This ancient rock is changing our theory on the origin of life | Tara Djokic

982,774 views

2019-10-30 ใƒป TED


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This ancient rock is changing our theory on the origin of life | Tara Djokic

982,774 views ใƒป 2019-10-30

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Minji Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
The Earth is 4.6 billion years old,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 46์–ต ์‚ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
but a human lifetime often lasts for less than 100 years.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์• ๋Š” 100๋…„๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
00:23
So why care about the history of our planet
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋จผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ
00:26
when the distant past seems so inconsequential to everyday life?
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์™œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:32
You see, as far as we can tell,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
00:34
Earth is the only planet in our solar system
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ์œ ์ผํ•œ
00:38
known to have sparked life,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:40
and the only system able to provide life support for human beings.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
So why Earth?
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์™œ ํ•˜ํ•„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:48
We know Earth is unique for having plate tectonics,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฌผ
00:52
liquid water on its surface
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:53
and an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
But this has not always been the case,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
and we know this because ancient rocks have recorded the pivotal moments
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•”์„๋“ค์— ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ง„ํ™”์˜
๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
in Earth's planetary evolution.
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01:07
And one of the best places to observe those ancient rocks
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•”์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์žฅ์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
01:10
is in the Pilbara of Western Australia.
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ํ•„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
The rocks here are 3.5 billion years old,
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์ด ๊ณณ์˜ ์•”์„๋“ค์€ 35์–ต๋…„ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:20
and they contain some of the oldest evidence for life on the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ํ”์  ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Now, often when we think of early life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
01:27
we might imagine a stegosaurus
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์Šคํ…Œ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋‚˜
01:30
or maybe a fish crawling onto land.
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์œก์ง€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
But the early life that I'm talking about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
01:37
is simple microscopic life, like bacteria.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
And their fossils are often preserved as layered rock structures,
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ™”์„์€ '์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆํ†จ๋ผ์ดํŠธ'๋ผ๋Š”
01:45
called stromatolites.
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์ธต์•”์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
This simple form of life is almost all we see in the fossil record
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ 30์–ต๋…„ ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€
01:53
for the first three billion years of life on Earth.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Our species can only be traced back in the fossil record
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
to a few hundred thousand years ago.
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02:04
We know from the fossil record,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€
02:06
bacteria life had grabbed a strong foothold
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์•ฝ 35์–ต์—์„œ 40์–ต๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„
02:10
by about 3.5 to four billion years ago.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
The rocks older than this have been either destroyed
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์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์•”์„๋“ค์€ ํŒ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
02:17
or highly deformed through plate tectonics.
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ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
So what remains a missing piece of the puzzle
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:24
is exactly when and how life on Earth began.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
Here again is that ancient volcanic landscape in the Pilbara.
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ํ•„๋ฐ”๋ผ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:35
Little did I know that our research here would provide another clue
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
to that origin-of-life puzzle.
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02:42
It was on my first field trip here,
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์ œ ์ฒซ ํ˜„์žฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘
02:45
toward the end of a full, long week mapping project,
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋œ ๊ณ ๋œ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋ง๋ฏธ์—
02:49
that I came across something rather special.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฝค ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Now, what probably looks like a bunch of wrinkly old rocks
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ง„ ์•”์„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:56
are actually stromatolites.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆํ†จ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
And at the center of this mound was a small, peculiar rock
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์ด ์•”์„ ๋”๋ฏธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์•„์ด ์†๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„์˜
03:02
about the size of a child's hand.
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์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์•”์„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
It took six months before we inspected this rock under a microscope,
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6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์•”์„์„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:11
when one of my mentors at the time, Malcolm Walter,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ ์„ ์ž„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์ฝค ์›”ํ„ฐ์”จ๊ฐ€
03:13
suggested the rock resembled geyserite.
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์ด ์•”์„์ด ๊ฐ„ํ—์„๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Geyserite is a rock type that only forms
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๊ฐ„ํ—์„์ด๋ž€ ์˜จ์ฒœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€์—์„œ๋งŒ
03:21
in and around the edges of hot spring pools.
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ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์•”์„ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Now, in order for you to understand the significance of geyserite,
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๊ฐ„ํ—์„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
03:29
I need to take you back a couple of centuries.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ 2์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
In 1871, in a letter to his friend Joseph Hooker,
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1871๋…„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์กฐ์…‰ ํ›„์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ์“ด ํŽธ์ง€์—์„œ
03:39
Charles Darwin suggested:
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
"What if life started in some warm little pond
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„
03:45
with all sort of chemicals
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๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
03:48
still ready to undergo more complex changes?"
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๋ชป์ด๋ผ๋ฉด?"
03:52
Well, we know of warm little ponds. We call them "hot springs."
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๊ทธ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ชป์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์˜จ์ฒœ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:55
In these environments, you have hot water
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์•”๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ
03:58
dissolving minerals from the underlying rocks.
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๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„์ด ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
This solution mixes with organic compounds
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์ด ์šฉ์•ก์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:07
and results in a kind of chemical factory,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
04:10
which researchers have shown can manufacture simple cellular structures
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ
04:16
that are the first steps toward life.
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๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
But 100 years after Darwin's letter,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 100๋…„ ํ›„
04:21
deep-sea hydrothermal vents, or hot vents, were discovered in the ocean.
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์‹ฌํ•ด ์—ด์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ๊ณต, ํ˜น์€ ์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต์ด ํ•ด์–‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
And these are also chemical factories.
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์ด ์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
This one is located along the Tonga volcanic arc,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต์€ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ 1,100m์—
04:31
1,100 meters below sea level in the Pacific Ocean.
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ํ†ต๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
The black smoke that you see billowing out of these chimneylike structures
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์ด ๊ตด๋š ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋„
04:41
is also mineral-rich fluid,
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์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
which is being fed off by bacteria.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด์ฃ .
04:46
And since the discovery of these deep-sea vents,
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์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด ์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š”
04:49
the favored scenario for an origin of life has been in the ocean.
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ํ•ด์–‘์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And this is for good reason:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
deep-sea vents are well-known in the ancient rock record,
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์‹ฌํ•ด ์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
05:00
and it's thought that the early Earth had a global ocean
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉด์ ์˜
05:03
and very little land surface.
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์œก์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So the probability that deep-sea vents were abundant on the very early Earth
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทน์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‹ฌํ•ด์—ด์ˆ˜๊ณต์ด
ํ’๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
05:11
fits well with an origin of life
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ํ•ด์–‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
in the ocean.
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05:16
However ...
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:18
our research in the Pilbara provides and supports
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ํ•„๋ฐ”๋ผ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
05:22
an alternative perspective.
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์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
After three years, finally, we were able to show that, in fact,
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3๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์•”์„์ด
์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฐ„ํ—์„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
our little rock was geyserite.
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05:34
So this conclusion suggested not only did hot springs exist
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ 35์–ต๋…„ ๋œ ํ•„๋ฐ”๋ผ์˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ์—
05:39
in our 3.5 billion-year-old volcano in the Pilbara,
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์˜จ์ฒœ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:43
but it pushed back evidence for life living on land in hot springs
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์˜จ์ฒœ ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
05:49
in the geological record of Earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ
05:51
by three billion years.
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30์–ต๋…„ ๋งŒํผ ๋” ์•ž๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And so, from a geological perspective,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
06:00
Darwin's warm little pond is a reasonable origin-of-life candidate.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ชป์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Of course, it's still debatable how life began on Earth,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
06:12
and it probably always will be.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
But it is clear that it's flourished;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
06:17
it has diversified,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
06:19
and it has become ever more complex.
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์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
Eventually, it reached the age of the human,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—
06:25
a species that has begun to question its own existence
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06:28
and the existence of life elsewhere:
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์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์ข…์ธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Is there a cosmic community waiting to connect with us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:35
or are we all there is?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:38
A clue to this puzzle again comes from the ancient rock record.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
At about 2.5 billion years ago,
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25์–ต๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค์—
06:46
there is evidence that bacteria had begun to produce oxygen,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚  ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
kind of like plants do today.
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06:53
Geologists refer to the period that followed
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
06:56
as the Great Oxidation Event.
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๋Œ€์‚ฐํ™” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
It is implied from rocks called banded iron formations,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์€ 'ํ˜ธ์ƒ์ฒ ๊ด‘์ธต'์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:04
many of which can be observed as hundreds-of-meter-thick packages of rock
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์ด ์ฒ ๊ด‘์ธต์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜
์นด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜‘๊ณก์—์„œ
07:09
which are exposed in gorges
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07:11
that carve their way through the Karijini National Park
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์•”์„์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‘๊ป˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
in Western Australia.
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07:17
The arrival of free oxygen allowed two major changes to occur on our planet.
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์œ ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
First, it allowed complex life to evolve.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
You see, life needs oxygen to get big and complex.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:29
And it produced the ozone layer, which protects modern life
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๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์˜ ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:32
from the harmful effects of the sun's UVB radiation.
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ํ˜„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ค์กด์ธต์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
So in an ironic twist, microbial life made way for complex life,
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์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธธ์„ ํ„ฐ์ฃผ๊ณ 
07:41
and in essence, relinquished its three-billion-year reign
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์ž์‹ ์€ 30์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
over the planet.
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07:47
Today, we humans dig up fossilized complex life
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ™”์„ํ™” ๋œ ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„
07:50
and burn it for fuel.
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ํŒŒ๋‚ด์–ด์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒœ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
This practice pumps vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
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์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ
07:57
and like our microbial predecessors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:00
we have begun to make substantial changes to our planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
And the effects of those are encompassed by global warming.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Unfortunately, the ironic twist here could see the demise of humanity.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฉธ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
And so maybe the reason we aren't connecting with life elsewhere,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€
08:20
intelligent life elsewhere,
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„
08:22
is that once it evolves,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:24
it extinguishes itself quickly.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
If the rocks could talk,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•”์„์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:30
I suspect they might say this:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
life on Earth is precious.
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"์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค.
08:38
It is the product of four or so billion years
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๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 40์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
08:43
of a delicate and complex co-evolution
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์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋™ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
08:47
between life and Earth,
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
08:50
of which humans only represent the very last speck of time.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋์˜ ํ‹ฐ๋Œ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค."
08:57
You can use this information as a guide or a forecast --
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€์นจ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์šฉ ํ˜น์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
09:01
or an explanation as to why it seems so lonely in this part of the galaxy.
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์ดํ† ๋ก ์™ธ๋กœ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
But use it to gain some perspective
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์—
09:13
about the legacy that you want to leave behind
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๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ์œ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
09:17
on the planet that you call home.
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
09:24
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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