Adventures of an interplanetary architect | Xavier De Kestelier

111,647 views ใƒป 2018-01-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Igal Opendik ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I must have been about 12 years old
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 12,
00:15
when my dad took me to an exhibition on space,
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ื›ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
00:19
not far from here, in Brussels.
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ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ.
00:21
And the year was about -- I think it was 1988,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1988,
00:24
so it was the end of the Cold War.
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ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
00:27
There was a bit of an upmanship going on between the Americans and the Russians
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื,
00:31
bringing bits to that exhibition.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”.
00:34
NASA brought a big blow-up space shuttle,
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ื ืืกื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™,
00:37
but the Russians, they brought a Mir space station.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืชื—ื ืช ื—ืœืœ "ืžื™ืจ".
00:42
It was actually the training module,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื,
00:44
and you could go inside and check it all out.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
00:47
It was the real thing --
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ --
00:48
where the buttons were, where the wires were,
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
00:51
where the astronauts were eating, where they were working.
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
00:54
And when I came home,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
00:56
the first thing I did, I started drawing spaceships.
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ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
01:00
Now, these weren't science fiction spaceships, no.
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœื.
01:04
They were actually technical drawings.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
01:06
They were cutaway sections
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ืชืš
01:09
of what kind of structure would be made out of,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”,
01:11
where the wires were, where the screws were.
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ืื™ืคื” ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืจื’ื™ื.
01:15
So fortunately, I didn't become a space engineer,
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ืœืžื–ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื—ืœืœ,
01:18
but I did become an architect.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ.
01:21
These are some of the projects that I've been involved with
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื—ืœืง
01:24
over the last decade and a half.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
01:27
All these projects are quite different, quite different shapes,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช,
01:30
and it is because they are built for different environments.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:33
They have different constraints.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:36
And I think design becomes really interesting
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
01:39
when you get really harsh constraints.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช.
01:44
Now, these projects have been all over the world.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:48
A few years ago, this map wasn't good enough.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคืงืช.
01:51
It was too small.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™.
01:53
We had to add this one,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื–ืืช,
01:55
because we were going to do a project on the Moon
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
01:59
for the European Space Agency;
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช;
02:00
they asked us to design a Moon habitat --
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉื ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— --
02:03
and one on Mars with NASA,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืืกื,
02:06
a competition to look at a habitation on Mars.
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ืžื›ืจื– ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
02:12
Whenever you go to another place,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:15
as an architect
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ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ,
02:17
and try to design something,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:20
you look at the local architecture, the precedents that are there.
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื.
02:23
Now, on the Moon, it's kind of difficult, of course,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
02:26
because there's only this.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืืช ื–ื”.
02:27
There's only the Apollo missions.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืจืง ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืคื•ืœื•.
02:31
So last that we went there, I wasn't even born yet,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
02:34
and we only spent about three days there.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉื ืจืง ื›-3 ื™ืžื™ื.
02:38
So for me, that's kind of a long camping trip, isn't it,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžื—ื ืื•ืช ืืจื•ืš,
02:42
but a rather expensive one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ.
02:46
Now, the tricky thing,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
02:48
when you're going to build on another planet or a moon,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ืื• ื™ืจื—,
02:52
is how to get it there, how to get it there.
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื, ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื.
02:56
So first of all,
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ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
02:59
to get a kilogram, for example, to the Moon's surface,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื™ืจื—
03:02
it will cost about 200,000 dollars,
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ืขื•ืœื” ื›-200,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:06
very expensive.
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ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:08
So you want to keep it very light.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
03:11
Second, space. Space is limited. Right?
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ืฉื ื™ืช - ืžืงื•ื. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:14
This is the Ariane 5 rocket.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืœ Ariane 5.
03:16
The space you have there
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื•
03:17
is about four and a half meters by seven meters, not that much.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 4.5 ืž' ืขืœ 7 ืž', ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:23
So it needs to be an architectural system
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™
03:26
that is both compact, or compactable, and light,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™, ืื• ืžืชืงืคืœ, ื•ื’ื ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ,
03:30
and I think I've got one right here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ืคื”.
03:34
It's very compact,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ,
03:36
and it's very light.
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ .
03:39
And actually,
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ื‘ืขืฆื,
03:40
this is one I made earlier.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ.
03:45
Now, there's one problem with it,
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช --
03:48
that inflatables
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-- ื”ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื
03:52
are quite fragile.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
03:55
They need to be protected,
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ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื ื”,
03:58
specifically, when you go to a very harsh environment like the Moon.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืจื—.
04:05
Look at it like this.
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ืชืจืื•,
04:09
The temperature difference on a Moon base
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—
04:11
could be anything up to 200 degrees.
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ 200 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
04:13
On one side of the base, it could be 100 degrees Celsius
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 100 ืžืขืœื•ืช
04:17
and on the other side, it could be minus 100 degrees.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื ื’ื“ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 100- ืžืขืœื•ืช.
04:20
We need to protect ourselves from that.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืš.
04:23
The Moon also does not have any magnetic fields,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื™ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:29
which means that any radiation -- solar radiation, cosmic radiation --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” -- ืงืจื™ื ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช, ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช --
04:34
will hit the surface.
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ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:36
We need to protect ourselves from that as well,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืš,
04:38
protect the astronauts from that.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:41
And then third,
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ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
04:42
but definitely not last,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
04:44
the Moon does not have any atmosphere,
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ืœื™ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”.
04:48
which means any meteorites coming into it will not get burned up,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื‘ื“ืจืš,
04:52
and they'll hit the surface.
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ืืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™ืจื—.
04:54
That's why the Moon is full of craters.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืจื— ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
04:57
Again, we need to protect the astronauts from that.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืš.
05:01
So what kind of structure do we need?
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช?
05:03
Well, the best thing is really a cave,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื”,
05:07
because a cave has a lot of mass, and we need mass.
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืกื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืืกื”.
05:10
We need mass to protect ourselves from the temperatures,
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ื”ืžืืกื” ืชื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช,
05:13
from the radiation
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”
05:14
and from the meteorites.
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ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
05:17
So this is how we solved it.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:20
We have indeed the blue part, as you can see.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:23
That's an inflatable for our Moon base.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื•.
05:25
It gives a lot of living space and a lot of lab space,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ื—ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
05:29
and attached to it you have a cylinder,
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ื•ืืœื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ,
05:32
and that has all the support structures in,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
05:35
all the life support and also the airlock.
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ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืชื— ื”ื”ืจืžื˜ื™.
05:40
And on top of that, we have a structure, that domed structure,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื ื”, ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:44
that protects ourselves,
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ืฉืžื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื•,
05:45
has a lot of mass in it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืกื”.
05:48
Where are we going to get this material from?
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ?
05:50
Are we going to bring concrete and cement from Earth to the Moon?
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ื”ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืœื˜ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื—?
05:53
Well, of course not, because it's way too heavy.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™.
05:56
It's too expensive.
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ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื“ื™.
05:57
So we're going to go and use local materials.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
06:01
Now, local materials are something we deal with on Earth as well.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
06:04
Wherever we build or whatever country we build in,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
06:06
we always look at, what are the local materials here?
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
06:09
The problem with the Moon is, what are the local materials?
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื?
06:12
Well, there's not that many.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:14
Actually, we have one.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:16
It's moondust,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื‘ืง ื”ื™ืจื—.
06:18
or, fancier scientific name, regolith, Moon regolith.
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ืจื”ื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช -- ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜. ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืจื—.
06:25
Great thing is, it's everywhere, right?
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:27
The surface is covered with it.
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ืจื— ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื•.
06:29
It's about 20 centimeters up to a few meters everywhere.
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ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืž-20 ืก''ืž ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
06:34
But how are we going to build with it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืชื•?
06:36
Well, we're going to use a 3D printer.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“.
06:40
Whenever I ask any of you what a 3D printer is,
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ืื ืืฉืืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื -- ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžื”ื™,
06:42
you're probably all thinking, well, probably something about this size
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”
06:46
and it would print things that are about this size.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืคื™ืก ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”.
06:50
So of course I'm not going to bring a massive 3D printer to the Moon
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ืื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื— ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:54
to print my Moon base.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื™.
06:55
I'm going to use a much smaller device, something like this one here.
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ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
07:00
So this is a small device, a small robot rover,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืจื›ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:03
that has a little scoop,
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ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืฃ ืงื˜ื ื”,
07:06
and it brings the regolith to the dome
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืœื›ื™ืคื”
07:09
and then it lays down a thin layer of regolith,
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ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื“ืงื”,
07:14
and then you would have the robot that will solidify it,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ืžืฆืง ืื•ืชื”,
07:17
layer by layer,
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”,
07:19
until it creates, after a few months,
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื ื”
07:22
the full base.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ื•ืœื•.
07:25
You might have noticed
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘
07:27
that it's quite a particular structure that we're printing,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
07:31
and I've got a little example here.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงื˜ื ื”.
07:35
What we call this is a closed-cell foam structure.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืงืฆืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื.
07:40
Looks quite natural.
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ื ืจืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
07:42
The reason why we're using this
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•
07:44
as part of that shell structure
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ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช
07:46
is that we only need to solidify certain parts,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
07:51
which means we have to bring less binder from Earth,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ,ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:54
and it becomes much lighter.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:56
Now --
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ื›ืขืช --
07:59
that approach of designing something
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
08:02
and then covering it with a protective dome
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืคืช ืžื’ืŸ,
08:05
we also did for our Mars project.
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ื ืงื˜ื ื• ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:08
You can see it here, three domes.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, 3 ื›ื™ืคื•ืช.
08:10
And you see the printers printing these dome structures.
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ื•ืืชื ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืช.
08:15
There's a big difference between Mars and the Moon,
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ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื,
08:17
and let me explain it.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
08:19
This diagram shows you to scale
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ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
08:22
the size of Earth and the Moon and the real distance,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
08:26
about 400,000 kilometers.
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ื›- 400000 ืง''ืž.
08:28
If we then go to Mars,
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ืื ื ืจื—ื™ืง ืขื“ ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
08:31
the distance from Mars to Earth --
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
08:33
and this picture here
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:34
is taken by the rover on Mars, Curiosity, looking back at Earth.
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ "ืงื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™" ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:39
You kind of see the little speckle there, that's Earth, 400 million kilometers away.
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ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื, ื–ื”ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง''ืž ืžืฉื.
08:45
The problem with that distance
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ื”
08:46
is that it's a thousand times the distance of the Earth to the Moon, pretty far away,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื—, ื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง,
08:50
but there's no direct radio contact with, for example, the Curiosity rover.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื, ืœืžืฉืœ, "ืงื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™".
08:57
So I cannot teleoperate it from Earth.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:00
I can't say, "Oh, Mars rover, go left,"
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช - - "ื”ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื, ืกืข ืฉืžืืœื”,"
09:05
because that signal would take 20 minutes to get to Mars.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืงื— 20 ื“ืง' ืœืื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืฉื.
09:09
Then the rover might go left,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืกืข ืฉืžืืœื”,
09:12
and then it will take another 20 minutes before it can tell me,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืงื— ืขื•ื“ 20 ื“ืง' ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื™
09:15
"Oh yeah, I went left."
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"ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ืกืขืชื™ ืฉืžืืœื”".
09:16
So the distance,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืจื—ืง,
09:18
so rovers and robots
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
09:22
and going to have to work autonomously.
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ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™.
09:25
The only issue with it
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ื–ื”
09:27
is that missions to Mars are highly risky.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:31
We've only seen it a few weeks ago.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช .
09:34
So what if half the mission doesn't arrive at Mars.
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื?
09:38
What do we do?
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ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”?
09:39
Well, instead of building just one or two rovers
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื
09:42
like we did on the Moon,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—,
09:44
we're going to build hundreds of them.
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ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ืช.
09:46
And it's a bit like a termite's mound, you know?
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื.
09:50
Termites, I would take half of the colony of the termites away,
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ืื ืืกืœืง ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
09:54
they would still be able to build the mound.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืงืŸ.
09:56
It might take a little bit longer.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
09:58
Same here.
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
09:59
If half of our rovers or robots don't arrive,
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ืื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื•,
10:02
well, it will take a bit longer, but you will still be able to do it.
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ืœื ื ื•ืจื, ื™ืงื— ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ.
10:06
So here we even have three different rovers.
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ืื– ืคื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• 3 ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:09
In the back, you see the digger.
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ื”ืžื—ืคืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
10:11
It's really good at digging regolith.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜.
10:14
Then we have the transporter,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช,
10:18
great at taking regolith and bringing it to the structure.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
10:22
And the last ones, the little ones with the little legs,
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
10:25
they don't need to move a lot.
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ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:26
What they do is they go and sit on a layer of regolith
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ื˜
10:29
and then microwave it together,
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•,
10:31
and layer by layer create that dome structure.
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ื›ืš, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืคื”.
10:36
Now --
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ื›ืขืช --
10:39
we also want to try that out,
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:40
so we went out on a road trip,
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ืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืกื‘ื‘ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื,
10:43
and we created our own swarm of robots.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื ื—ื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•.
10:49
There you go.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
10:50
So we built 10 of those. It's a small swarm.
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• 10 ื›ืืœื”. ื ื—ื™ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
10:53
And we took six tons of sand,
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ื•ืœืงื—ื ื• 6 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ,
10:56
and we tried out how these little robots
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
10:59
would actually be able to move sand around,
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ื™ืกืชื“ืจื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
11:02
Earth sand in this case.
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ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:04
And they were not teleoperated. Right?
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืŸ?
11:07
Nobody was telling them go left, go right, or giving them a predescribed path.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ืฉืžืืœื”, ืœืœื›ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชื™ื›ื ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
11:12
No. They were given a task:
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ืœื. ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื™ืžื”:
11:14
move sand from this area to that area.
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ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
11:18
And if they came across an obstacle, like a rock,
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ื•ืื ื™ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ,
11:21
they had to sort it out themselves.
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ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
11:23
Or they came across another robot,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ,
11:25
they had to be able to make decisions.
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ืื– ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
11:28
Or even if half of them fell out, their batteries died,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืชื•, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชืชืจื•ืงื ื”,
11:31
they still had to be able to finish that task.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
11:36
Now, I've talked about redundancy.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช.
11:40
But that was not only with the robots.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
11:42
It was also with the habitats.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
11:44
On the Mars project, we decided to do three domes,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื 3 ื›ื™ืคื•ืช,
11:50
because if one didn't arrive,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข,
11:53
the other two could still form a base,
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ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก,
11:55
and that was mainly because each of the domes
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ืคื”
11:57
actually have a life support system built in the floor,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฆืคื”,
12:01
so they can work independently.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
12:04
So in a way, you might think, well, this is pretty crazy.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื™.
12:09
Why would you, as an architect, get involved in space?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
12:14
Because it's such a technical field.
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื›ื ื™.
12:18
Well, I'm actually really convinced
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข
12:21
that from a creative view or a design view,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
12:26
you are able to solve really hard and really constrained problems.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
12:32
And I really feel that there is a place for design and architecture
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
12:36
in projects like interplanetary habitation.
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชื—ืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
12:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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