This ancient rock is changing our theory on the origin of life | Tara Djokic

982,263 views ใƒป 2019-10-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:13
The Earth is 4.6 billion years old,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:17
but a human lifetime often lasts for less than 100 years.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
00:23
So why care about the history of our planet
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
00:26
when the distant past seems so inconsequential to everyday life?
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื?
00:32
You see, as far as we can tell,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:34
Earth is the only planet in our solar system
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
00:38
known to have sparked life,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:40
and the only system able to provide life support for human beings.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืชื ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:46
So why Earth?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
00:48
We know Earth is unique for having plate tectonics,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:52
liquid water on its surface
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ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
00:53
and an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
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ื•ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
00:56
But this has not always been the case,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš,
00:58
and we know this because ancient rocks have recorded the pivotal moments
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื
01:03
in Earth's planetary evolution.
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:07
And one of the best places to observe those ancient rocks
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื‘ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช
01:10
is in the Pilbara of Western Australia.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
01:15
The rocks here are 3.5 billion years old,
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ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:20
and they contain some of the oldest evidence for life on the planet.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:25
Now, often when we think of early life,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:27
we might imagine a stegosaurus
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื’ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก
01:30
or maybe a fish crawling onto land.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
01:35
But the early life that I'm talking about
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื”ื
01:37
is simple microscopic life, like bacteria.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”,
01:41
And their fossils are often preserved as layered rock structures,
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ื•ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื ื™ ืกืœืข ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™,
01:45
called stromatolites.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜.
01:48
This simple form of life is almost all we see in the fossil record
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ
01:53
for the first three billion years of life on Earth.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:58
Our species can only be traced back in the fossil record
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ
02:01
to a few hundred thousand years ago.
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:04
We know from the fossil record,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ,
02:06
bacteria life had grabbed a strong foothold
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ื— ืžืžืฉ
02:10
by about 3.5 to four billion years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›3.5 ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:14
The rocks older than this have been either destroyed
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ืื‘ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื”ืจืกื•
02:17
or highly deformed through plate tectonics.
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื–ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:21
So what remains a missing piece of the puzzle
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ืื– ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื–ืœ
02:24
is exactly when and how life on Earth began.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:31
Here again is that ancient volcanic landscape in the Pilbara.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจื”.
02:35
Little did I know that our research here would provide another clue
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื– ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ืกืคืง ืจืžื– ื ื•ืกืฃ
02:39
to that origin-of-life puzzle.
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:42
It was on my first field trip here,
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ,
02:45
toward the end of a full, long week mapping project,
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขืžื•ืก ื•ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืคื•ื™,
02:49
that I came across something rather special.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:53
Now, what probably looks like a bunch of wrinkly old rocks
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื˜ื•ืช
02:56
are actually stromatolites.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜.
02:58
And at the center of this mound was a small, peculiar rock
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื”
03:02
about the size of a child's hand.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“.
03:06
It took six months before we inspected this rock under a microscope,
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
03:11
when one of my mentors at the time, Malcolm Walter,
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ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ,
03:13
suggested the rock resembled geyserite.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื˜.
03:18
Geyserite is a rock type that only forms
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ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืจืง
03:21
in and around the edges of hot spring pools.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื.
03:26
Now, in order for you to understand the significance of geyserite,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื˜,
03:29
I need to take you back a couple of centuries.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
03:35
In 1871, in a letter to his friend Joseph Hooker,
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ื‘1871, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื•ืงืจ,
03:39
Charles Darwin suggested:
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข:
03:42
"What if life started in some warm little pond
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"ืžื” ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื—ืžื™ืžื”
03:45
with all sort of chemicals
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
03:48
still ready to undergo more complex changes?"
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื?"
03:52
Well, we know of warm little ponds. We call them "hot springs."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืืœื” "ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ื".
03:55
In these environments, you have hot water
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
03:58
dissolving minerals from the underlying rocks.
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ืฉืžืžืกื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘.
04:02
This solution mixes with organic compounds
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ื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
04:07
and results in a kind of chemical factory,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื›ื™ืžื™,
04:10
which researchers have shown can manufacture simple cellular structures
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
04:16
that are the first steps toward life.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:19
But 100 years after Darwin's letter,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
04:21
deep-sea hydrothermal vents, or hot vents, were discovered in the ocean.
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ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื, ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
04:25
And these are also chemical factories.
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ื•ื’ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
04:28
This one is located along the Tonga volcanic arc,
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื’ื”,
04:31
1,100 meters below sea level in the Pacific Ocean.
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1,100 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
04:37
The black smoke that you see billowing out of these chimneylike structures
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ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืชืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
04:41
is also mineral-rich fluid,
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
04:43
which is being fed off by bacteria.
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ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
04:46
And since the discovery of these deep-sea vents,
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ื•ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื,
04:49
the favored scenario for an origin of life has been in the ocean.
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ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
04:54
And this is for good reason:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”:
04:57
deep-sea vents are well-known in the ancient rock record,
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ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง,
05:00
and it's thought that the early Earth had a global ocean
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ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
05:03
and very little land surface.
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ื•ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
05:06
So the probability that deep-sea vents were abundant on the very early Earth
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื
05:11
fits well with an origin of life
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ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
05:13
in the ocean.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
05:16
However ...
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
05:18
our research in the Pilbara provides and supports
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจื” ืžืกืคืง ื•ืชื•ืžืš
05:22
an alternative perspective.
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ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:25
After three years, finally, we were able to show that, in fact,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
05:31
our little rock was geyserite.
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ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื˜.
05:34
So this conclusion suggested not only did hot springs exist
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ืื– ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
05:39
in our 3.5 billion-year-old volcano in the Pilbara,
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ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื‘ืŸ 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจื”,
05:43
but it pushed back evidence for life living on land in hot springs
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื
05:49
in the geological record of Earth
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ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
05:51
by three billion years.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:56
And so, from a geological perspective,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
06:00
Darwin's warm little pond is a reasonable origin-of-life candidate.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืฉืืœืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:09
Of course, it's still debatable how life began on Earth,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:12
and it probably always will be.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื.
06:15
But it is clear that it's flourished;
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•;
06:17
it has diversified,
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ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
06:19
and it has become ever more complex.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:21
Eventually, it reached the age of the human,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื“ื,
06:25
a species that has begun to question its own existence
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ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœื•
06:28
and the existence of life elsewhere:
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ื•ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื;
06:32
Is there a cosmic community waiting to connect with us,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ,
06:35
or are we all there is?
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ืื• ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
06:38
A clue to this puzzle again comes from the ancient rock record.
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ืจืžื– ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.
06:44
At about 2.5 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:46
there is evidence that bacteria had begun to produce oxygen,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
06:51
kind of like plants do today.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:53
Geologists refer to the period that followed
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ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื”
06:56
as the Great Oxidation Event.
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ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:59
It is implied from rocks called banded iron formations,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™,
07:04
many of which can be observed as hundreds-of-meter-thick packages of rock
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื
07:09
which are exposed in gorges
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ื”ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ืงื™ื
07:11
that carve their way through the Karijini National Park
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ื”ื—ื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงืืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™
07:14
in Western Australia.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
07:17
The arrival of free oxygen allowed two major changes to occur on our planet.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
07:21
First, it allowed complex life to evolve.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
07:25
You see, life needs oxygen to get big and complex.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
07:29
And it produced the ozone layer, which protects modern life
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
07:32
from the harmful effects of the sun's UVB radiation.
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ืžื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:36
So in an ironic twist, microbial life made way for complex life,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
07:41
and in essence, relinquished its three-billion-year reign
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื ื‘ืŸ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื
07:45
over the planet.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:47
Today, we humans dig up fossilized complex life
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื•ืช
07:50
and burn it for fuel.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืœืง.
07:53
This practice pumps vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
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ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
07:57
and like our microbial predecessors,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
08:00
we have begun to make substantial changes to our planet.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:04
And the effects of those are encompassed by global warming.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
08:10
Unfortunately, the ironic twist here could see the demise of humanity.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
08:16
And so maybe the reason we aren't connecting with life elsewhere,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:20
intelligent life elsewhere,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:22
is that once it evolves,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื,
08:24
it extinguishes itself quickly.
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ื”ื ืžื›ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:28
If the rocks could talk,
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ืื ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
08:30
I suspect they might say this:
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
08:34
life on Earth is precious.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื.
08:38
It is the product of four or so billion years
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ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
08:43
of a delicate and complex co-evolution
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
08:47
between life and Earth,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:50
of which humans only represent the very last speck of time.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื’ืจื’ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
08:57
You can use this information as a guide or a forecast --
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืช --
09:01
or an explanation as to why it seems so lonely in this part of the galaxy.
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ืื• ื›ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
09:08
But use it to gain some perspective
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
09:13
about the legacy that you want to leave behind
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื
09:17
on the planet that you call home.
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช.
09:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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