Iain Hutchison: Saving faces

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Our face is hugely important

Naše je lice veoma važno

because it's the external, visual part

jer je to vanjski, vizualni dio

that everybody else sees.

koji svatko vidi.

Let's not forget it's a functional entity.

Ne zaboravimo da je i funkcionalni entitet.

We have strong skull bones

Imamo snažne kosti lubanje

that protect the most important organ in our body: the brain.

koje štite najvažniji organ našega tijela: mozak.

It's where our senses are located, our special senses --

Tamo su smještena naša osjetila, naša posebna osjetila –-

our vision, our speech,

naš vid, naš govor,

our hearing, our smell, our taste.

naš sluh, naš miris, naš okus.

And this bone

I ova je kost

is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull

posuta, kao što možete vidjeti, svjetlom koje sja kroz lubanju

with cavities, the sinuses,

kroz šupljine, sinuse,

which warm and moisten the air we breathe.

koji griju i vlaže zrak koji udišemo.

But also imagine if they were filled with solid bone --

Također zamislite, kad bi bili ispunjeni čvrstom kosti,

our head would be dead weight,

naša glava bi bila preteška,

we wouldn't be able to hold it erect,

ne bismo je mogli držati uspravno,

we wouldn't be able to look at the world around us.

ne bismo mogli gledati svijet oko nas.

This woman is slowly dying

Ova žena polako umire

because the benign tumors in her facial bones

jer su dobroćudni tumori u njezinim facijalnim kostima

have completely obliterated her mouth and her nose

potpuno uništili njezina usta i njezin nos

so she can't breathe and eat.

pa ne može disati ni jesti.

Attached to the facial bones

Pripojeni kostima lica

that define our face's structure

koje definiraju strukturu našega lica

are the muscles that deliver our facial expression,

mišići su koji tvore naš izraz lica,

our universal language of expression,

naš jedinstveni jezik izraza,

our social-signaling system.

naš socijalni sistem signalizacije.

And overlying this is the skin drape,

Preko toga je položena naša koža

which is a hugely complex

koja je izrazito složena

three-dimensional structure --

trodimenzionalna struktura –-

taking right-angled bends here and there,

uz pravokutna savijanja tu i tamo,

having thin areas like the eyelids,

uz tanka područja poput kapaka,

thick areas like the cheek, different colors.

debelih područja poput obraza, razne boje.

And then we have the sensual factor of the face.

Onda imamo senzualni faktor lica.

Where do we like to kiss people?

Gdje mi volimo ljubiti ljude?

On the lips. Nibble the ears maybe.

U usne. Možda volimo grickati uši.

It's the face where we're attracted to with that.

Time smo privučeni licu.

But let's not forget the hair.

Ali ne zaboravimo dlake.

You're looking at the image on your left-hand side --

Gledate sliku na svojoj lijevoj strani –-

that's my son with his eyebrows present.

to je moj sin sa svojim obrvama.

Look how odd he looks with the eyebrows missing.

Progledajte kako čudno izgleda kada nema obrve.

There's a definite difference.

Postoji velika razlika.

And imagine if he had hair sprouting from the middle of his nose,

I zamislite da ima dlake koje rastu po sredini njegova nosa,

he'd look even odder still.

izgledao bi čak još čudnije.

Dysmorphophobia

Dismorfofobija

is an extreme version

je ekstremna verzija

of the fact that we don't see ourselves

činjenice da se ne vidimo onako

as others see us.

kako nas drugi vide.

It's a shocking truth

Šokantna je istina

that we only see mirror images of ourselves,

da mi vidimo samo svoje zrcalne slike,

and we only see ourselves

a vidimo se samo

in freeze-frame photographic images

u zamrznutim fotografijama

that capture a mere fraction of the time that we live.

koje prikazuju tek dijelić vremena koji živimo.

Dysmorphophobia

Dismorfofobija

is a perversion of this

je izopačenost

where people who may be very good looking

pri kojoj ljudi koji možda odlično izgledaju

regard themselves as hideously ugly

vide sebe kao odvratno ružne

and are constantly seeking surgery

i konstantno traže operacije

to correct their facial appearance.

kako bi popravili izgled svoga lica.

They don't need this. They need psychiatric help.

Nije im ovo potrebno, njima treba psihijatrijska pomoć.

Max has kindly donated his photograph to me.

Max mi je ljubazno poklonio ovu fotografiju.

He doesn't have dysmorphophobia, but I'm using his photograph

On nema dismorfofobiju, ali ipak koristim ovu fotografiju

to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like a dysmorphophobic.

kako bih ilustrirao činjenicu da on izgleda baš kao dismorfofobična osoba.

In other words, he looks entirely normal.

Drugim riječima, izgleda potpuno normalno.

Age is another thing

Dob je još jedna stvar

when our attitude toward our appearance changes.

pri kojoj se naš stav prema našem izgledu mijenja.

So children judge themselves, learn to judge themselves,

Djeca se osuđuju, uče kako se osuđivati

by the behavior of adults around them.

iz ponašanja odraslih u njhovoj blizini.

Here's a classic example: Rebecca has a benign blood vessel tumor

Evo klasičnog primjera: Rebbecca ima dobroćudni tumor krvnih žila

that's growing out through her skull, has obliterated her nose,

koji se širi kroz njezinu lubanju, koji joj je uništio nos

and she's having difficulty seeing.

i ima poteškoća s vidom.

As you can see, it's blocking her vision.

Kao što možete vidjeti, blokira joj vid.

She's also in danger, when she damages this,

Također je u opasnosti da, kada ošteti ovo,

of bleeding profusely.

dođe do obilnog krvarenja.

Our research has shown

Naše je istraživanje pokazalo

that the parents and close loved ones of these children

da ih roditelji i bliske voljene osobe ove djece

adore them.

obožavaju.

They've grown used to their face; they think they're special.

Navikli su se na njihova lica; misle da su oni posebni.

Actually, sometimes the parents argue

Zapravo, ponekad se roditelji svađaju

about whether these children should have the lesion removed.

oko toga treba li ukloniti leziju.

And occasionally they suffer intense grief reactions

Ponekad se bore s teškim osjećajem tuge

because the child they've grown to love

jer se dijete koje su naučili voljeti

has changed so dramatically and they don't recognize them.

promijeni toliko dramatično da ih ne prepoznaju.

But other adults

Ali ostali odrasli

say incredibly painful things.

govore strašno bolne stvari.

They say, "How dare you take this child out of the house

Govore ''Kako se usuđujete izvesti ovo dijete iz kuće

and terrify other people.

i strašiti druge ljude.

Shouldn't you be doing something about this? Why haven't you had it removed?"

Ne biste li trebali učini nešto oko toga? Zašto niste to uklonili?''

And other children in curiosity come up and poke the lesion,

i druga djeca iz znatiželje dođu i bodu leziju

because -- a natural curiosity.

zbog –- prirodne znatiželje.

And that obviously alerts the child

I to očito upozorava dijete

to their unusual nature.

na njegovu neuobičajenu prirodu.

After surgery, everything normalizes.

Nakon operacije, sve dolazi u normalu.

The adults behave more naturally,

Odrasli se ponašaju prirodnije

and the children play more readily with other children.

i djeca se spremnije igraju s drugom djecom.

As teenagers --

Kao tinejdžeri –-

just think back to your teenage years --

samo se sjetite svojih tinejdžerskih godina –-

we're going through a dramatic

prolazimo kroz dramatičnu

and often disproportionate change

i često neproporcionalnu promjenu

in our facial appearance.

u našem izgledu lica.

We're trying to struggle to find our identity.

Pokušavamo se boriti i pronaći svoj identitet.

We crave the approval of our peers.

Žudimo za odobrenjem vršnjaka.

So our facial appearance is vital to us

Tako nam je naš izgled lica iznimno bitan

as we're trying to project ourselves to the world.

jer se pokušavamo projicirati svijetu.

Just remember that single acne spot

Samo se sjetite tog prištića

that crippled you for several days.

koji vas je onesposobio na nekoliko dana.

How long did you spend looking in the mirror every day,

Koliko ste vremena proveli gledajući se u ogledalu svakog dana,

practicing your sardonic look, practicing your serious look,

vježbajući svoj podrugljiv pogled, vježbajući svoj ozbiljan pogled,

trying to look like Sean Connery, as I did,

pokušavajući izgledati kao Sean Connery, kao što sam ja,

trying to raise one eyebrow?

pokušavajući podići jednu obrvu.

It's a crippling time.

To je vrijeme invalidnosti.

I've chosen to show this profile view of Sue

Odlučio sam vam pokazati ovaj Suein profil

because what it shows is her lower jaw jutting forward

jer ono što pokazuje je njezina donja čeljust kako strši van

and her lower lip jutting forward.

i njezina donja usna kako strši naprijed.

I'd like you all in the audience now to push your lower jaw forward.

Sada bih volio kada biste vi svi u publici izbacili donju čeljust van,

Turn to the person next to you,

okrenuli se prema osobi do vas,

push your lower jaws forward. Turn to the person next to you

izbacili donju čeljust van, okrenuli se osobi do sebe

and look at them -- they look miserable.

i pogledali ih –- izgledaju jadno.

That's exactly what people used to say to Sue.

To je točno ono što su ljudi govorili Sue.

She wasn't miserable at all.

Ona nije uopće bila jadna.

But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"

Ali ljudi su joj govorili ''Zašto si tako jadna?''

People were making misjudgments all the time

Ljudi su stalno krivo tumačili

on her mood.

njezino raspoloženje.

Teachers and peers were underestimating her; she was teased at school.

Učitelji i vršnjaci su je podcjenjivali, zadirkivali su je u školi.

So she chose to have facial surgery.

Zato se odlučila na operaciju lica.

After the facial surgery,

Nakon operacije

she said, "My face now reflects my personality.

je rekla ''Moje lice sada reflektira moju osobnost.

People know now that I'm enthusiastic,

Ljudi sada znaju da sam entuzijastična,

that I'm a happy person."

da sam sretna osoba.''

And that's the change that can be achieved for teenagers.

I to je promjena koja se može učiniti za tinejdžere.

Is this change, though, a real change,

Je li ova promjena uistinu prava promjena

or is it a figment of the imagination

ili je samo izmišljotina mašte

of the patient themselves?

samoga pacijenta?

Well we studied teenagers' attitudes

Proučavali smo stavove tinejdžera

to photographs of patients having this corrective facial surgery.

o fotografijama pacijenata koji su imali ove korekcijske operacije lica.

And what we found was --

Ono što smo otkrili je --

we jumbled up the photographs

izmiješali smo fotografije

so they couldn't recognize the before and after --

tako da ne bi mogli prepoznati 'prije' i 'poslije' –-

what we found was that the patients were regarded

ono što smo otkrili je da su pacijenti smatrani

as being more attractive after the surgery.

privlačnijima nakon operacije.

Well that's not surprising, but we also asked them to judge them

To i nije iznenađujuće, ali smo ih također pitali da ih procijene

on honesty, intelligence,

prema iskrenosti, inteligenciji,

friendliness, violence.

ljubaznosti, nasilju.

They were all perceived as being

Svi su doživljeni

less than normal in all those characteristics --

kao ispodprosječni u svim tim karakteristikama --

more violent, etc. -- before the surgery.

nasilniji, itd. -- prije operacije.

After the surgery,

Nakon operacije,

they were perceived as being more intelligent,

doživljeni su kao inteligentniji,

more friendly, more honest, less violent --

srdačniji, pošteniji, manje nasilni --

and yet we hadn't operated on their intellect

a ipak im nismo operirali intelekt

or their character.

ni karakter.

When people get older,

Kada ljudi ostare,

they don't necessarily choose to follow this kind of surgery.

ne odabiru nužno ovu vrstu operacije.

Their presence in the consultation suite

Njihova prisutnost u konzultacijskoj sobi

is a result of the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.

rezultat je bešćutne igre sudbine.

What happens to them

Ono što im se događa

is that they may have suffered cancer or trauma.

je da su možda preživjeli rak ili traumu.

So this is a photograph of Henry,

Ovo je fotografija Henryja

two weeks after he had a malignant cancer removed

dva tjedna nakon što mu je uklonjen zloćudan tumor

from the left side of his face -- his cheekbone,

iz lijeve strane lica -- njegova jagodična kost,

his upper jaw, his eye-socket.

njegova gornja čeljust, njegova očna duplja.

He looks pretty good at this stage.

U ovoj fazi izgleda prilično dobro.

But over the course of the next 15 years he had 14 more operations,

Ali tijekom sljedećih 15 godina imao je još 14 operacija

as the disease ravaged his face

jer je bolest opustošila njegovo lice

and destroyed my reconstruction regularly.

i redovito uništavala moju rekonstrukciju.

I learned a huge amount from Henry.

Henry me naučio mnogo toga.

Henry taught me

Henry me naučio

that you can carry on working.

da možeš nastaviti s poslom.

He worked as an advocate. He continued to play cricket.

Radio je kao pravnik. Nastavio je igrati kriket.

He enjoyed life to the full,

U potpunosti je uživao u životu.

and this was probably because he had a successful, fulfilling job

I to je vjerojatno razlog što je imao uspješan, ispunjavajući posao

and a caring family

i brižnu obitelj

and was able to participate socially.

i što je mogao društveno sudjelovati.

He maintained a calm insouciance.

Održavao je smirenu bezbrižnost.

I don't say he overcame this; he didn't overcome it.

Ne kažem da je savladao ovo; nije pobijedio.

This was something more than that. He ignored it.

Ovo je bilo nešto više od toga. Ignorirao je to.

He ignored the disfigurement that was happening in his life

Ignorirao je unakaženost koja se događala u njegovu životu

and carried on oblivious to it.

i nastavio nesvjestan toga.

And that's what these people can do.

I to je ono što ovi ljudi mogu učiniti.

Henriapi illustrates this phenomenon as well.

Henriapi također ilustrira ovaj fenomen.

This is a man in his 20s

Ovo je čovjek u dvadesetima

whose first visit out of Nigeria was with this malignant cancer

čiji je prvi posjet izvan Nigerije i to zbog ovog zloćudnog tumora

that he came to the United Kingdom to have operated on.

bio posjet Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu kako bi bio operiran.

It was my longest operation.

To je bila moja najdulja operacija.

It took 23 hours. I did it with my neurosurgeon.

Trajala je 23 sata. Odradio sam je sa svojim neurokirurgom.

We removed all the bones at the right side of his face --

Uklonili smo sve kosti desne strane njegova lica --

his eye, his nose,

njegovo oko, njegov nos,

the skull bones, the facial skin --

kosti lubanje, kožu s lica –

and reconstructed him with tissue from the back.

i rekonstruirali ga tkivom s leđa.

He continued to work as a psychiatric nurse.

Nastavio je raditi kao psihijatrijski medicinski tehničar.

He got married. He had a son called Jeremiah.

Oženio se. Dobio je sina, Jeremiaha.

And again, he said,

I ponovno, rekao je

"This painting of me with my son Jeremiah

''Ova slika mene s mojim sinom Jeremiahom

shows me as the successful man that I feel that I am."

pokazuje me kao uspješnog muškarca kakav osjećam da jesam.''

His facial disfigurement

Njegova izobličenost lica

did not affect him

nije utjecala na njega

because he had the support of a family;

jer je imao podršku obitelji,

he had a successful, fulfilling job.

imao je uspješan, ispunjavajući posao.

So we've seen that we can change people's faces.

Vidjeli smo da možemo mijenjati ljudska lica.

But when we change people's faces,

Ali kada promijenimo lica ljudi,

are we changing their identity --

mijenjamo li i njihov identitet,

for better or for worse?

na bolje ili na gore?

For instance,

Na primjer,

there are two different types of facial surgery.

postoje dvije različite vrste operacija lica.

We can categorize it like that.

Možemo ih kategorizirati tako.

We can say there are patients who choose to have facial surgery --

Možemo reći da postoje pacijenti koji izaberu podvrgnuti se operaciji lica --

like Sue.

poput Sue.

When they have facial surgery,

Kada imaju operaciju lica,

they feel their lives have changed

osjećaju kako su im se životi promijenili

because other people perceive them

jer ih drugi ljudi vide

as better people.

kao bolje ljude.

They don't feel different.

Ne osjećaju se drugačije.

They feel that they've actually gained

Osjećaju da su zapravo dobili

what they never had,

nešto što nikada nisu imali,

that their face now reflects their personality.

da njihovo lice sada odražava njihovu osobnost.

And actually that's probably the difference between cosmetic surgery

I zapravo to je vjerojatno razlika između kozmetične kirurgije

and this kind of surgery.

i ove vrste operacija.

Because you might say, "Well, this type of surgery

Jer mogli biste reći ''Pa, ova vrsta operacije

might be regarded as cosmetic."

mogla bi biti viđena kao kozmetična.''

If you do cosmetic surgery, patients are often less happy.

Ako odu na plastičnu operaciju, pacijenti su često manje sretni.

They're trying to achieve difference in their lives.

Pokušavaju postići razliku u svojim životima.

Sue wasn't trying to achieve difference in her life.

Sue nije pokušavala postići razliku u svojem životu,

She was just trying to achieve the face

jednostavno je pokušavala dobiti lice

that matched her personality.

koje će odgovarati njezinoj osobnosti.

But then we have other people

Ali s druge strane imamo ljude

who don't choose to have facial surgery.

koji ne izabiru sami operaciju lica.

They're people who have their face shot off.

Postoje ljudi kojima je lice propucano.

I'll move it off, and we'll have a blank slide for those who are squeamish amongst you.

Ja ću ga odstraniti pa ćemo imati praznu stranicu za one među vama koji su gadljivi.

They have it forced upon them.

Njima je to nametnuto.

And again, as I told you,

I ponovno, kao što sam vam rekao,

if they have a caring family

ako imaju brižnu obitelj

and good work life,

i dobar poslovni život,

then they can lead normal and fulfilled lives.

mogu voditi normalan i ispunjen život. .

Their identity doesn't change.

Njihov se identitet ne mijenja.

Is this business

Je li ova strka

about appearance and preoccupation with it

oko izgleda i preokupiranosti njime

a Western phenomenon?

zapadnjački fenomen?

Muzetta's family give the lie to this.

Muzettina obitelj opovrgava ovo.

This is a little Bangladeshi girl from the east end of London

Ovo je mala djevojčica iz Bangladeša iz istočne četvrti Londona

who's got a huge malignant tumor on the right side of her face,

koja ima zloćudni tumor na desnoj strani lica

which has already made her blind

koji ju je već oslijepio

and which is rapidly growing and is going to kill her shortly.

i koji brzo raste i ubrzo će je ubiti.

After she had surgery to remove the tumor,

Nakon što je operirana kako bi joj se odstranio tumor,

her parents dressed her in this beautiful green velvet dress,

njezini su je obukli u ovu prekrasnu baršunastu zelenu haljinu,

a pink ribbon in her hair,

roza mašna u njezinoj kosi,

and they wanted the painting to be shown around the world,

i htjeli su da se slika pokaže diljem svijeta,

despite the fact that they were orthodox Muslims

unatoč činjenici da su ortodoksni muslimani

and the mother wore a full burqa.

i da je majka nosila cjelokupnu burku.

So it's not simply a Western phenomenon.

Dakle, nije isključivo zapadnjački fenomen.

We make judgments on people's faces

Sudimo o licima drugih ljudi

all the time.

i to činimo stalno.

It's been going on since we can think of Lombroso

To se događa od Lambrossa

and the way he would define criminal faces.

i načina na koji bi on opisao lica kriminalaca.

He said you could see criminal faces,

Rekao je da se mogu prepoznati lica kriminalaca,

judging them just on the photographs that were showed.

sudeći ih samo prema njihovim fotografijama koje su prikazane.

Good-looking people

Ljudi koji dobro izgledaju

are always judged as being more friendly.

uvijek su smatrani ljubaznijima.

We look at O.J. --

Vidimo O.J.a --

he's a good-looking guy.

on je dečko koji dobro izgleda.

We'd like to spend time with him. He looks friendly.

Htjeli bismo provesti vrijeme s njim. Izgleda ljubazno.

Now we know that he's a convicted wife-batterer,

Sada znamo da je osuđen za nasilje nad ženom

and actually he's not the good guy.

i zapravo nije dobar dečko.

And beauty doesn't equate to goodness,

A ljepota se ne ravna prema dobroti

and certainly doesn't equate to contentment.

i definitivno se ne ravna prema zadovoljstvu.

So we've talked about the static face

Pričali smo o statičnom licu

and judging the static face,

i o suđenju statičkih lica,

but actually, we're more comfortable

ali zapravo, ugodnije nam je

with judging the moving face.

suditi lice u pokretu.

We think we can judge people on their expressions.

Mislimo da možemo donijeti sud o ljudima prema njihovim izrazima.

U.K. jurors in the U.K. justice system

Porotnici u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, u pravnom sustavu UK-a

like to see a live witness

vole vidjeti svjedoke uživo

to see whether they can pick up the telltale signs of mendacity --

kako bi mogli opaziti izdajničke znakove laganja --

the blink, the hesitation.

treptanje, oklijevanje.

And so they want to see live witnesses.

I tako žele vidjeti svjedoke uživo.

Todorov tells us that, in a tenth of a second,

Todorov nam govori da možemo u desetini sekunde

we can make a judgment on somebody's face.

procijeniti nečije lice.

Are we uncomfortable with this image? Yes, we are.

Je li nam neugodno pred ovom slikom? Da, neugodno nam je.

Would we be happy if our doctor's face, our lawyer's face,

Bismo li bili sretni kada bi lice našega doktora, odvjetnika,

our financial adviser's face was covered?

financijskog savjetnika bilo pokriveno?

We'd be pretty uncomfortable.

Bilo bi nam poprilično neugodno.

But are we good at making the judgments

Jesmo li dobri u prosuđivanju

on facial appearance and movement?

izraza lica i pokreta?

The truth is that there's a five-minute rule,

Istina je da postoji petminutno pravilo --

not the tenth-of-a-second rule like Todorov, but a five-minute rule.

ne pravilo desetine sekunde kao kod Todorova, nego petminutno pravilo.

If you spend five minutes with somebody,

Ako provedete pet minuta s nekim,

you start looking beyond their facial appearance,

počinjete gledati pored njihova izraza lica

and the people who you're initially attracted to

i ljudi koji su vas u početku privlačili

may seem boring and you lose interest in them,

mogu vam se učiniti dosadnima i mogli biste izgubiti interes,

and the people who you didn't immediately seek out,

a ljudi koje ne primjetite odmah,

because you didn't find them particularly attractive,

zato što ih ne smatrate posebno privlačnima,

become attractive people

postanu privlačni

because of their personality.

zbog svoje osobnosti.

So we've talked a lot about facial appearance.

Pričali smo puno o izrazu lica.

I now want to share

Sada bih htio podijeliti

a little bit of the surgery that we do --

mali dio operacije koju mi obavljamo --

where we're at and where we're going.

gdje smo i kamo idemo.

This is an image of Ann

Ovo je slika Ann

who's had her right jaw removed and the base of her skull removed.

čija je desna čeljust i baza lubanje odstranjena.

And you can see in the images afterward,

I možete vidjeti u kasnijim slikama,

we've managed to reconstruct her successfully.

uspješno smo je rekonstruirali.

But that's not good enough.

Ali to nije dovoljno dobro.

This is what Ann wants. She wants to be out kayaking,

Ovo je ono što Ann želi. Želi voziti kajak,

she wants to be out climbing mountains.

želi se penjati po planinama.

And that's what she achieved, and that's what we have to get to.

I to je postigla i to je ono do čega mi moramo doći.

This is a horrific image,

Ovo je grozna slika,

so I'm putting my hand up now.

pa ću sada podići ruku.

This is a photograph of Adi,

Ovo je fotografija Adija,

a Nigerian bank manager who had his face shot off

nigerijskog upravitelja banke koji je nastrijeljen u lice

in an armed robbery.

u oružanoj pljački.

And he lost his lower jaw, his lip, his chin

I on je izgubio donju čeljust, bradu,

and his upper jaw and teeth.

gornju čeljust i zube.

This is the bar that he set for us.

Ovo je letvica koju nam je postavio.

"I want to look like this. This is how I looked before."

''Želim ovako izgledati. Ovako sam prije izgledao.''

So with modern technology,

Tako, s modernom tehnologijom,

we used computers to make models.

koristili smo računala kako bismo napravili modele.

We made a model of the jaw without bone in it.

Napravili smo model čeljusti bez kosti.

We then bent a plate up to it.

Tada smo savili ploču prema tome.

We put it in place

Stavili smo je na mjesto

so we knew it was an accurate position.

i tako smo znali da je to točna pozicija.

We then put bone and tissue from the back.

Tada smo stavili kost i tkivo s leđa.

Here you can see the plate holding it,

Ovdje možete vidjeti ploču koja ih drži

and you can see the implants being put in --

i možete vidjeti kako se umeću implantanti --

so that in one operation

tako da u jednoj operaciji

we achieve this

postignemo ovo

and this.

i ovo.

So the patient's life is restored.

Tako da se povrati pacijentov život.

That's the good news.

To su dobre vijesti.

However, his chin skin

Međutim, njegova koža s brade

doesn't look the same as it did before.

ne izgleda isto kao što je izgledala prije.

It's skin from his back.

To je koža s njegovih leđa.

It's thicker, it's darker, it's coarser, it doesn't have the contours.

Deblja je, tamnija, grublja, nema odgovarajuće konture.

And that's where we're failing,

I tu zakazujemo.

and that's where we need the face transplant.

I tu trebamo transplantaciju lica.

The face transplant has a role

Transplatacija lica ima ulogu

probably in burns patients to replace the skin.

vjerojatno kod pacijenata s opeklinama kako bi se zamijenila koža.

We can replace the underlying skeletal structure,

Možemo zamijeniti donju strukturu kostura,

but we're still not good at replacing the facial skin.

ali još uvijek nismo dobri u zamijeni kože s lica.

So it's very valuable

Zato je veoma važno

to have that tool in our armamentarium.

imati to oružje u našem arsenalu.

But the patients are going to have to take drugs

Ali pacijenti će morati uzimati lijekove

that suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives.

koji suzbijaju njihov imunološki sustav do kraja svojih života.

What does that mean?

Što to znači?

They have an increased risk of infection, an increased risk of malignancy.

Imaju povećan rizik od infekcija i povećan rizik malignosti.

This is not a life-saving transplant --

To nije transplatacija koja spašava život --

like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant --

poput transplatacije srca, jetre ili pluća --

it is a quality-of-life transplant,

to je transplatacija kvalitete života

and as a result,

i, kao rezultat,

are the patients going to say, if they get a malignant cancer 10 or 15 years on,

hoće li pacijenti reći, ako dobiju maligni tumor za 10 ili 15 godina

"I wish I'd had conventional reconstructive techniques rather than this

''Želio bih da sam imao konvencionalne tehnike rekonstrukcije radije nego ovo

because I'm now dying of a malignant cancer"? We don't know yet.

zato što sada umirem zbog malignog tumora?'' Još uvijek ne znamo.

We also don't know what they feel

Isto tako još uvijek ne znamo što misle

about recognition and identity.

o prepoznavanju i identitetu.

Bernard Devauchelle and Sylvie Testelin, who did the first operation,

Bernard Devauchelle i Sylvie Testelin koji su obavili prvu operaciju

are studying that.

proučavaju to.

Donors are going to be short on the ground,

Donatora neće biti toliko puno ovdje,

because how many people want to have their loved one's face

jer koliko ljudi želi da se otklone lica

removed at the point of death?

njihovih voljenih na samom času smrti?

So there are going to be problems

Zbog toga će biti problema

with face transplantation.

s transplatacijom lica.

So the better news is

Bolja vijest je

the future's almost here --

da je budućnost gotovo stigla --

and the future is tissue engineering.

a budućnost je stvaranje tkiva.

Just imagine,

Zamislite samo,

I can make a biologically-degradable template.

ja mogu proizvesti biološki razgradiv predložak.

I can put it in place where it's meant to be.

Mogu ga staviti na mjesto gdje treba biti.

I can sprinkle a few cells,

Mogu posuti nekoliko stanica,

stem cells from the patient's own hip,

matičnih stanica iz pacijetovog kuka,

a little bit of genetically engineered protein,

malo genetski modificiranih proteina

and lo and behold, leave it for four months and the face is grown.

i iznenađenje, ostavite ga četiri mjeseca i lice je uzgojeno.

This is a bit like a Julia Child recipe.

Ovo je pomalo poput recepta Julije Child.

But we've still got problems.

Ali još uvijek imamo problema.

We've got mouth cancer to solve.

Moramo razriješiti rak usta.

We're still not curing enough patients -- it's the most disfiguring cancer.

Još uvijek ne liječimo dovoljno pacijenata -- to je rak koji najviše unakažuje.

We're still not reconstructing them well enough.

Još ih uvijek ne rekonstruiramo dovoljno dobro.

In the U.K. we have an epidemic

U UK imamo epidemiju

of facial injuries among young people.

ozljeda lica među mladim ljudima.

We still can't get rid of scars.

Još uvijek se ne može riješiti ožiljaka.

We need to do research.

Moramo provesti istraživanje.

And the best news of all

I najbolje vijesti od svih

is that surgeons know

su da kirurzi znaju

that we need to do research.

da moramo provesti istraživanje.

And we've set up charities

Osnovali smo dobrotvorne zaklade

that will help us fund

koje će nam pomoći financirati

the clinical research

klinička istraživanja

to determine the best treatment practice now

kako bismo odredili najbolji tretman prakse sada

and better treatment into the future,

i bolji tretman u budućnosti,

so we don't just sit on our laurels and say, "Okay, we're doing okay.

tako da ne sjedimo samo na svojim lovorima i govorimo ''Ok, radimo u redu.

Let's leave it as it is."

Ostavimo kako je.''

Thank you very much indeed.

Hvala vam od sveg srca.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)