™ื
10:13
and the mother wore a full burqa.
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ื•ื”ืืžื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื•ืจืงื” ืฉืœืžื”.
10:15
So it's not simply a Western phenomenon.
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ืื– ื–ืืช ืœื ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
10:20
We make judgments on people's faces
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:22
all the time.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:24
It's been going on since we can think of Lombroso
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืžืื– ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืกื•
10:27
and the way he would define criminal faces.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื™ื.
10:29
He said you could see criminal faces,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืข
10:31
judging them just on the photographs that were showed.
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจืื•.
10:34
Good-looking people
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘
10:36
are always judged as being more friendly.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
10:38
We look at O.J. --
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ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•.ื’'ื™ื™ -
10:40
he's a good-looking guy.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:42
We'd like to spend time with him. He looks friendly.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™.
10:45
Now we know that he's a convicted wife-batterer,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื”ื›ืืช ืื™ืฉืชื•,
10:48
and actually he's not the good guy.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:50
And beauty doesn't equate to goodness,
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ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื˜ื™ื‘,
10:54
and certainly doesn't equate to contentment.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
10:57
So we've talked about the static face
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ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื
10:59
and judging the static face,
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ื•ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:01
but actually, we're more comfortable
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื ื•
11:03
with judging the moving face.
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ืขื ืฉืคื™ื˜ืช ืคื ื™ื ื–ื–ื•ืช.
11:05
We think we can judge people on their expressions.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:08
U.K. jurors in the U.K. justice system
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:11
like to see a live witness
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ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”
11:13
to see whether they can pick up the telltale signs of mendacity --
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื -
11:16
the blink, the hesitation.
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ื”ืžืฆืžื•ืฅ, ื”ื”ื™ืกื•ืก.
11:19
And so they want to see live witnesses.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”.
11:22
Todorov tells us that, in a tenth of a second,
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ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
11:25
we can make a judgment on somebody's face.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
11:28
Are we uncomfortable with this image? Yes, we are.
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ื”ืื ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช? ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื ื•.
11:31
Would we be happy if our doctor's face, our lawyer's face,
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ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื, ืื ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
11:34
our financial adviser's face was covered?
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ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”?
11:36
We'd be pretty uncomfortable.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื—.
11:38
But are we good at making the judgments
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื™ื˜ื”
11:40
on facial appearance and movement?
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืจืื” ืคื ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”?
11:43
The truth is that there's a five-minute rule,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช -
11:45
not the tenth-of-a-second rule like Todorov, but a five-minute rule.
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ืœื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช.
11:48
If you spend five minutes with somebody,
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ืื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
11:50
you start looking beyond their facial appearance,
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:52
and the people who you're initially attracted to
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”
11:54
may seem boring and you lose interest in them,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื•ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:56
and the people who you didn't immediately seek out,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
11:58
because you didn't find them particularly attractive,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
12:00
become attractive people
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื
12:02
because of their personality.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:05
So we've talked a lot about facial appearance.
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ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ื.
12:08
I now want to share
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ืื ื™ ื›ืขืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง
12:10
a little bit of the surgery that we do --
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ืงืฆืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื -
12:12
where we're at and where we're going.
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ืื™ืคื” ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื•ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
12:14
This is an image of Ann
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืŸ
12:16
who's had her right jaw removed and the base of her skull removed.
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ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื• ืœื” ืืช ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
12:18
And you can see in the images afterward,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
12:20
we've managed to reconstruct her successfully.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
12:22
But that's not good enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:24
This is what Ann wants. She wants to be out kayaking,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืŸ ืจื•ืฆื”. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื™ืืง,
12:26
she wants to be out climbing mountains.
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื.
12:28
And that's what she achieved, and that's what we have to get to.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื”, ื•ืœืฉื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
12:30
This is a horrific image,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช,
12:32
so I'm putting my hand up now.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:34
This is a photograph of Adi,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™,
12:36
a Nigerian bank manager who had his face shot off
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ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื ืง ื ื™ื’ืจื™, ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
12:38
in an armed robbery.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ.
12:40
And he lost his lower jaw, his lip, his chin
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืกืช ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื”ืกื ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื•
12:42
and his upper jaw and teeth.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืกืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
12:44
This is the bar that he set for us.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
12:46
"I want to look like this. This is how I looked before."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš. ื›ืš ื ืจืืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื".
12:49
So with modern technology,
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ืื– ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
12:51
we used computers to make models.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื.
12:54
We made a model of the jaw without bone in it.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืกืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืœื ืขืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
12:56
We then bent a plate up to it.
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ื•ืื– ืขื™ืงืžื ื• ืคืœื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”.
12:58
We put it in place
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ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื
13:00
so we knew it was an accurate position.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:02
We then put bone and tissue from the back.
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืžื ื• ืขืฆื ื•ืจืงืžื” ืžื”ื’ื‘.
13:05
Here you can see the plate holding it,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื–ื”,
13:07
and you can see the implants being put in --
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื™ื ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื -
13:10
so that in one operation
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื—ื“
13:12
we achieve this
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ืื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
13:15
and this.
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ื•ืืช ื–ื”.
13:17
So the patient's life is restored.
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ืื– ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื•.
13:19
That's the good news.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
13:21
However, his chin skin
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื•
13:23
doesn't look the same as it did before.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
13:25
It's skin from his back.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
13:27
It's thicker, it's darker, it's coarser, it doesn't have the contours.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ.
13:30
And that's where we're failing,
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื.
13:32
and that's where we need the face transplant.
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื• ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื.
13:34
The face transplant has a role
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“
13:36
probably in burns patients to replace the skin.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืขื•ืจื.
13:39
We can replace the underlying skeletal structure,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ,
13:41
but we're still not good at replacing the facial skin.
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ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื.
13:44
So it's very valuable
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื ื™ื›ืจ
13:46
to have that tool in our armamentarium.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืกื ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:48
But the patients are going to have to take drugs
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ืืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
13:50
that suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives.
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ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
13:52
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
13:54
They have an increased risk of infection, an increased risk of malignancy.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
13:57
This is not a life-saving transplant --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืžืฆื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื -
13:59
like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืœื‘, ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืจื™ืื•ืช -
14:02
it is a quality-of-life transplant,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
14:05
and as a result,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
14:07
are the patients going to say, if they get a malignant cancer 10 or 15 years on,
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 5 ืื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
14:10
"I wish I'd had conventional reconstructive techniques rather than this
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"ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื ืืช ื–ื”,
14:13
because I'm now dying of a malignant cancer"? We don't know yet.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืกืก ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืžืื™ืจ?" ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:16
We also don't know what they feel
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
14:19
about recognition and identity.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช.
14:21
Bernard Devauchelle and Sylvie Testelin, who did the first operation,
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ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื“ื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ ื˜ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
14:24
are studying that.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ืืช.
14:26
Donors are going to be short on the ground,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื,
14:29
because how many people want to have their loved one's face
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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื
14:32
removed at the point of death?
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ื™ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื•ื•ืช?
14:35
So there are going to be problems
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ืื– ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
14:37
with face transplantation.
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ืขื ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ื.
14:39
So the better news is
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ืื– ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ
14:41
the future's almost here --
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ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืืŸ -
14:43
and the future is tissue engineering.
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ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืจืงืžื•ืช.
14:45
Just imagine,
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ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•,
14:47
I can make a biologically-degradable template.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืชื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
14:50
I can put it in place where it's meant to be.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
14:52
I can sprinkle a few cells,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ื,
14:54
stem cells from the patient's own hip,
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื”ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ,
14:56
a little bit of genetically engineered protein,
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ืงืฆืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
14:58
and lo and behold, leave it for four months and the face is grown.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื•ืจืื•, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœ-4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื•.
15:02
This is a bit like a Julia Child recipe.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืฆ'ื™ื™ืœื“.
15:06
But we've still got problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
15:08
We've got mouth cancer to solve.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืคื”.
15:10
We're still not curing enough patients -- it's the most disfiguring cancer.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืจืคืื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื - ื–ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
15:13
We're still not reconstructing them well enough.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:16
In the U.K. we have an epidemic
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืคื”
15:18
of facial injuries among young people.
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ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
15:20
We still can't get rid of scars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืฆืœืงื•ืช.
15:22
We need to do research.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
15:24
And the best news of all
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
15:26
is that surgeons know
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:28
that we need to do research.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
15:30
And we've set up charities
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ื•ื”ืงืžื ื• ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”
15:32
that will help us fund
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืžืžืŸ
15:34
the clinical research
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ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™
15:36
to determine the best treatment practice now
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืจื’ืข
15:38
and better treatment into the future,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
15:40
so we don't just sit on our laurels and say, "Okay, we're doing okay.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
15:42
Let's leave it as it is."
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื”."
15:44
Thank you very much indeed.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืช.
15:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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