The function and fashion of eyeglasses | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

158,782 views ใƒป 2020-01-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
ืœืงืื˜ื•ื•ืžืŸ (ืืฉืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ) ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ืื˜ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื”.
ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™
00:12
I think that at the time,
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ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™.
00:14
Catwoman had a really cool pair of glasses
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(ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ)
(ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ)
00:17
in the Batman series that was on television.
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00:20
And I wanted to be cool like her.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
ื•ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช,
00:23
It didn't occur to me
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00:24
that glasses were really a medical device.
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ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
00:26
(Small Thing.)
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00:28
(Big Idea.)
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ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—,
ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช
ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
00:32
When light rays reflect off an object
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00:34
and enter the eye through the cornea,
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
00:36
your retina converts this light into electrical impulses
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 4,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:40
that are sent to the brain,
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00:41
which interprets the impulses
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืืงืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื’
00:43
and allows you to understand what you're seeing.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:46
Eyeglasses help you see.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:48
The earliest forms of eye gear
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00:50
can be traced back 4,000 years.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื,
00:53
Cultures that needed to adapt to climates that were snowy
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช.
ืขื–ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”
00:57
created eye shields,
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ื•ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืฉื ื”.
00:59
and they were made of bone and animal hides.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:02
They had small slits for people to see through,
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01:05
but no lenses.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื.
01:07
The first vision aid was called a reading stone
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ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ืงืจืื• ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืžืกืžืจื•ืช.
01:09
and was invented over 1,000 years ago.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื
01:12
It's not exactly clear who invented the first eyeglasses,
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ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืืฃ.
ืœืงื— ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
01:17
but many people attribute it to the Italians.
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01:19
Early versions of eyeglasses were called rivet spectacles.
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ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
01:23
They were two magnifying glasses that were hinged together
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจืงื•ืช, ืื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
01:27
at the bridge of the nose.
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื‘ืขืจืš.
01:28
It took some time for eyeglasses to land
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ื
01:32
on the perfect design.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื•ืช,
01:34
They didn't really have sides,
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ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ื,
01:36
which are also called temples, or arms,
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ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื,
01:39
until about the 17th century.
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ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช,
01:41
Modern-day eyeglasses feature a pair of rims
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื–ื•ื’ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืงื•ืช
01:44
that hold corrective lenses,
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01:46
a bridge that connects the rims,
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ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
01:49
sides that slide behind the ears,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
01:52
hinges that connect the sides to the frames,
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื
01:55
and on some glasses, a pair of temple tips
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:58
for behind the ear comfort.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ืคืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
02:00
In American culture,
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02:01
20th century cinema helped popularize eyeglasses.
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื,
02:04
Audiences would see glamorous actresses and actors
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ื•ืื– ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
02:08
donning glasses to take on a different persona.
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ื”ื™ื• ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื,
02:11
Sometimes a pair of glasses became popularized
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ืฉื”ืจืื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™.
02:14
by the actual person that was wearing them,
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
02:17
and then that personality trait
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02:19
was projected into the actual device.
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ืื• ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
ืžืฉืงืคื™ โ€œื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืโ€ ืกื™ืžืœื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืŸ-ื—ืฆื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื”,
02:22
You had the aviator glasses,
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02:23
which showed a forward-thinking,
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02:25
adventurous type of person.
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ืคื•ืจืข ื—ื•ืง, ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืœื—.
ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืื•ืคื ื”
02:27
Glasses with heavy frames signified intelligence
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื
02:32
or nerdiness.
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02:33
Wayfarers signified this kind of nerdy punk,
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ืœืœื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื.
02:37
the outlaw, the misfit.
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02:38
Glasses have become so popular as a fashion device
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
02:42
that some people actually don glasses
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’,
02:45
without a prescription lens at all,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื
02:47
because they want to portray a certain attribute about themselves.
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ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:51
Glasses are a lifeline to people.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:54
People that can't see well enough to drive,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื“ื™
ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:57
well enough to cook, well enough to read
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02:59
rely on glasses for maintaining their lives.
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ื•ืืœื” ืจืง ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ื›ื›ื”.
03:04
And there's lots of other objects in our society
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•,
03:06
that have been created
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03:07
to help overcome various physical obstacles.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
03:11
And it's only the eyeglasses
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ?
03:13
that have catapulted to that fashion statement.
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืฆื‘ื™ืช)
03:17
Wouldn't it be wonderful if anything that we use,
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03:20
any device that we've invented to help our humanity
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3976
03:24
could also be elevated in the same way?
72
204637
2351
03:27
(Upbeat music)
73
207012
2625
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7