Robert Neuwirth: The "shadow cities" of the future

54,664 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:25
Let me show you some images
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
00:26
of what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืจ.
00:29
So, that's Kibera, the largest squatter community in Nairobi.
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ืื–, ื–ื• ืงื™ื‘ืจื”, ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™.
00:39
This is the squatter community in Sanjay Gandhi National Park
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ื–ื• ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืกื ื’'ืื™ ื’ื”ื ื“ื™
00:44
in Bombay, India, what's called Mumbai these days.
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžื™ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:48
This is Hosinia, the largest and most urbanized favela
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื”, ื”ืคื‘ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช
00:52
in Rio de Janeiro.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ื–'ื ืจื•.
00:54
And this is Sultanbelyi,
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื‘ืœื™ื™,
00:56
which is one of the largest squatter communities in Istanbul.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ.
01:03
They are what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow,
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ืืœื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืจ,
01:05
the new urban world.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:07
Now, why do I say that?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
01:09
To tell you about that I have to talk about this fellow here,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคื”,
01:12
his name is Julius.
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ืฉืžื• ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก.
01:14
And I met Julius the last week that I was living in Kibera.
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ื•ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื”.
01:19
So, I had been there almost three months,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:22
and I was touring around the city going to different squatter areas
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ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:26
and Julius was tagging along, and he was bug eyed
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ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื
01:29
and at certain points we were walking around,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
01:32
he grabbed my hand for support,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืคืก ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”,
01:34
which is something most Kenyans would never consider doing.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:37
They're very polite and they don't get so forward so quickly.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
01:42
And I found out later that it was Julius' first day in Nairobi,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™,
01:48
and he's one of many.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ื.
01:52
So, close to 200,000 people a day
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ืื–, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ- 200,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
01:56
migrate from the rural to the urban areas.
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ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:00
That's, and I'm going to be fair to the statisticians
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
02:03
who talked this morning, not almost 1.5 million people a week,
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœื ื›ืžืขื˜ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
02:06
but almost 1.4 million people a week but I'm a journalist,
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ืืœื ื›ืžืขื˜ 1.4 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™,
02:09
and we exaggerate, so almost 1.5 million people a week,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื™ื, ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ 1.5 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
02:13
close to 70 million people a year.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ- 70 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:17
And if you do the math, that's 130 people every minute.
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ื•ืื ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” 130 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”.
02:21
So, that'll be -- in the 18 minutes that I'm given to talk here,
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” -- ื‘- 18 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื›ืืŸ,
02:24
between two and three thousand people will have journeyed to the cities.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืœ- 3,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ.
02:28
And here are the statistics.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:31
Today -- a billion squatters,
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ื”ื™ื•ื -- ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
02:33
one in six people on the planet.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
02:35
2030 -- two billion squatters,
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2,030 -- ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
02:38
one in four people on the planet.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:40
And the estimate is that in 2050, there'll be three billion squatters,
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ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘- 2,050, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
02:43
better than one in three people on earth.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:47
So, these are the cities of the future, and we have to engage them.
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ืื–, ืืœื ืขืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
02:56
And I was thinking this morning of the good life,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:02
and before I show you the rest of my presentation,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœื™,
03:04
I'm going to violate TED rules here,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ TED ื›ืืŸ,
03:06
and I'm going to read you something from my book as quickly as I can.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ ืžื”ืจ ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœ.
03:12
Because I think it says something about reversing our perception
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•
03:17
of what we think the good life is.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:24
So -- "The hut was made of corrugated metal, set on a concrete pad.
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ืื– -- "ื”ื‘ืงืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืคื— ื’ืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื— ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:29
It was a 10 by 10 cell.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื ืฉืœ 10 ืขืœ 10.
03:32
Armstrong O'Brian, Jr. shared it with three other men.
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ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ. ื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:36
Armstrong and his friends had no water --
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ืœืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื,
03:39
they bought it from a nearby tap owner --
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ื”ื ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื– ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื.
03:41
no toilet -- the families in this compound shared a single pit-latrine --
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ืœื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืœ-ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
03:46
and no sewers or sanitation.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืื• ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”.
03:48
They did have electricity,
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ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:50
but it was illegal service tapped from someone else's wires,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:53
and could only power one feeble bulb.
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ื•ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืจืง ื ื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ื—ืœืฉื”.
03:56
This was Southland, a small shanty community
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืื•ืช'ืœื ื“, ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื˜ื™ ืงื˜ื ื”
03:59
on the western side of Nairobi, Kenya.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืงื ื™ื”.
04:01
But it could've been anywhere in the city,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
04:04
because more than half the city of Nairobi lives like this.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืš.
04:07
1.5 million people stuffed into mud or metal huts
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1.5 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืงืชื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืฅ
04:11
with no services, no toilets, no rights.
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ืœืœื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื, ืœืœื ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื, ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:14
"Armstrong explained the brutal reality of their situation:
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ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื,
04:18
they paid 1,500 shillings in rent, about 20 bucks a month,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื 1,500 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
04:21
a relatively high price for a Kenyan shantytown,
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื”,
04:24
and they could not afford to be late with the money.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืื—ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
04:27
'In case you owe one month, the landlord will come with his henchmen
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'ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•
04:29
and bundle you out. He will confiscate your things,' Armstrong said.
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ื•ื™ืขื™ืฃ ืืชื›ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.' ืื•ืžืจ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’.
04:33
'Not one month, one day,' his roommate Hilary Kibagendi Onsomu,
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'ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“, ืืœื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,' ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื’ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื ืกื•ืžื•,
04:38
who was cooking ugali, the spongy white cornmeal concoction
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ืœื™, ืžืื›ืœ ืงืžื— ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
04:41
that is the staple food in the country, cut into the conversation.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืžื ื•ืช.
04:45
They called their landlord a Wabenzi, meaning that he is a person
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื“ื
04:48
who has enough money to drive a Mercedes-Benz.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืจืกื“ืก.
04:54
Hilary served the ugali with a fry of meat and tomatoes;
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ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื’ืœื™ ืขื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื,
04:57
the sun slammed down on the thin steel roof;
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื“ืง,
05:00
and we perspired as we ate.
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ื•ื”ื–ืขื ื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืื›ืœื ื•.
05:02
"After we finished, Armstrong straightened his tie,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื•, ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื‘ืชื•,
05:05
put on a wool sports jacket, and we headed out into the glare.
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ืœื‘ืฉ ืžืขื™ืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืฆืžืจ, ื•ื™ืฆืื ื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
05:09
Outside a mound of garbage formed the border
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
05:12
between Southland and the adjacent legal neighborhood of Langata.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืื•ืช'ืœื ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืœื ื’ื˜ื”.
05:15
It was perhaps eight feet tall, 40 feet long, and 10 feet wide.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื˜ืจ, 12 ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืจืš, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 3 ืžื˜ืจ.
05:20
And it was set in a wider watery ooze.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืจืคืฉ ืžื™ืžื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:24
As we passed, two boys were climbing the mount Kenya of trash.
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ.
05:28
They couldn't have been more than five or six years old.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ.
05:30
They were barefoot, and with each step their toes sank into the muck
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืคื™ื, ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืกื—ื™
05:34
sending hundreds of flies scattering from the rancid pile.
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ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœืคื™ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืžื” ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ื ื”.
05:38
I thought they might be playing King of the Hill, but I was wrong.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
05:42
Once atop the pile, one of the boys lowered his shorts,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขืจืžื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ืš ืืช ืžื›ื ืกื™ื•,
05:46
squatted, and defecated.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ืืชื•.
05:48
The flies buzzed hungrily around his legs.
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ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื’ื• ื‘ืจืขื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื•.
05:52
When 20 families -- 100 people or so -- share a single latrine,
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ื›ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช --- 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš -- ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืจืื” ืื—ืช,
05:57
a boy pooping on a garbage pile is perhaps no big thing.
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ื™ืœื“ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืขืจืžืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:01
But it stood in jarring contrast
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ื
06:03
to something Armstrong had said as we were eating --
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืืžืจ ื›ืฉืื›ืœื ื• --
06:06
that he treasured the quality of life in his neighborhood.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฆืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
06:09
"For Armstrong, Southland wasn't constrained by its material conditions.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจืžืกืจื•ื ื’, ืกืื•ืช'ืœื ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:14
Instead, the human spirit radiated out
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืงืจื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
06:17
from the metal walls and garbage heaps to offer something
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ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื•
06:20
no legal neighborhood could: freedom.
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ืฉืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข -- ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
06:23
'This place is very addictive,' he had said.
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'ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื›ืจ,' ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
06:26
'It's a simple life, but nobody is restricting you.
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'ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš.
06:29
Nobody is controlling what you do.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
06:32
Once you have stayed here, you cannot go back.'
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืคื”, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.'
06:36
He meant back beyond that mountain of trash,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
06:38
back in the legal city, of legal buildings,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช, ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื,
06:41
with legal leases and legal rights.
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ืขื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.
06:44
'Once you have stayed here,' he said,
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'ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืคื”,' ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
06:47
'you can stay for the rest of your life.'"
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.'"
06:51
So, he has hope, and this is where these communities start.
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช, ื•ืคื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช.
06:56
This is perhaps the most primitive shanty that you can find in Kibera,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื”,
07:01
little more than a stick-and-mud hut next to a garbage heap.
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ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืงืชื•ืช ืžืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื“ ืขืจืžืช ื–ื‘ืœ.
07:06
This is getting ready for the monsoon in Bombay, India.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™, ื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:09
This is home improvement:
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
07:11
putting plastic tarps on your roof.
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ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’.
07:15
This is in Rio de Janeiro, and it's getting a bit better, right?
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ื–'ื ืจื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืงืฆืช, ื›ืŸ?
07:19
We're seeing scavenged terra cotta tile and little pieces of signs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืขืคื™ ื˜ืจื” ืงื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืœื• ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื,
07:25
and plaster over the brick, some color,
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ื•ื˜ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ืงืฆืช ืฆื‘ืข,
07:28
and this is Sulay Montakaya's house in Sultanbelyi, and it's getting even better.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืื™ ืžื•ื ื˜ืงื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืขื•ื“.
07:33
He's got a fence; he scavenged a door;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื“ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื“ืœืช.
07:35
he's got new tile on the roof.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืขืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’.
07:38
And then you get Rocinha
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”
07:40
and you can see that it's getting even better.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
07:44
The buildings here are multi-story.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื” ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
07:46
They develop -- you can see on the far right
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื -- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
07:49
one where it seems to just stack on top of each other,
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ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืจืžื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:52
room, after room, after room.
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ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจ.
07:54
And what people do is they develop their home on one or two stories,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
07:58
and they sell their loggia or roof rights,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื’,
08:01
and someone else builds on top of their building,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
08:02
and then that person sells the roof rights,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืื“ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื’,
08:04
and someone else builds on top of their building.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:06
All of these buildings are made out of reinforced concrete and brick.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
08:10
And then you get Sultanbelyi, in Turkey, where it's even built
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™, ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื™
08:14
to a higher level of design.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
08:15
The crud in the front is mattress stuffing,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื–ืจื•ื ื™ื,
08:18
and you see that all over Turkey.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
08:20
People dry out or air out their mattress stuffing on their roofs.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช.
08:24
But the green building, on behind,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง, ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
08:26
you can see that the top floor is not occupied,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช,
08:28
so people are building with the possibility of expansion.
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
08:31
And it's built to a pretty high standard of design.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
08:34
And then you finally get squatter homes like this,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”,
08:36
which is built on the suburban model.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื.
08:38
Hey, that's a single family home in the squatter community.
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ื”ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
08:41
That's also in Istanbul, Turkey.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
08:43
They're quite vital places, these communities.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
08:45
This is the main drag of Rocinha, the Estrada da Gavea,
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ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื”, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื“ื” ื“ื” ื’ื•ื•ืื”,
08:49
and there's a bus route that runs through it,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•,
08:51
lots of people out on the street.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
08:53
These communities in these cities are actually more vital
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
08:56
than the illegal communities.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.
08:58
They have more things going on in them.
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:01
This is a typical pathway in Rocinha called a "beco" --
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ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืงื• --
09:04
these are how you get around the community.
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ื›ืš ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
09:06
It's on very steep ground.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
09:08
They're built on the hills, inland from the beaches in Rio,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื•,
09:11
and you can see that the houses are just cantilevered over the natural obstructions.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืชืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
09:15
So, that's just a rock in the hillside.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกืœืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
09:17
And these becos are normally very crowded,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
09:21
and people hump furniture up them, or refrigerators up them,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืื• ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
09:24
all sorts of things.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:26
Beer is all carried in on your shoulders.
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ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืฉืืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื.
09:28
Beer is a very important thing in Brazil.
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ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
09:31
This is commerce in Kenya, right along the train tracks,
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ื–ื” ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,
09:36
so close to the train tracks that the merchants
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคืกื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื
09:38
sometimes have to pull the merchandise out of the way.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืžื”ื“ืจืš.
09:41
This is a marketplace, also in Kenya, Toi Market,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืฉื•ืง ื˜ื•ื™,
09:44
lots of dealers, in almost everything you want to buy.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœืงื ื•ืช.
09:48
Those green things in the foreground are mangoes.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื ืžื ื’ื•.
09:51
This is a shopping street in Kibera,
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ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื”,
09:53
and you can see that there's a soda dealer, a health clinic,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกื•ื“ื”, ืžืจืคืื”,
09:58
two beauty salons, a bar, two grocery stores, and a church, and more.
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ืฉื ื™ ืกืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืคื™, ื‘ืจ, ืฉืชื™ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
10:03
It's a typical downtown street; it just happens to be self-built.
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ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
10:08
This here, on the right-hand side,
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ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
10:11
is what's called a -- if you look at the fine print under the awning --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื -- ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื•ื›ืš --
10:14
it's a hotel.
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ื–ื” ืžืœื•ืŸ.
10:16
And what hotel means, in Kenya and India, is an eating-place.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
10:22
So, that's a restaurant.
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ืื–, ื–ื• ืžืกืขื“ื”.
10:24
People steal electrical power -- this is Rio.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ -- ื–ื• ืจื™ื•.
10:26
People tap in and they have thieves who are called "grillos" or "crickets,"
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ืจื™ืœื•ืก ืื• ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื,
10:33
and they steal the electrical power
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
10:35
and wire the neighborhood.
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ื•ืžืจืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
10:37
People burn trash to get rid of the garbage,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืฉืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
10:40
and they dig their own sewer channels.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘.
10:44
Talk about more plastic bags than plankton.
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ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:47
And sometimes they have natural trash-disposal.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ืœ.
10:51
And when they have more money they cement their streets,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:54
and they put in sewers and good water pipes, and stuff like that.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
10:58
This is water going to Rio. People run their water pipes all over the place,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจื™ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
11:04
and that little hut right there has a pump in it, and that's what people do:
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ืžื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
11:07
they steal electricity; they install a pump
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ื”ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ื”
11:09
and they tap into the water main, and pump water up to their houses.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
11:13
So, the question is how do you go from the mud-hut village,
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ืื–, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ืคืจ ื‘ืงืชื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฅ,
11:19
to the more developed city, to the even highly developed Sultanbelyi?
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ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช?
11:24
I say there are two things.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:26
One is people need a guarantee they won't be evicted.
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ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืคื•ื ื•.
11:28
That does not necessarily mean property rights,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ,
11:30
and I would disagree with Hernando de Soto on that question,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื ื ื“ื• ื“ื” ืกื•ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:34
because property rights create a lot of complications.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื,
11:36
They're most often sold to people, and people then wind up in debt
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ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘
11:40
and have to pay back the debt,
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘,
11:42
and sometimes have to sell their property
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ
11:44
in order to pay back the debt.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘.
11:46
There's a whole variety of other reasons why property rights
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ
11:48
sometimes don't work in these cases,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:50
but they do need security of tenure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ.
11:52
And they need access to politics, and that can mean two things.
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:56
That can mean community organizing from below,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”,
12:00
but it can also mean possibilities from above.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
12:03
And I say that because the system in Turkey is notable.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ.
12:08
Turkey has two great laws that protect squatters.
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ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
12:10
One is that -- it's called "gecekondu" in Turkish,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื -- ื ืงืจื ื’ืงืงื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช
12:13
which means "built overnight," and if you build your house overnight
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”
12:17
in Turkey, you can't be evicted without due process of law,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
12:21
if they don't catch you during the night.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
12:24
And the second aspect is that once you have 2,000 people
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš 2,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
12:28
in the community, you can petition the government
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืชื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”
12:30
to be recognized as a legal sub-municipality.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™.
12:34
And when you're a legal sub-municipality, you suddenly have politics.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
12:37
You're allowed to have an elected government, collect taxes,
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ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื,
12:39
provide municipal services, and that's exactly what they do.
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ืœืกืคืง ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
12:43
So, these are the civic leaders of the future.
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ืื–, ืืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
12:47
The woman in the center is Geeta Jiwa.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืชื” ื’'ื™ื•ื•ื”.
12:48
She lives in one of those tents on the highway median in Mumbai.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™.
12:54
That's Sureka Gundi; she also lives with her family
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ื–ื• ืกื•ืจืงื” ื’ื•ื ื“ื™, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื’ืจื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”
12:56
on the tent along the same highway median.
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ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
12:58
They're very outspoken. They're very active.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
13:00
They can be community leaders.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช.
13:03
This woman is Nine, which means "grandma" in Turkish.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื ื™, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืกื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช.
13:06
And there were three old ladies who lived in --
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื• --
13:08
that's her self-built house behind her -- and they've lived there for 30 or 40 years,
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” -- ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ืจื• ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืื• 40 ืฉื ื”,
13:13
and they are the backbone of the community there.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื.
13:16
This is Richard Muthama Peter,
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ื–ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžื•ืชืžื” ืคื˜ืจ,
13:18
and he is an itinerant street photographer in Kibera.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืœื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื”.
13:21
He makes money taking pictures of the neighborhood,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
13:24
and the people in the neighborhood,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”
13:26
and is a great resource in the community.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
13:28
And finally my choice to run for mayor of Rio is Cezinio,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื–ื™ื ื™ื•,
13:32
the fruit merchant with his two kids here,
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ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ,
13:34
and a more honest and giving and caring man I don't know.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ืŸ ื•ืื›ืคืชื™ ืžืžื ื•.
13:39
The future of these communities is in the people
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
13:41
and in our ability to work with those people.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:45
So, I think the message I take, from what I read from the book,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื—, ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืงืจืืชื™ ืžื”ืกืคืจ,
13:49
from what Armstrong said, and from all these people,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืืžืจ, ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:51
is that these are neighborhoods.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
13:53
The issue is not urban poverty.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
13:55
The issue is not the larger, over-arching thing.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
13:58
The issue is for us to recognize that these are neighborhoods --
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:01
this is a legitimate form of urban development --
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ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
14:04
and that cities have to engage these residents,
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ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
14:07
because they are building the cities of the future.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
14:10
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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